備戰(zhàn)2025年高考二輪復(fù)習(xí) 英語(yǔ) 閱讀理解 文體分類練4　說(shuō)明文之研究報(bào)告書(shū)評(píng)類（含解析）

文體分類練(四)說(shuō)明文之研究報(bào)告/書(shū)評(píng)類Passage1(2024安徽安慶二模)主題:利用藻類除碳詞數(shù):335難度:★★★☆☆Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機(jī))fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgae(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密碼)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于利用藻類除碳的研究。1.Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A.Anapproachtocarbonremoval.B.Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C.Ameansofjoiningacompany.D.Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.答案A解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容可知,第一段討論了一種去除碳的方法。故選A項(xiàng)。2.WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A.Itissecure. B.Itiseffective.C.Itissufficient. D.Itisaccessible.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”可知,盧克·麥金德教授關(guān)注海洋藻類是因?yàn)樗怯行У摹９蔬xB項(xiàng)。3.Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A.Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects.B.Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C.Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction.D.Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段中“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”可知,藻類的基因被植入到其他植物中。故選D項(xiàng)。4.WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A.Thegovernment’spermission.B.Morescientists’participation.C.Increasingexperimentalchances.D.Theinputintotheresearch.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”可知,根據(jù)DaveHillyard的說(shuō)法,對(duì)研究的投入是需要的。故選D項(xiàng)。Passage2(2024福建福州三模)主題:機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究詞數(shù):367難度:★★★☆☆Ourspecies’incrediblecapacitytoquicklyacquirewordsfrom300byage2toover1,000byage4isn’tfullyunderstood.Somecognitivescientistsandlinguistshavetheorizedthatpeoplearebornwithbuilt-inexpectationsandlogicalconstraints(約束)thatmakethispossible.Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootage(鏡頭)andsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.Althoughit’sasmallsliceofachild’slife,itwasapparentlyenoughtoprompttheAItofigureoutwhatcertainwordsmean.Thefindingssuggestthatlanguageacquisitioncouldbesimplerthanpreviouslythought.Maybechildren“don’tneedacustom-built,high-classlanguage-specificmechanism”toefficientlygraspwordmeanings,saysJessicaSullivan,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatSkidmoreCollege.“Thisisareallybeautifulstudy,”shesays,“becauseitoffersevidencethatsimpleinformationfromachild’sworldviewisrichenoughtokick-startpatternrecognitionandwordcomprehension.”Thenewstudyalsodemonstratesthatit’spossibleformachinestolearnsimilarlytothewaythathumansdo.Largelanguagemodelsaretrainedonenormousamountsofdatathatcanincludebillionsandsometimestrillionsofwordcombinations.Humansgetbyonordersofmagnitudelessinformation,saysthepaper’sleadauthorWaiKeenVong.Withtherighttypeofdata,thatgapbetweenmachineandhumanlearningcouldnarrowdramatically.Yetadditionalstudyisnecessaryincertainaspectsofthenewresearch.Forone,thescientistsacknowledgethattheirfindingsdon’tprovehowchildrenacquirewords.Moreover,thestudyonlyfocusedonrecognizingthewordsforphysicalobjects.Still,it’sasteptowardadeeperunderstandingofourownmind,whichcanultimatelyhelpusimprovehumaneducation,saysEvaPortelance,acomputationallinguisticsresearcher.ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.“Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,”P(pán)ortelanceadds.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述了現(xiàn)在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究表明,要從最少的數(shù)據(jù)中快速獲取單詞的含義并不需要預(yù)先編程的假設(shè)。5.Whatisasignificantfindingofmachine-learningresearch?A.Vocabularyincreasesgraduallywithage.B.Vocabularycanbeacquiredfromminimaldata.C.Languageacquisitionistiedtobuilt-inexpectations.D.Languageacquisitionisascomplexasformerlyassumed.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.”可知,機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究的一個(gè)重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是詞匯可以從最小的數(shù)據(jù)中獲得。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prompt”inparagraph2mean?A.Facilitate. B.Persuade.C.Advise. D.Expect.答案A解析詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootageandsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.”可知,雖然只是孩子生活中的一小部分,但顯然足以促使人工智能弄清楚某些單詞的意思。prompt意為“促使”。7.Whatisdiscussedaboutthenewresearchinparagraph5?A.Itslimitations. B.Itsstrengths.C.Itsuniqueness. D.Itsprocess.答案A解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段內(nèi)容可知,第五段主要講述了這項(xiàng)新研究的局限性。8.WhatisEvaPortelance’sattitudetotheAIresearch?A.Doubtful. B.Cautious.C.Dismissive. D.Positive.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.‘Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,’Portelanceadds.”可推知,EvaPortelance對(duì)人工智能研究的態(tài)度是積極的。Passage3(2024河北保定一模)主題:手勢(shì)對(duì)聽(tīng)眾的影響詞數(shù):330難度:★★★☆☆Politicians,businessbosses,andothertypesofleadersindeedtendtolikespeakingwiththeirhands,butdoesthehabitinfluencehowothersinterpretthosewords?Togettothebottomofit,ateamofresearchersfromtheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsconductedaseriesofexperimentsonvolunteerswhoviewedvideosofpeoplespeakingwithandwithouthandmovements.Aftershowingthevolunteersvideosofpeoplespeakingunderdifferentconditions,theresearchersaskedthemquestionsaboutwhattheyhadheard.Someconditionsinvolvedthespeakerstressingdifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.Otherconditionsinvolvedthespeakermakingvarioustypesofhandgestures,suchaspointingandsweepingmovements.Theteamrecordedthevolunteersastheyviewedthevideorecordings,questioningthevolunteersafterwardaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.Researchersfoundthatthevolunteersweremoreaffectedbysyllables(音節(jié))spokenwiththeconjunctionofhandgestures:In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.BodylanguageexpertCarolGomansaid,“Studieshavefoundthatspeakingwithyourhandsreallycanchangetheviewofyourcharacter.Peoplewhocommunicatethroughactivegesturingtendtobeconsideredwarm,agreeable,andenergetic,whilethosewhoremainstillareseenaslogical,cold,andanalytic.Infact,a2015studythatstudiedTEDTalks,whichpostsinternationaltalksonline,foundthatthemostpopularspeakersusednearlytwiceasmanygesturesastheleastpopularspeakersused.”Theresearchteamsaidthattheirfindingssuggestthathandgesturesareanimportantpartofin-personcommunicationthathaveadirectimpactonwhatthelistenerhears.Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在談話中使用或不使用手勢(shì)會(huì)對(duì)聽(tīng)眾產(chǎn)生很大影響。9.What’stheresearchers’purposeofdoingtheexperiments?A.Toexaminethevolunteers’interpretingskills.B.Totesttheeffecthandgestureshaveonspeaking.C.Torecordthevolunteers’questionsforthespeaker.D.Toconfirmtheinfluencehandmovementshaveonleaders.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知,研究人員做實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是測(cè)試手勢(shì)對(duì)說(shuō)話的影響。10.Whatdidtheresearchersfindintheexperiments?A.Handmovementsaffectedwhatthelistenerheard.B.Thespeakerstresseddifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.C.Peoplespeakingwithdifferenthandgestureshaddifferenteffects.D.Themostpopularspeakersusedmoregesturesthantheleastpop