翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)真題匯編三

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)真題匯編三第一部分

英漢譯1.

WhennightfallsinremotepartsofAficaandtheIndiansubcontinent,hundredsof（江南博哥）millionsofpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricityturntocandlesorflammableandpollutingkerosenelampsforillumination.

Slowlythroughsmallloansforsolarpowereddevices,microfinanceisbringinglighttotheseruralregionswherealackofelectricityhasstymiedeconomicdevelopment,literacyratesandhealth.

"Earlier,theycouldnotdomuchoncethesunset.Now,thesunisuseddifferently.Theyhaveincreasedtheirproductivity,improvedtheirhealthandsocio-economicstatus,"saidPinalShahfromSEWABank,amicro-lendingInstitution.

VegetablesellerRamibenWaghritookoutaloantobuyasolarlanternwhichsheusestolightupherstallatnight.Thelanterncostsbetween$66-$112,aboutaweek'sincomeforWaghri.

"Thevegetableslookbetterbythislight,andit'scheaperthankeroseneanddoesn'tsmell,"saidWaghri,whoestimatesshemakesabout300rupees($6)moreeacheveningwithherlantern.

"Ifwecanusethesuntosavesomemoney,whynot?"

InIndia,solarpowerprojects,oftenfundedbymicrocreditinstitutions,arehelpingthecountryreducecarbonemissionsandachieveitsgoaltodoublethecontributionofrenewableenergyto6%,or25,000megawatts,withinthenextfouryears.

Off-gridapplicationssuchassolarcookersandlanterns,whichcanprovideseveralhoursoflightatnightafterbeingchargedbythesunduringtheday,willhelpcutdependenceonfossilfuelsandreducethefourthbiggestemitter'scarbonfootprint,saidPradeepDadhich,aseniorfellowatenergyresearchinstituteTERI.

"Theyarereachingpeoplewhootherwisehavelimitedornoaccesstoelectricity,anddependonkerosene,dieselorfirewoodfortheirenergyneeds,"hesaid.

"Theapplicationsnotonlysatisfytheseneeds,theyalsoimprovethequalityoflifeandreducethecarbonfootprint."

SEWAorSelfEmployedWomen'sAssociation,isamongagrowingnumberofmicrofinanceinstitutionsinIndiafocusedonprovidingaffordablerenewableenergysourcestopoorpeople,whootherwisewouldhavehadtostandforhourstobuykeroseneforlamps,ortrudgemilestocollectfirewoodforcooking.

SKSMicrofinance,India'slargestMFI,offerssolarlampstoits5millioncustomers,whileGrameenSuryaBijlee(RuralSolarElectricity)FoundationhelpsfundlampsandhomeandstreetlightingsystemsforvillagersinIndia,NepalandBangladesh.正確答案：每當(dāng)夜幕降臨，在非洲和印度次大陸偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，數(shù)億居民用不上電，只能靠蠟燭或煤油燈照明。煤油燈不僅容易引發(fā)火災(zāi)，而且會(huì)污染空氣。

這些農(nóng)村地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期缺乏電力供應(yīng)，這阻礙了當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)、教育和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的發(fā)展。不過現(xiàn)在，人們開始利用小額貸款購(gòu)買太陽(yáng)能設(shè)備，逐漸改善了這些地區(qū)的照明條件。

自我就業(yè)婦女協(xié)會(huì)(SEWA)銀行是一家小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)。就職于該機(jī)構(gòu)的皮納爾·沙哈(PinalShah)說：“以前，太陽(yáng)一落山，人們就干不了多少活了。而現(xiàn)在，人們對(duì)太陽(yáng)能有了全新的利用方式。利用太陽(yáng)能，人們提高了生產(chǎn)力，改善了健康狀況，促進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展。

拉米本·瓦格里(RamibenWaghri)是一個(gè)蔬菜攤販，她通過小額貸款買了一盞太陽(yáng)能燈，到了晚上用它來為攤位照明。太陽(yáng)能燈的售價(jià)為66美元至112美元不等，大約是她一個(gè)星期的收入。

瓦格里說：“用太陽(yáng)能燈照著，蔬菜賣相更好看，而且這燈本身比煤油燈便宜，還沒有氣味。”她估算，有了太陽(yáng)能燈，她每晚能多掙300盧比(合6美元)。

“能用太陽(yáng)省點(diǎn)錢，為什么不用呢?”

在印度，太陽(yáng)能項(xiàng)目往往能得到小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的資助。這些項(xiàng)目不僅有助于減少印度的碳排放，而且有助于印度在今后四年內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)可再生能源貢獻(xiàn)率翻一番，達(dá)到6%的目標(biāo)，相當(dāng)于可再生能源發(fā)電量達(dá)到25000兆瓦。

印度能源與資源研究所(TERI)的高級(jí)研究員普拉迪普·達(dá)蒂奇(PradeepDadhich)表示，太陽(yáng)能燈白天充電后，可以在夜間提供數(shù)小時(shí)照明。像太陽(yáng)能灶和太陽(yáng)能燈等離網(wǎng)應(yīng)用可以幫助印度這個(gè)世界第四大碳排放國(guó)降低對(duì)化石燃料的依賴，降低碳排放。

他說：“有了這些太陽(yáng)能離網(wǎng)應(yīng)用，那些生活在無(wú)電或少電地區(qū)的人們就可以逐漸擺脫對(duì)煤油、柴油或柴火等能源的依賴?！?/p>

“這些應(yīng)用不僅滿足了人們的能源需求，還提高了人們的生活質(zhì)量，減少了碳足跡。”

在印度，小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)日益增多，自我就業(yè)婦女協(xié)會(huì)就是其中一員。這些機(jī)構(gòu)旨在幫助窮人獲得實(shí)惠的可再生能源。有了小額信貸，窮人不再需要排隊(duì)數(shù)小時(shí)購(gòu)買煤油點(diǎn)燈，或者跋涉數(shù)英里拾柴做飯。

印度最大的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)SKS(SKSMicrofinance)為其500萬(wàn)客戶提供太陽(yáng)能燈，農(nóng)村太陽(yáng)能電力(GrameenSuryaBijlee)基金會(huì)則為印度、尼泊爾和孟加拉國(guó)的村民購(gòu)買太陽(yáng)能燈、家用和街道用太陽(yáng)能照明設(shè)施提供信貸支持。

第二部分

漢譯英1.

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)推進(jìn)了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展。在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)加速向傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)滲透，產(chǎn)業(yè)邊界日益交融，新型商務(wù)模式和服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)加速興起，衍生了新的業(yè)態(tài)?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式等方面發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為推動(dòng)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要引擎。包括互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在內(nèi)的信息技術(shù)與產(chǎn)業(yè)，對(duì)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷融合，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)改造和提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，帶動(dòng)了傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的轉(zhuǎn)變?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展與運(yùn)用還催生了一批新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，工業(yè)咨詢、軟件服務(wù)、外包服務(wù)等工業(yè)服務(wù)業(yè)蓬勃興起。信息技術(shù)在加快自主創(chuàng)新和節(jié)能降耗，推動(dòng)減排治污等方面的作用日益凸顯，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的新型戰(zhàn)略性產(chǎn)業(yè)。

中國(guó)政府將大力推動(dòng)電子商務(wù)類、教育類網(wǎng)站發(fā)展，積極推進(jìn)電子政務(wù)建設(shè)，支持發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣播、網(wǎng)絡(luò)電視等新興媒體，倡導(dǎo)提供形式多樣、內(nèi)容豐富的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息服務(wù)，以滿足人們多樣化、多層次的信息消費(fèi)需求。正確答案：AsaneconomicalandsocialdriverinChina,theInternethaseconomicallyspreaditsinfluenceintotraditionalsectorswhichhasblurredtheboundariesbetweenindustriesandfuelledtheemergenceofnewbusinessmodelsandserviceeconomy,generatingnewtypesofindustries.TheInternetisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinpromotingeconomicrestructuringandupgradingeconomicdevelopment.

TheInternethasbecomeanenginefortheeconomicgrowthofChina.Theinformationtechnologyandindustry,includingtheInternet,hasmadesignificantcontributionstotherapidgrowthoftheChineseeconomy.

Increasinglyintegratedwiththerealeconomythroughreformingandenhancingtraditionalindustries,theInternetrestructurestraditionalindustriesandtransformstheeconomicgrowth.Thankstoitsextensivedevelopmentandapplication,theInternethasgivenrisetoahostofemergingindustries,includingindustrialcounseling,softwareandoutsourcingservices,highlightingtheroleofITinpromotingindependentinnovation,energyconservation,emissionreductionandenvironmentalprotection.Tothisend,theInternethasemergedasastrategicindustryinChina'sdevelopmentoflow-carboneconomy.

TheChinesegovernmentwilladvancethebuildingofe-commerceandeducationbasedwebsites,beefupe-government,propelthedevelopmentofemergingmediasuchasonlineradioandtelevision,andencouragetoprovideInternetinformationservicesthatarediversifiedinformandrichincontenttomeettheconsumers'variedandmulti-tieredinformationneeds.

第一部分

英漢譯1.

Thismonth,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammadewaterandsanitationthecenterpieceofitsflagshippublication,theHumanDevelopmentReport.

Claimsofa"waterapartheid,"wherepoorpeoplepaymoreforwaterthantherich,areboundtoattractattention.Butwhataretheeconomicsbehindtheproblem,andhowcanitbefixed?Incountriesthathavetroubledeliveringcleanwatertotheirpeople,alackofinfrastructureisoftentheculprit.Peopleinareasthatarenotservedbypublicutilitieshavetorelyoncostlierwaysofgettingwater,suchasitinerantwatertrucksandtrekstowells.Paradoxically,asthewatersourcesgetcostlier,thewateritselftendstobemoredangerous.Waterpipedbyutilities—totherichandthepooralike—isusuallycleanerthanwatertruckedinorcollectedfromanoutdoortank.

Theproblemexistsnotonlyinruralareasbuteveninbigcities,saidHakanBjorkman,programdirectoroftheUNagencyinThailand.Further,subsidiesmadetolocalwatersystemsoftenendupbenefitingpeopleotherthanthepoor,headded.

Theagencyproposesathree-stepsolution.First,makeaccessto20liters,or5gallons,ofcleanwateradayahumanright.Next,makelocalgovernmentsaccountablefordeliveringthisservice.Last,investininfrastructuretolinkpeopletowatermains.Thereportsaysgovernments,especiallyindevelopingcountries,shouldspendatleast1percentofgrossdomesticproductonwaterandsanitation.Italsorecommendsthatforeignaidbemoredirectedtowardtheseproblems.Clearly,thisapproachreliesheavilyongovernmentintervention,somethingBjorkmanreadilyacknowledged.Buttherearesomemarket-basedapproachesaswell.

Byofferingcut-rateconnectionstopoorpeopletothewatermainline,theprivatewaterutilityinAbidjan,IvoryCoast,hassteadilyincreasedaccesstocleanwater,accordingtotheagency'sreport.Asubsidymaynotevenbenecessary,despitetheagency'sproposals,ifacountrycanharnesstheeconomicbenefitsofprovidingcleanwater.

Peoplewhoreceivecleanwateraremuchlesslikelytodiefromwater-bornediseases—acommonmaladyinthedevelopingworld—andmuchmorelikelytoenjoylong,productive,taxpayinglivesthatcanbenefitthefthostcountries.Soifagovernmentistryingtoraisefinancingtoinvestinnewinfrastructure,itmightfindreceptiveearsinprivatecreditmarkets—aslongasitcanharnessthereturn.Similarly,privatecompaniesmaycalculatethatitisworthbringingcleanwatertoanareaifitsresidentsarewillingtopaybacktheinvestmentovermanyyears.

Inthemeantime,somelocalsolutionsarebeingfound.InThailand,Bjorkmansaid,somesmallcommunitiesaretakingchallengeslikewateraccessuponthemselves."Peopleorganizethemselvesingroupstoleveragewhatlittleresourcestheyhavetohelptheircommunities,"hesaid."That'sespeciallytrueoutintheruralareas.Theyinvesttheirmoneyinrevolvingfundsandsavingschemes,andtheyinvestthemselvestoimprovetheirvillages."Itisnotalwayseasytotakethesesolutionsandreplicatetheminothercountries,though.Assemblingabroadmenuofdifferentapproachescanbethefirststepinfindingtherightsolutionforagivenregionorcountry.正確答案：本月，聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署將水與衛(wèi)生定為其旗艦出版物《人類發(fā)展報(bào)告》的主題。

“水隔離”指的是窮人獲取水資源的成本高于富人的現(xiàn)象，這種說法必將引發(fā)關(guān)注。但是，這一問題涉及的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素有哪些，又該如何解決?在有些國(guó)家，人們無(wú)法獲得清潔用水，主要原因是缺乏基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。有些地區(qū)公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施匱乏，人們只能從流動(dòng)送水車上購(gòu)水，或者長(zhǎng)途跋涉到有水井的地方取水，因此獲取水資源的成本變高。頗為矛盾的是，獲取水資源的成本變高了，水質(zhì)卻在下降。自來水通常比流動(dòng)送水車或水井中的水更清潔，無(wú)論窮富，均是如此。

聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署駐泰國(guó)項(xiàng)目主任哈坎·比約克曼(HakanBjorkman)說，不僅農(nóng)村地區(qū)存在這一問題，連大城市也不例外。他還補(bǔ)充說，窮人往往不能從補(bǔ)貼地方供水系統(tǒng)中受益。

針對(duì)水資源問題，聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署提出了“三步走”的解決方案：第一步，將每天保證20升(即5加侖)清潔用水列為一項(xiàng)人權(quán)；第二步，由地方政府負(fù)責(zé)落實(shí)這項(xiàng)人權(quán)；第三步，投資修建供水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，為人們提供清潔用水。《人類發(fā)展報(bào)告》指出，各國(guó)政府，特別是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，應(yīng)至少拿出GDP的1%用于解決水資源供應(yīng)和衛(wèi)生設(shè)施問題。該報(bào)告還建議，應(yīng)更有針對(duì)性地提供國(guó)外援助資金解決這些問題。但比約克曼也坦陳，這項(xiàng)解決方案顯然需要政府部門的引導(dǎo)。當(dāng)然，還有其他一些市場(chǎng)化的解決方案。

《人類發(fā)展報(bào)告》還指出，科特迪瓦首都阿比讓(Abidjan)的一家私營(yíng)水廠以低價(jià)向窮人供水，使人們逐漸用上了清潔用水。聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署建議各國(guó)政府對(duì)供水系統(tǒng)提供補(bǔ)貼，但是，如果國(guó)家能利用提供清潔水資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，就沒必要再提供補(bǔ)貼。

在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，水傳播性疾病十分常見，但是如果能獲得清潔飲用水，人們死于水傳播性疾病的概率就會(huì)大大降低，并能延長(zhǎng)壽命，提高生產(chǎn)力，增加繳稅，國(guó)家最終也能從中獲益。因此，只要國(guó)家能保證供水產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，就能吸引社會(huì)力量投資建設(shè)供水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。同樣，私營(yíng)供水企業(yè)如果確信在一個(gè)地區(qū)的投資能在多年后獲得回報(bào)，他們自然也樂意投資。

同時(shí)，人們也在尋找本土化的解決方案。比約克曼說，在泰國(guó)，一些小型社區(qū)自發(fā)解決供水等難題。他說：“人們自發(fā)組織起來，利用有限的資源幫助社區(qū)解決問題，在農(nóng)村地區(qū)尤其如此。人們把錢投入周轉(zhuǎn)基金，參與儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃，齊心協(xié)力建設(shè)自己的村莊?！辈贿^，在其他國(guó)家實(shí)施和推廣這些解決方案并不簡(jiǎn)單。一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)要想找到可行的供水解決方案，首先就要整合各種應(yīng)對(duì)方法。

第二部分

漢譯英1.

即使遇到豐收年景，對(duì)中國(guó)來說，要用世界百分之七的耕地養(yǎng)活全球五分之一的人口仍是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。

中國(guó)政府面臨許多挑戰(zhàn)，最嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)之一就是耕地流失。過去幾年中，平均每年有66.7萬(wàn)公頃耕地被城市擴(kuò)建、工業(yè)發(fā)展以及公路建設(shè)工程占用，另有一萬(wàn)平方公里的耕地被沙漠吞噬。

中國(guó)北方地區(qū)地下水位下降，農(nóng)民不得不改種耐旱、低產(chǎn)作物，甚至撂荒。同時(shí)，農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施損耗嚴(yán)重，三分之二的灌溉設(shè)施需要整修。

由于農(nóng)民為增加收入而改種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式正在轉(zhuǎn)變。過去十幾年，全國(guó)水果和蔬菜種植面積平均每年增加130萬(wàn)公頃。因此，水稻、玉米及小麥產(chǎn)量急劇下降。中國(guó)已由糧食凈出口國(guó)變?yōu)榧Z食凈進(jìn)口國(guó)。

中國(guó)政府把農(nóng)業(yè)改革視為頭等大事，投入大量資金用于提高小麥和稻米的收購(gòu)價(jià)以及改進(jìn)農(nóng)田灌溉基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。近年來，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格穩(wěn)步上升，中國(guó)政府采取此項(xiàng)措施以提高農(nóng)民種糧的積極性。正確答案：Eveninagoodharvestyear,itisstillanarduoustaskforChinatofeedone-fifthoftheworld'spopulationwith7%oftheearth'sfarmland.

LossofcultivatedlandisoneofthemostdauntingchallengesfacingtheChinesegovernment.Thepastseveralyearsfoundannually667,000hectaresofcultivatedlandonaverageacquiredforurbanexpansion,industrialdevelopmentandroadconstruction,andanother10,000squarekilometersdesertified.

FallinggroundwaterlevelinnorthernChinaforcesfarmerstoswitchtoplantdrought-resistantandlow-yieldcrops,orevenleavethelandunattended/uncultivated.Theagriculturalinfrastructureisseriouslyworn,including2/3ofirrigationfacilitiesindireneedofrenovation.

Farmers'preferencetocashcropsforhigherincometransformsagriculturalproduction.Thepastdozenyearshaveseenanannualaverageacreageincreaseof1.3millionhectaresforfruitandvegetables,andasharpdeclineinoutputofrice,cornandwheat,renderingChinaanetgrainimporterinsteadofanetexporter.

TheChinesegovernmenthasattachedtopprioritytoitsagriculturalreformandinvestedheavilytoraisethepurchasingpricesofwheatandriceandimprovetheinfrastructureoffarmlandirrigation.Withsteadilyrisingpricesofagriculturalproductsinrecentyears,graingrowershavebecomemoreinterestedinfarmwork.

第一部分

英漢譯1.

HIGUERADELASERENA—Itdidn'ttakelongforManuelGarcíaMurillo,abricklayerwhotookoverasmayorherelastJune,torealizethathistownwasintrouble,Itwas800,000euros,alittlemorethan$1million,inthered.Therewasnocashonhandtopayforanything—andtherewasworkthatneededtobedone.

Butthenanamazingthinghappened,hesaid.Justasthehealthdepartmentwasabouttoclosedownthedaycarecenterbecauseitdidn'thaveaproperkitchen,BernardoBenBez,aconstructionworker,offeredtoputupthewallsandthetilesfree.Then,MariaJosiCarmona,anadulteducationteacher,steppedintocleantheplace3up.

Andsomehow,thevolunteersjustkeptcoming.EverySundaynow,theresidentsofthistowninsouthwestSpain—youngandold—dowhatneedstobedone,whetheritiscleaningthestreets,rakingtheleaves,uncloggingculvertsorplantingtreesinthepark.

"Itwasaninitiativefromthem,"saidMr.García."Daytodaywetalkedtopeopleandwetoldthemtherewasnomoney.Ofcourse,theycouldseeit.Thegrassinbetweenthesidewalkswasuptomythigh."

HigueradelaSerenaisinmanywaysamicrocosmofSpain'stroubles.JustasSpain'snationalandregionalgovernmentsarestrugglingwiththecollapseoftheconstructionindustry,overspendingonhugecapitalprojectsandapileupofunpaidbills,thesameproblemsafflictmanyofitssmalltowns.

ButwhathasbroughtHigueradelaSerenaameasureoffameinSpainisthattheresidentshavesteppedupwheretheirgovernmenthasfailed.Mr.Garciasayshisphoneringsregularlyfromothertownofficialswhowanttoknowhowtodothesamething.Heisservingwithoutpay,asarethetown'stwootherelectedofficials.Theyarealsoforgoingthecarsandphonesthatusuallycomewiththejob.

"Welivedbeyondourmeans,"Mr.Garciasaid."Weinvestedinpublicworksthatweren'tsensible.Weareintechnicalbankruptcy."EvensomemoneyfromtheEuropeanUnionthatwassupposedtobeusedforroutineoperatingexpensesandlastuntil2013hasalreadybeenspent,hesaid.

HigueradelaSerena,aclusterofabout900housessurroundedbyfarmland,andtraditionallydependentonpigfarmingandolives,gotsweptupinthegiddydaysoftheconstructionboom.Itbuiltaculturalcenterandinvestedinasmallnursinghome.Buttheprojectswereplaguedbydelaysandcostoverruns.

Theculturalcenterstillhasnobathrooms.Thenursinghome,awhitewashedbuildingsitsontheedgeoftown,stillunopened.Together,theyaccountforsome$470,000ofdebtowedtothebank.Buttherestofthedebtismostlytheunpaidbillsofatownthatwasnotkeepingupwithitsexpenses.Itowesformedicalsupplies,fordieselfuel,forroadrepair,forelectricalwork,formusicianswhoplayedduringholidays.

HigueradelaSerenaisnotcompletelywithoutworkers.Itstillhasahalf-timelibrarian,twohalf-timestreetcleaners,someonepart-timeforthesportscomplex,asecretaryandanadministrator,allofwhomarepaidthroughvariousfinancingstreamsapartfromthetown.Butthetownoncehadaworkforcetwicethesize.Andwhensomeoneisill,volunteershavetostepinorthegymandsportscomplex—openfourhoursaday—mustclose.正確答案：伊格拉德-拉塞雷納(HIGUERADELASERENA)——去年6月，磚瓦匠曼紐爾·加西亞·穆里洛(ManuelGarciaMurillo)接任伊格拉德-拉塞雷納鎮(zhèn)鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)一職，不久后，他便意識(shí)到這座小鎮(zhèn)正處于困境之中：該鎮(zhèn)的財(cái)政赤字高達(dá)80萬(wàn)歐元(折合100多萬(wàn)美元)。有些工作急需用錢，而政府卻無(wú)現(xiàn)金可用。

不過，曼紐爾·加西亞·穆里洛說，隨后的進(jìn)展出人意料。當(dāng)時(shí)，一家日托所因廚房設(shè)施不合格，即將被衛(wèi)生部門關(guān)停。就在此時(shí)，建筑工人伯納多·貝尼特斯(BernardoBenBez)主動(dòng)提出免費(fèi)為日托所廚房修筑墻壁，鋪設(shè)瓷磚；而后，成人教育老師瑪麗亞·何塞·卡莫納(MariaJosiCarmona)也挺身而出，主動(dòng)幫助清理新整修的廚房。

就這樣，志愿者們接踵而至?，F(xiàn)在每逢周日，這座西班牙西南部小鎮(zhèn)的老老少少都會(huì)為小鎮(zhèn)做一些事情，有的幫忙打掃街道、清理落葉、疏通排水管道，有的則在公園里植樹綠化。

加西亞說：“這都是人們的自發(fā)行為，我們每天都會(huì)跟他們講政府沒錢了，當(dāng)然，他們也看得出來，因?yàn)槿诵械纼膳缘牟莓?dāng)時(shí)都高到膝蓋了?！?/p>

從多個(gè)方面來看，伊格拉德-拉塞雷納鎮(zhèn)都是西班牙經(jīng)濟(jì)困境的一個(gè)縮影。當(dāng)時(shí)，西班牙建筑行業(yè)崩潰，大型基建項(xiàng)目超支，欠款大量積壓，中央和地方政府都為此焦頭爛額，許多小鎮(zhèn)也未能幸免。

但是，由于當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨谡С植蛔〉臅r(shí)候挺身而出，伊格拉德-拉塞雷納鎮(zhèn)現(xiàn)在在西班牙小有名氣。加西亞說，現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常有其他鎮(zhèn)的官員打電話過來取經(jīng)。他和另外兩位選舉上任的政府官員都不拿工資，甚至主動(dòng)放棄了專車和電話這些常用工作配備。

加西亞說：“我們過去入不敷出，投資建設(shè)了一些不必要的市政工程，現(xiàn)在我們是真的破產(chǎn)了?！彼€說，歐盟的援助款本應(yīng)用于政府日常運(yùn)作開支，并且按計(jì)劃可以用到2013年，但這些錢已經(jīng)花光了。

伊格拉德-拉塞雷納鎮(zhèn)有大約900戶居民，周圍都是耕地，傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)是生豬養(yǎng)殖和橄欖種植。當(dāng)年，該鎮(zhèn)也加入建筑熱潮中，建立了一個(gè)文化中心，并投資了一家小型療養(yǎng)院。但是這些項(xiàng)目卻面臨擱置以及成本超支的困境。

文化中心的洗手間還未建好。位于小鎮(zhèn)邊緣刷了白粉墻的療養(yǎng)院至今仍未開放。這兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目加起來共拖欠銀行47萬(wàn)美元。過去，小鎮(zhèn)入不敷出，累積下大量欠款，這些欠款現(xiàn)在成為鎮(zhèn)政府背負(fù)的主要債務(wù)，包括醫(yī)療用品開支、燃油燃料費(fèi)、道路維護(hù)費(fèi)、電氣工程費(fèi)以及節(jié)假日樂師表演費(fèi)用。

伊格拉德-拉塞雷納鎮(zhèn)還留有幾名工作人員。目前有一名圖書管理員和兩名道路清潔工，都是半工半薪；還有一名體育館兼職員工、一名秘書和一名行政人員，他們的薪水一部分由鎮(zhèn)政府負(fù)責(zé)，其余部分則用通過各種融資渠道籌措的資金來支付。在此之前，鎮(zhèn)政府的工作人員數(shù)量是現(xiàn)在的兩倍。健身體育館現(xiàn)在每天只開放四個(gè)小時(shí)，如果工作人員生病了，志愿者就必須接手這些工作，否則場(chǎng)館只能暫時(shí)關(guān)閉。

第二部分

漢譯英1.

十年來，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、綜合國(guó)力、人民生活水平邁上新的臺(tái)階，國(guó)家面貌發(fā)生了舉世矚目的歷史性變化，為促進(jìn)亞洲和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

中國(guó)雖然取得了舉世矚目的發(fā)展成就，但仍然是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展面臨巨大的人口、資源、環(huán)境壓力，發(fā)展中不平衡、不協(xié)調(diào)、不可持續(xù)問題依然突出。

2011年，中國(guó)開始實(shí)施國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要，提出了今后五年中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的總體任務(wù)。

未來五年，中國(guó)將著力實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需特別是消費(fèi)需求的戰(zhàn)略，建立長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，釋放消費(fèi)潛力，著力促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)向依靠消費(fèi)、投資、出口協(xié)調(diào)拉動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變。

中國(guó)將著力實(shí)施“走出去”戰(zhàn)略，引導(dǎo)各類所有制企業(yè)有序到境外投資，積極開展有利于改善當(dāng)?shù)鼗A(chǔ)設(shè)施和人民生活的項(xiàng)目合作。

中國(guó)將著力參與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理和區(qū)域合作，推動(dòng)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)金融體系改革，推動(dòng)建立均衡、普惠、共贏的多邊貿(mào)易體制，反對(duì)各種形式的保護(hù)主義，促進(jìn)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序朝著更加公正合理的方向發(fā)展。正確答案：Overthepastdecade,Chinahasenjoyedrapidandsustainedgrowthinitseconomy,withitseconomicstrength,comprehensivenationalpowerandpeople'slivingstandardreachinganewhigh.TheboomingeconomyhastransformedChina'snationallandscapeoverallandservedasapowerfuldriverforeconomicgrowthinAsiaandbeyond.

Forallitsremarkableachievementsindevelopment,Chinaremainsthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworldwhosesocialandeconomicdevelopmentsuffersfrompopulationpressure,environmentalpressureandalackofresources,withtheproblemofunbalanced,uncoordinatedandunsustainabledevelopmentstillbeingserious.

In2011,Chinaformulatedandannouncedtheoutlineofits12thFive-YearPlanforeconomicandsocialdevelopment,whichliststhemaintasksforthenextfiveyears.

Inthenextfiveyears,Chinawillfocusonthestrategyofexpandingdomesticdemand,especiallyconsumerdemand.Forthatmatter,Chinaseekstoestablishalong-termmechanismthatunleashesconsumptionpotential,steeringitseconomytowardsonejointlydrivenbyconsumption,investmentandexport.

Chinawillalsoputmoreemphasisonthe"goglobal"strategy.ThatmeansChinawillencourageenterprisesofvariousownershiptypestoinvestoverseasinanorderlymanner,andcarryoutcooperationonprojectsthatwillimprovelocalinfrastructureandpeople'slivelihood.

Chinawillbecommittedtoglobaleconomicgovernanceandregionalcooperation.Chinawilladvancethereformofglobaleconomicandfinancialsystemsandthebuildingofabalancedmultilateraltraderegimethatbenefitsall,andopposeprotectionisminallforms.Bydoingso,Chinaaimstohelpmaketheinternationaleconomicordermorejustandreasonable.

第一部分

英漢譯1.

Itsoundssopromising.Anetworkofdedicatedcycleroutesrunningthroughacitywithairpumpstofixflattires,footreststoleanonwhiletakingbreaksandtrashcansthatarespeciallyangledsoyoucanthrowinemptywaterbottleswithoutstopping.

Bestofall,youcancycleonthoseroutesforlongdistanceswithouthavingtomakewayforcarsandtrucksatjunctionsandtrafficlights,accordingtotheofficialdescriptionoftheCycleSuperHighways,whichareunderconstructionhereaspartoftheDanishcapital'seffortstobecomecarbon-neutralby2025.

Aretheyasgoodastheysound?Thesedaysitishardtofindabigcitythatdoesn'tmakegrandioseclaimstoencouragecycling,andharderstilltofindonethatfulfillsthem.Redesigningcongestedtrafficsystemstoaddbikelanestoovercrowdedroadsisfiendishlydifficult,especiallyinhistoriccitieswithnarrowcobbledstreetslikeCopenhagen.Butasitscyclingprogramsoundssoambitious,Iwenttheretotryit.

MaybeI'dbelesscynicalifIlivedinAmsterdam,Cologneoranyothercitywithdecentcyclingfacilities,butasaLondoner,I'velearnedthehardwaytobesuspiciouswheneverpoliticianspromisetodoanythingbike-friendly.London'smayor,BorisJohnson,isakeencyclist,whoissuespolicypaperswithauspicioustitleslike"CyclingRevolution"andhascontinuedhispredecessor'sbikingprogrambyintroducingacycle-rentalprojectandbuildingnewbikelanes.

Sofarsogood,youmaythink,unlessyouhavebravedthepotholes,parkedtrucksandconstructiondebristhatobstructthoselanes,manyofwhichappeartohavebeendesignedbysomeonewhohasneverseenabicycle,letaloneriddenone.Londoncyclistsswaphorrorstoriesofdysfunctionalcycleroutesthatendwithoutwarningormaroonthemonthewrongsideoftheroad,thoughfewcanbemoreperilousthananewlaneonBethnalGreenRoad,whichisblockedbyastreetlight—anyonerashenoughtousethelanehastobrakesharplytoavoidcrashingintoit.正確答案：在城市里修建自行車專用道，沿途提供打氣筒和歇腳設(shè)施，垃圾桶設(shè)計(jì)有特殊的角度，騎手無(wú)須停車便可將空水瓶扔進(jìn)桶內(nèi)。這一切聽起來似乎很不錯(cuò)。

丹麥?zhǔn)锥几绫竟?jì)劃于2025年建成碳中和城市，而在建中的“自行車高速公路”正是該計(jì)劃實(shí)施的措施之一。根據(jù)“自行車高速公路”的官方介紹，該公路最大的亮點(diǎn)是在交叉路口或遇到紅綠燈時(shí)，騎手無(wú)須避讓汽車和卡車，從而方便他們長(zhǎng)距離騎行。

這些自行車專用道真有聽起來這么好嗎?近來，幾乎所有大城市都大張旗鼓地宣稱要鼓勵(lì)市民騎車出行，但將這種豪言壯語(yǔ)付諸實(shí)踐的城市卻寥寥無(wú)幾。當(dāng)前的城市街道早已擁堵不堪，要想重新設(shè)計(jì)交通系統(tǒng)，增設(shè)自行車專用車道，是非常困難的，尤其是在像哥本哈根這樣歷史悠久的城市中，道路多由鵝卵石鋪成，本身就比較狹窄，實(shí)施這一舉措更是難上加難。但哥本哈根的騎行計(jì)劃聽起來如此雄心勃勃，于是我便去體驗(yàn)了一把。

如果我住在阿姆斯特丹、科隆或其他有著完善騎行配套設(shè)施的城市，那么我的看法可能會(huì)積極樂觀一些。但我是一個(gè)倫敦人，每當(dāng)政客們承諾為自行車出行提供便利時(shí)，結(jié)果如何我是親自領(lǐng)教過的，因此我對(duì)這種承諾往往都將信將疑。倫敦市長(zhǎng)鮑里斯·約翰遜(BorisJohnson)本人熱衷于騎行，他發(fā)布了一些標(biāo)題寓意十分美好的政策文件，比如“自行車革命”。同時(shí)，他還繼續(xù)推行其前任的自行車計(jì)劃，啟動(dòng)了自行車租賃服務(wù)，并新建了多條自行車道。

你可能會(huì)覺得目前看著還不錯(cuò)。但如果你見識(shí)到了糟糕的路況，就不會(huì)這樣想了。自行車道坑坑洼洼，時(shí)不時(shí)還會(huì)碰到停放的卡車和堵在道上的建筑垃圾，似乎設(shè)計(jì)這些車道的人從沒見過自行車，更別提騎過了。在倫敦，騎手們也會(huì)互相聊起在設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)?shù)淖孕熊嚨郎向T行的恐怖經(jīng)歷，這些車道要么前面沒路了也不立個(gè)警示牌，要么會(huì)把人困在相反的方向。不過，最危險(xiǎn)的當(dāng)屬貝斯納爾格林路(BethnalGreenRoad)上新建的一條自行車道，這條車道中間競(jìng)有一盞路燈，如果有誰(shuí)貿(mào)然騎上了這條路，到了路燈前又沒緊急剎車，非撞上不可。

第二部分

漢譯英1.

能源安全同世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展和各國(guó)人民的福祉息息相關(guān)。在當(dāng)前國(guó)際金融危機(jī)背景下，維護(hù)全球能源安全對(duì)有效應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)沖擊、推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)全面復(fù)蘇和長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展具有重要意義。

國(guó)際社會(huì)應(yīng)樹立互利合作、多元發(fā)展、協(xié)同保障的新能源安全觀，共同穩(wěn)定能源等大宗商品價(jià)格、防止過度投機(jī)和炒作，保障各國(guó)特別是發(fā)展中國(guó)家能源需求，維護(hù)能源市場(chǎng)正常秩序。同時(shí)，各國(guó)應(yīng)改善能源結(jié)構(gòu)，加強(qiáng)先進(jìn)能源技術(shù)的研發(fā)和推廣，大力發(fā)展清潔和可再生能源，在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域積極開展國(guó)際合作。

中國(guó)政府高度重視能源和能源安全問題。在解決中國(guó)的能源問題上，始終堅(jiān)持節(jié)約優(yōu)先、立足國(guó)內(nèi)、多元發(fā)展、保護(hù)環(huán)境的原則，加強(qiáng)國(guó)際互利合作，大力改善和調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)，努力構(gòu)筑穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)、清潔、安全的能源供應(yīng)體系。中國(guó)愿與世界各國(guó)一道共同努力，建立起能源合作長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，為保障全球能源安全、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化做出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。正確答案：Energysecurityhasaclosebearingonthestabilityandgrowthoftheworldeconomyandthewell-beingofpeopleinallcountries.Againstthebackdropofthecurrentinternationalfinancialcrisis,globalenergysecurityisvitaltocushioningtheimpactofthecrisisandachievingthefullrecoveryandlong-termdevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.

Theinternationalcommunityneedstofosteranewoutlookonenergysecuritywhichfeatures/featuringmutuallybeneficialcooperation,diversifieddevelopmentandcoordinatedsupply.Jointeffortsmustbemadebyallnationstostabilizethepricesofenergyandothercommoditiesandpreventover-speculationandmarkethyper(soas)tomeettheenergydemandofallcountries,particularlythedevelopingcountries,andmaintainorderintheenergymarket.Meanwhile,countriesshouldimprovetheirownenergymix,promotetheresearch,developmentandextensionofadvancedenergytechnologies,vigorouslydevelopcleanandrenewableenergies,andengageactivelyininternationalcooperationinrelevantfields.

TheChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoissuesrelatedtoenergyandenergysecurity.Inaddressingtheseissues,Chinaadherestotheprincipleof"givingprioritytoenergyconservation,mainlyrelyingondomesticenergysupply,seekingdiversifieddevelopmentofenergiesandprotectingtheenvironmentalongsideenergydevelopment".Chinahasstrengthenedmutuallybeneficialcooperationwiththeinternationalcommunityandmadevigorouseffortstoimproveandadjustitsenergymix(soas)tobuildareliable,economical,cleanandsafeenergysupplysystem.Chinaisreadytoworkwithothercountries/jointherestoftheworldtobuildalong-termmechanismforenergycooperation,therebymakingitsduecontributiontoglobalenergysecurityandclimatechangemitigation.第一部分

英漢譯1.

Forgenerations,coalhasbeenthelifebloodofthismineral-richstretchofeasternUtah.Miningfamiliesproudlyrecallalltheyearstheytoiledunderground.Supplycompanieslinethetownstreets.Abovetheroadthatwindstowardthemines,asoot-smudgedminerpeersoutfromabillboardwiththeslogan"Coal=Jobs".

Butrecently,fearhassettledin.Thestate'soldestcoal-firedpowerplant,tuckedamongthecanyonsneartown,issettoclose,aresultofnew,stricterfederalpollutionregulations.

Asenergycompaniestackawayfromcoal,towardcleaner,cheapernaturalgas,peopleherehavegrownincreasinglyafraidthattheircommunitymaysoonslipaway.Dozensofworkersatthefacilityhere,theCarbonPowerPlant,havelearnedthattheymustretireearlyorseekotherjobs.Localtruckingandequipmentoutfitsarepreparingtotakebusinesselsewhere.

"Therearealotofpeopleworried,"saidKyleDavis,whohasbeenemployedattheplantsincehewas18.Mr.Davis,56,workedhiswayupfromsweepingfloorstomanagingoperationsattheplant,whosefurnaceshavebeenburningsince1954."Iwouldhavelikedtobehereforanotherfiveyears,"hesaid."I'mtooyoungtoretire."

ButRockyMountainPower,theutilitythatoperatestheplant,hasdeterminedthatitwouldbetooexpensivetoretrofittheagingplanttomeetnewfederalstandardsonmercuryemissions.TheplantisscheduledtobeshutbyApril2015."Wehadbeenworkingforthebetterpartofthreeyears,testingcompliancestrategies,"saidDavidEskelsen,aspokesmanfortheutility."Noneoftheonesweinvestigatedreallywouldproducetheresultsthatwouldmeettherequirements."

Forthelastseveralyears,coalplantshavebeenshuttingdownacrossthecountry,drivenbytougherenvironmentalregulations,flatteningelectricitydemandandamovebyutilitiestowardnaturalgasThismonth,theboardofdirectorsoftheTennesseeValleyAuthority,thecountry'slargestpublicpowerutility,votedtoshuteightcoal-poweredplantsinAlabamaandKentuckyandpartlyreplacethemwithnaturalgas-firedpower.Since2010,morethan150coalplantshavebeenclosedorscheduledforretirement.

TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyestimatesthatthestricteremissionsregulationsfortheplantswillresultinbillionsofdollarsinrelatedhealthsavings,andwillhaveasweepingimpactonairquality.

"CoalplantsarethesinglelargestsourceofdangerouscarbonpollutionintheUnitedStates,andwehavereadyalternativeslikewindandsolartoreplacethem,"saidBruceNilles,directoroftheSierraClub'sBeyondCoalcampaign,whichwantstoshutallofthenation'scoalplants.

Formanyhere,coaljobsarealltheyknow.Theindustryunitedtheareaduringhardtimes,too,especiallyduringthedarkdaysafterninemendiedina2007miningaccidentsome35milesdownthehighway.VirtuallyeveryonearoundPriceknewthemen,sixofwhomremainentombedinthemountainside.ButthereisquietacknowledgmentthatCarbonCountywillhavetochange—ifnotnow,soon.

PetePalacios,whoworkedintheminesfor43years,hasseencoalroarandfadehere.Now86,hiseyesgrewcloudyasherecalledhisfirstminingjob.Hewas12,an