翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題2

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題2EnglishChineseTranslationGovernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatth（江南博哥）ewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.

1

Undermodernconditions,thisrequiredvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.

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Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestuctureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

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Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,

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intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.

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Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.1.

正確答案：在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要不同程度的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。

2.

正確答案：再者，顯而易見的是，一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。

3.

正確答案：由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國(guó)政府不得不經(jīng)常采取更進(jìn)一步的革新措施。

4.

正確答案：在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家里，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在十年左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過(guò)程。

5.

正確答案：由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動(dòng)變得相對(duì)容易)所引起的各種問(wèn)題也會(huì)給社會(huì)造成新的壓力。

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Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.

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Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.

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Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodoloziesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.

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Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod".frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy".Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciphneasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.

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Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.6.

正確答案：幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。

7.

正確答案：人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。

8.

正確答案：在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。

9.

正確答案：方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。

10.

正確答案：這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。

USphotogiantEastmanKodakisseekingtoexploittheirsnapping.

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ItannouncedinMarchthatitwouldspendmorethan$1billioninthenextfewyearstocaptureashareoftheChinesemarket."Chinaisoneofthefastestgrowingmarketsforphotography,anditsdouble-digitgrowthwillassurethatitmovesfromthenumberthreeranktonumberoneortwo,exceedingJapanandperhapstheUnitedStatesinthenextcentury,"saidKodakchiefGeorgeFisherinastatement.

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AccordingtoKodak,fewerthanonein10Chinesehouseholdsownsacamera,whichtypicallyusesaboutfourrollsoffilmperyear."IfonlyhalfthepeopleinChinashotasingle36-exposurerolloffilmayear—afractionofusageratesinothercountries—thatwouldswellthenumberofworldwide'clicks'by25percent,"Fishersaid.

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Nationalfiguresoncameraownershipdonotreflectthekeeninterestinphotographyinurbanareas."Wehavetwocamerasinthehouse,oneforourselvesandoneforour14-year-oldsonwhotakesitwithhimonschooltrips,"saidBeijingresidentChenYanan,whowasrecentlylaidofffromherstate-sectorjob.Chen'ssonisnotalone:"Allhisfriendshaveacamera.Theyonlycost150yuan."Sheadded.

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Whenthepriceofa36-exposurerollofcolorfilm(20yuan)anddevelopmentcosts(16yuan)aretakenintoaccount,thepleasureofphotographyareaffordabletomostcityinhabitants.

Andwhilethecheapcostsmeanthequalityoffilmandprintsisusuallypoor,theChinesehaveneverthelesscomealongwayintheirsnapping.

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Inthe1970s,blackandwhitephotoshardlybiggerthanpostagestampswerestillcommon.Todaymorethan70percentofphotosaretakenincolorandtheprintsaremuchlarger,accordingtoaBeijingretailer.11.

正確答案：柯達(dá)公司3月份宣布：在最近幾年它將花費(fèi)10億多美元來(lái)占領(lǐng)部分中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。

12.

正確答案：據(jù)柯達(dá)公司講：中國(guó)擁有相機(jī)的家庭不到1/10，每部相機(jī)每年使用大約四卷膠卷。

13.

正確答案：國(guó)民擁有相機(jī)的數(shù)字并沒(méi)有反映出城市地區(qū)對(duì)攝影的強(qiáng)烈愛(ài)好。

14.

正確答案：考慮到一卷36張彩色膠卷的價(jià)格(20元)以及沖洗的價(jià)格(16元)，攝影這種樂(lè)趣對(duì)大多數(shù)城市居民來(lái)說(shuō)都是可以承受的。

15.

正確答案：在20世紀(jì)70年代，人們常用的仍然是幾乎不比郵票大多少的黑白照片。

Geniusissomethingthatisdifficulttomeasurequantitativelysinceitisauniquequality,

althoughmostofuscanrecognizegeniuswhenweseeitorhearit.

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Bycontrastintelligenceispossiblyeasiertoquantifyandlikegeniusisapolygeniccharacterthatcanbemouldedbytheenvironment.

Intelligenceisaqualitativetrait,whichdoeshaveageneticcomponent,butweshouldnot

assumethatithasasingledimensionofexpression.

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Thereareseverallimitationsinmeasuringintelligencebyalinearscalerangingfromdulltobright,sinceindividualsdiffergreatlyintheirgenotypes.Anynumberofgenecombinationmaypredisposeanindividualtomusicalgenius,ortopainting,ortodesigningcomputerprograms,etc.Thepossessionofanyoneoftheseabilitiesmayormaynotbeassociatedwithanother.Moreover,thesamegenotypemaybeexpressedinmarkedlydifferentwaysinmarkedlydifferentenvironments.

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Forexample,intelligencequotienttestscoresvaryconsiderablywithillnessanddisease,educational,socialandeconomiclevels—eventheskincoloroftheexaminerconductingtheIQtestmayhaveasignificanteffect!Thereisalsodifficultyindecidingwhatintelligenceshouldbeappliedto.Isittheabilitytolearn?Isitrelatedtotheenquiringmindortomotivation?

ConsequentlycomparisonsbetweenanIQtestgiventoaUniversitystudentandtoanAborigineinAustraliawillgivemeaninglessresults,sincethetestismostunlikelytomeasurethesamebehavior.

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Notonlyarethegenotypesandtheenvironmentsofthesetwoindividualstotallydifferent,buttheirmotivationsforachievementinparticularactivitieswillbedifferent.

Indeed,assomearticleswhichdealwiththeproblemsmentionedaboveshow,peoplewhobelievetheycanestimategeneticandenvironmentalcontributionstodifferencesinintelligencebetweenracesarestatisticallynaive.

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Ifsomeracesorsocialgroupsinthehumanpopulationcanbeshowntobeinferiorinintelligence,itopensupthepossibilitythatsomesegregationistsorpoliticianscouldbringinlegislationorpoliciestosuppressoreveneliminatesuchracesorgroupsinthepopulation.

Historycertainlyshowsthatthissuggestionisquitelikelywhenruthlessindividualsareinpositionsofpower.

Canyouseewhythefalsescientificconclusionscouldbecomedangeroussociallyandpolitically?16.

正確答案：相對(duì)而言，智力也許比較容易用數(shù)量來(lái)衡量。而且它像天才一樣，具有一種易受環(huán)境影響的多基因特征。

17.

正確答案：由于各人在基因類型上有很大的差異，所以用一種從愚昧排列到聰明的線性標(biāo)尺來(lái)衡量智力有很大的局限性。

18.

正確答案：比方說(shuō)，智商測(cè)驗(yàn)的得分，會(huì)由于疾病狀況、教育程度、社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)水平而有很大的差異，甚至智商測(cè)驗(yàn)主考人的膚色也會(huì)對(duì)得分有顯著的影響。

19.

正確答案：這兩個(gè)人不僅是基因類型和生活環(huán)境完全不同，而且他們完成某些活動(dòng)的動(dòng)機(jī)也極不相同。

20.

正確答案：如果能夠證明人類中某些種族或社會(huì)群體在智力上是劣等的，那就會(huì)使某些種族隔離主義者或政客有可能去制訂法律或政策來(lái)壓迫，甚至從人類中消滅這些種族和群體。

Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.

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ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy'svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploy60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehaftofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2,000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepast6yearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.

Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessrequires.

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Midcareerexecutives,forcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavor(欣賞)theideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastforawhile,bebookkeepersandreceptionists,too.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytodisappearintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,suggestsslightlybetterodds:threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.

23

Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.

Thinkingthroughanenterprisebefor