胡壯麟語言學練習題含答案

ModelTest1

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.

(2%xl0=20%)

1.()Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledlinguistics.

A.particularB.general

C.ordinaryD.generative

2.()_______c_a_n_besimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakinga

language.

A.PhonesB.Sounds

C.PhonemesD.Speechsounds

3.()Thetwoclausesinasentencearestructurallyequalpartsofthesentence.

A.simpleB.complete

C.complexD.coordinate

4.()Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisasystemof

grammaticalknowledge.

A.phraseB.sentence

C.ruleD.svmbol

5.()UIlikethisshirtverymuch."hasarguments.

A.oneB.two

C.threeD.four

6.()Ifasentenceisregardedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,it

becomes

A.asentenceB.anact

C.aunitD.anutterance

7.()involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

A.ApocopeB.Epenthesis

C.MetathesisD.Assimilation

8.()Thegoalofistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuse

amongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.

A.psycholinguisticsB.sociolinguistics

C.historicallinguisticsD.generallinguistics

9.()For,thinkingwasasystemofmovementsthathadbeenreducedfromactual

speechtothepointwheretheywerenolongervisible.

A.WatsonB.Plato

C.AristotleD.Bloomfield

1().()Themeaningofawordorphrasedependslargelyonthecommunicative

A.contentB.context

C.responseD.answer

II.Directions:Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirst

letterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,and

youarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%xl0=10%)

11.Languageisasystemconsistingoftwosofstructures,ortwolevels.

12.Englishisanilanguage.

13.Theaffixesoccurringatthebeginningofawordarecalledp.

14.Wordsandphrasesareorganizedaccordingtothesyntacticc.

15.Pstructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandhowwordsandphrasesform

sentences,andsoon.

16.Pcanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffect

successfulcommunication.

17.Mostoftheviolationsofthefourmaximsgiverisetocimplicatures.

18.Manylanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccording

totheirdegreeoff.

19.Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves,calledh,oneontheright

andoneontheleft.

20.Whenwelisten,thewordisheardandcomprehendedviaWarea.

HLDirections:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.Putarrfortrue

orFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,

youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%xl0=20%)

21.()Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialectical

complementation.

22.()Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive,butsometimesprescriptive.

23.()Distinctivefeaturesarethesametoanylanguage.

24.()Oneoftheclausesinacoordinatesentenceissubordinatetotheother.

25.()InEnglishandmanyotherlanguages,thesubjectusuallyfollowstheverbandthedirect

objectusuallyprecedestheverb.

26.()SpeechacttheorywasproposedbytheBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate1950s.

27.()Themostvigorousandongoingchangeinthehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguageisthe

changeinitsvocabulary.

28.()Acrcolclanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguage

insomespeechcommunity.

29.()Aristotlesuggestedthatthoughtwasthesoul'sdiscoursewithitself.

30.()SLAstandsforsecondlanguageacquisition.

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

(3%xl0=30%)

31.designfeatures

32.freeniorpheine

33.synonymy

34.predication

35.slang

36.Movea

37.semanticshift

38.speechcommunity

39.cerebralcortex

40.overtthought

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)

41.Whyisproductivityuniquetolanguage?

42.HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinstion

betweencompetenceandperformance?

ModelTest2

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.

(2%xl0=20%)

1.()Avowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintaining

thehighestposition.

A.backB.central

C.frontD.middle

2.()Theopen,backandlongvowelis.

A.[]B.[]

C.[]D.[u:]

3.()Anembeddedclausefunctionsasaunitinitsmatrixclause.

A.structuralB.grammatical

C.lexicalD.linear

4.()Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.

A.recursiveB.grammatical

C.doubleD.many

5.()Dialectalsynonymsaresynonymsusedindifferentdialects.

A.personalB.regional

C.socialD.professional

6.()resultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythat

ofsemantics.

A.PragmaticsB.Pragmatism

C.PhonologyD.Practicalism

7.()Languagechangeisuniversal,continuousand,toaconsiderableextent.

A.regularbutnotsystematicB.irregularandsystematic

bymothertongueinterference.

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

(3%xl0=30%)

31.naiTowtranscription

32.simplesentence

33.hyponymy

34.compounding

35.euphemism

36.morpheme

37.reference

38.context

39.creole

40.subvocalspeech

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)

41.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?

42.Whyissyntaxregardedasasystemofrules?

ModelTest3

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.

(2%xl0=20%)

1.()Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedontheinvestigationoflanguagedata.

A.symbolicB.systemic

C.systematicD.system

2.()aresometimescalled“semivowels”.

A.vowelsB.fricative

C.glidesD.nasals

3.()isatypicaltonelanguage.

A.EnglishB.Chinese

C.FrenchD.AmericanEnglish

4.()Asentenceisconsideredwhenitconformstothegrammaticalknowledgein

themindofnativespeakers.

A.rightB.wrong

C.grammaticalD.ungrammatical

5.()Thenumberofthelexicalitemsintheminorlexicalcategoriesisandnonew

membersareallowedfor.

A.largeB.small

C.limitlessD.fixed

6.()Intheclassicsemantictriangle,thesymbolorformreferstothelinguisticelements,ie,

A.thingsandreferentB.thoughtandreference

C.viewsandideasD.words,phrases

7.()Alltheutterancesthatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryintheir

form.

A.syntacticB.semantic

C.grammaticalD.pragmatic

8.()Thereisagradationofrangingalongacontinuumbetweentwoextremesof

veryformalandveryinformal.

A.dialectB.register

C.variationD.slang

9.()Humanbeingsaretheonlyspeciesthatlearnsandacquireslanguageexplicit

instruction.

A.withB.without

C.withinD.through

10.()Intheirfirstlanguageacquisition,childrendevelopedintothestageafterthe

twowordstage.

A.thirdB.fourth

C.fifthD.multiword

II.Directions:Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirst

letterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,and

youarcnotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%xl()=l()%)

11.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagbasis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobe

taughtandlearned.

12.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe

13.Pisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage.

14.Fmorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallby

themselves.

15.Inatreediagram,thepointsatwhichthetreebranchesatvariouslevelsarecalledb

nodes.

16.Accordingtothentheoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobe

labelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.

17.Bisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

18.Thedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegmentiscalleda.

19.AtragedyoccurredtoPhineasGaboutonehundredandfiftyyearsago.

20.Children'slanguagedevelopmentstartsfromthepcooingandbabblingstage.

ITT.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfor

trueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementis

false,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%x10=20%)

21.()Languageisasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.

22.()Asynchronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy.

23.()Thestructureofwordsisnotgovernedbyrules.

24.()Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generate

sentencesatthelevelofS-slructure.

25.()Completesynonymsarerareinlanguage.

26.()TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple.

27.()Epenthesisisachangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantoravowelsoundtothe

middleofaword.

28.()Whenpeopleofacommunityspeaktwodifferentregionalornationaldialectsfor

differentpurposes,diglossiaandbilingualismemerge.

29.()Wernicke'sworkstrengthenedBroca'sclaimthatlefthemisphericstructuresarcessential

forspeech.

30.()Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

(3%xl0=30%)

31.broadtranscription

32.boundmorpheme

33.perlocutionarjzact

34.clipping

35.fossilizalion

36.duality

37.sense

38.back-formation

39.languageplanning

40.acquisition

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)

41.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammer?

42.Whatisafreemorpheme?Whatisaboundmorpheme?Andhowaretheydifferentfromeach

other?

ModelTest4

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.

(2%x10=20%)

1.()AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedby

allthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performance

C.langueD.language

2.()Acousticphoneticianstrytodescribethepropertiesofthestreamofsounds

whichaspeakerissues.

A.oralB.mental

C.physicalD.recorded

3.()NaturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaccordingtosetonUGprinciplesto

particularvalues.

A.principlesB.rules

C.parametersD.theories

4.()Inthefollowingfourchoices,isapairofhomophone.

A.sightandsiteB.lead(n.)andlead(v.)

C.wind(n.)andwind(v.)D.blueandblown

5.()Senseandreferencearetworelateddifferentaspectsofmeaning.

A.butB.and

C.orD.aswellas

6.()Thesupcrordinatctermofthegroupofwords"love,anger,happiness,sadness,

fear,emotion"is.

A.fearB.anger

C.loveD.emotion

7.()“IbegyounottosayanythinglikethattoMary.”isa.

A.representativeB.directive

C.commissiveD.declaration

8.()Semanticisaprocessinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandrequiresa

new,sometimesrelated,meaning.

A.broadeningB.shift

C.narrowingD.change

9.()Aisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamong

groupsofpeoplefbrdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.

A.linguafrancaB.pidgin

C.creoleD.nationallanguage

10.()Linguisticisthebrain'sneurologicalspecializationforlanguage.

A.determinismB.relativism

C.competenceD.lateralization

II.Directions:Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirst

letterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,and

youarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%xl0=10%)

11.AnEnglishspeakerandChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenot

mutuallyintelligible.Thisisacaseofctransmission.

12.Cdistributionmeansthattheallophonesofthesamephonemealwaysoccurin

differentphoneticenvironments.

13.Affixeslike“iL”,"un?”，“?or”，“-hood”，arecalleddaffixes.

14Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentenceholdunequalstatus,onestheother.

15.Componentialanalysisisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedinto

meaningcomponentscalledsfeatures.

16.Thevariousmeaningsofapwordarerelatedtosomedegree.

17.MEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglandin

1066.

18.Cmaylakeplaceinaconversationwhenonespeakerusesonelanguageandthe

otherspeakeranswersinadifferentlanguage.

19.Forthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequires

littleconsciousionthepartofadults.

20.Thepreschoolyearsareacperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.

HI.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfor

trueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementis

false,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%x10=20%)

21.()Languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages.

22.()Phonologyisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwith

allthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages.

23.()Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:

wordstressandseiilenuestress.

24.()WHmovementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativeto

intenogative.

25.()Thesuperordinatetennismoregeneralinmeaningthanitshyponyms.

26.()Semanticshiftisthesameassemanticchange.

27.()Fromasociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanadialectalvarietyof

alanguage.

28.()Psycholinguisticsisviewedastheintersectionofpsychologyandlinguistics.

29.()AccordingtotheBehavioristlearningtheory,achild'sverbalbehaviorwasconditioned

throughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.

30.()Languageacquisitionandlanguagelearningarebelievedtorefertothesameprocess.

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

(3%xl0=30%)

31.phoneme

32.homonymy

33.antonymy

34.blending

35.taboo

36.phonology

37.tone

38.speechvariety

39.diglossia

40.negativetransfer

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)

41.Whatdolangueandparolemeanrespectively?

42.WhyisthewordorderinModernEnglishmorerigidthanthatinOldEnglish?

ModelTest5

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.

(2%xl0=20%)

1.()isconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages.

A.PhonologyB.Phonetics

C.MorphologyD.Phonemics

2.()transcriptionisreallythetranscriptionrequiredandusedbythephoneticians

intheirstudyofspeechsounds.

A.BroadB.Detailed

C.WideD.Narrow

3.()Atheoryofgrammarmustprovideacompletecharacterizationoflinguistic

thatspeakersimplicitlyconsiderwell-formed,orgrammaticalsequences.

A.speechesB.utterances

C.eventsD.sentences

4.()Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyof.

A.namingB.meaning

C.communicationD.context

5.()acttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.

A.SpeakingB.Speech

C.SoundD.Spoken

6.()Theword“motel“isformedviawordformationruleof.

A.clippingB.blending

C.acronymD.coinage

7.()involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

A.ApocopeB.Epenthesis

C.MetathesisD.Assimilation

8.()Thereisagradationofrangingalongacontinuumbetweentwoextremesof

veryformalandveryinformal.

A.dialectB.register

C.variationD.slang

9.()Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthehalfofthechild'ssecond

year.

A.earlyB.late

C.firstD.second

10.()Atthestagenegationissimplyexpressedbysinglewordswithnegative

meaning.

A.prclinguisticB.multiword

C.twowordD.oneword

II.Directions:Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirst

letterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,and

youarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%xl0=10%)

11.Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothesformoflanguage.

12.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalleds

features.

13.Arcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning.

14.Pstructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandhowwordsandphrasesform

sentences,andsoon.

15.Canalysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedinto

meaningcomponents.

16.Themeaningofanuisconcreteandcontextdependent.

17.TheILanguagefamilyisthefirstandmostwidelyinvestigatedlanguagefamilyof

theworld.

18.Aeisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthe

speakerorwriterfearsmoredirect,oroffensivewordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,or

offensive.

19.Sisacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnonstandardvocabulary,

typicallyofarbitrary,flashyandoftenephemeralcoinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterized

byspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.

20.Thereareoccasionswhenonecanthinkwithout1,justasonemayspeakwithout

thinking.

HLDirections:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfor

trueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementis

false,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%x10=20%)

21.()Morphologyandsyntaxstudythesameaspectoflanguage.

22.()Stressisarelativenotion;onlywordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbesaidtohave

wordstress,andmonosyllabicwordscannotbesaidtohavewordstress.

23.()Freemorphemesarethesameasboundmorphemes.

24.()InEnglishandmanyotherlanguages,thesubjectusuallyfollowstheverbandthedirect

objectusuallyprecedestheverb.

25.()Thecontextualviewisoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaningina

pragmaticsense.

26.()Languagechangeisdifferentfromthechangeinthegrammar.

27.()Anacronymisashortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.

28.()BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharethetwogeographicalvarietiesoftheEnglish

language.

29.()Researchfindingshaveshownthatlanguageprocessingcentersaresituatedinasingle

areaofthelefthemisphere.

30.()Somelanguagesaremorechallengingtoacquireasanativelanguage.

IVDirections:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.

(3%xlO=3O%)

31.allophone

32.finiteclause

33.coordinatesentence

34.derivation

35.interference

36.arbitrariness

37.apocope

38.hapology

39.brainlateralization

40.instrumentalmotivation

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)

41.Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensive

definitionoflanguage?

42.Whataresuprasegmentalfeatures?HowdothemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglish

functioninconveyingmeaning?

ModelTest6

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,R,CorDinthebrackets.

(2%xl0=20%)

1.()Ifalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfbr“correct”behavior,i.c.,totellpeoplewhat

theyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobe.

A.productiveB.arbitrary

C.prescriptiveD.creative

2.(),thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecond

elementreceivessecondarystress.

A.OrthographicallyB.Phonetically

C.SemanticallyD.Syntactically

3.()isasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.

A.MorphologyB.Syntax

C.LexicologyD.Coordination

4.()InAustin'sspeechacttheory,a(n)actistheactperformedbyorresulting

fromsayingsomething,inotherwords,theconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtabout

bytheutterance.

A.speechB.illocutionary

C.perlocutionaryD.locutionary

5.()isakindofabbreviationofotherwiselongerwordsorphrases.

A.AbbreviationB.Acronym

C.ClippingD.Dlending

6.()Languagedisorderresultingfromadamagetointhebrainreveals

wordfindingdifficultiesandproblemswithsyntax.

A.Benton'sareaB.Wernicke'sarea

C.theangulargyrusD.Broca*sarea

7.()Incontrastwithlearning,referstothegradualandsubconscious

developmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicative

situations.

A.interferenceB.instruction

C.acquisitionD.conection

8.()Thosethataffectthesyntacticcategoryandthemeaningoftherootaswellarc

A.stemsB.affixes

C.suffixesD.prefixes.

9.()IfthemeaningofsentenceXisincludedinthatofsentenceY,wesaysentenceX

sentenceY.

A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwith

C.entailsD.presupposes

10.()Wherethetargetlanguagefunctionsasaforeignlanguageaslearnedinsuchalimited

environmentasinschool,thelearnerislikelytobenefitfromanmotivation.

A.instrumentalB.functional

C.socialD.integrative

II.Directions:Fillintheblanksineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirst

letterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.Notet