免疫學(xué)精要免疫學(xué)精要 (四)

附件1

借詞綴學(xué)免疫

為提高同學(xué)們對《食品免疫學(xué)》課程的學(xué)習(xí)效率和提高雙語教學(xué)效果，本

教學(xué)團隊根據(jù)課堂教學(xué)實踐過程中遇到的實際問題及同學(xué)們的反饋意見，幫助

大家突破專業(yè)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的瓶頸.擴大詞匯量.提高學(xué)習(xí)積極性.精心總結(jié)構(gòu)成

免疫學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯頻繁出現(xiàn)的一些前綴和后綴，所舉例詞均為本課程教學(xué)ppt課件

幻燈片中的詞匯，所供例句也是本課程內(nèi)容的相關(guān)知識點，因此形成了詞根學(xué)

習(xí)、詞匯學(xué)習(xí)、免疫學(xué)專業(yè)知識學(xué)習(xí)的有機結(jié)合體系。

1.Immun（o）-免疫

Immunity（免疫力）immunology（免疫學(xué)）immunological（免疫學(xué)的）

Immune（免疫的）immunecyte（免疫細胞）

immunecomplex（免疫復(fù)合物）immunize（使免疫；免疫接種）

immunoelecrophoresis（免疫電泳技術(shù)）immunoprecipitant（免疫沉淀反應(yīng)）

Immunoglobulin（免疫球蛋白）

Immunity

（1）Lymphocytesareaclassofwhitebloodcellsthatbearvariablecellsurface

receptorsforantigens.Therearctwomainclassesoflymphocytes-BandT

cells-whichmediatehumoralandcellularimmunityrespectively.

（2）ThesecellsareBcellsprimarilyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofhumoral

（antibody）mediatedimmunity.

（3）Onbindingtovirus-infectedcells,NKcellssecreteinterferongamma（IFNy）

whichprotectsadjacentcellsfrominfectionbyvirusesreleasedfollowingcelldeath

andhelpstoactivateTcellmediatedimmunity.

（4）Lymphocytesareaclassofwhitebloodcellsthatbearvariablecellsurface

receptorsforantigens.Therearetwomainclassesoflymphocytes-BandT

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cells-whichmediatehumoralandcellularimmunityrespectively.

(5)ThesecellsareehtBcellsprimarilyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofhumoral

(antibody)mediatedimmunity.Theyareproducedinthebonemarrow,andwiththe

helpofTcellsproduceIgG,IgAandIgEantibodies.

(6)Therearemanymoleculesoftheinnateimmunesystemwhichareimportantin

mediatingprotectionagainstmicrobesduringtheperiodbeforethedevelopmentof

adaptiveimmunity.

(7)Intheabsenceofantibodymediatedimmunity,thealternativepathwayisactivated

byinteractionofC3withcertaintypesofmoleculesonmicrobesorbyselfmolecules

whichreactwiththesemicrobes.Morespecifically,thealternativepathwaydepends

onthenormalcontinuouslowlevelbreakdownofC3.

(8)Equallyimponani,theresultingenzymecleavesC5intoC5aandC5b,bothof

whichhavecriticalprotectivefunctions.C5biscrucialtoformationofthe'membrane

attackcomplex'(MAC),C5b-C6-C7-C8-C9whichmediateslysisofthemicrobe.This

alternativepathwayisimportantforcontrolofinfectionintheabsenceofspecific

immunity.

(9)IgGimmunoglobulins,arefoundbothinvascularandextravascularspacesaswell

asinsecretions,ofwhichtherearefourdifferentsubclasses(IgGI,IgG2,IgG3,IgG4)

providethebulkofimmunitytomostbloodborneinfectiousagents,andaretheonly

antibodyclasstocrosstheplacentatoprovidehumoralimmunitytotheinfant.

(10)Thedevelopmentofimmunitytooneorganismcould,insomeinstances,protect

againstinfectionbyanotherorganismwithcross-reactiveantigens.

(11)Thisprincipalisstillinuseforcertainacuteconditionswhereitistoolateto

induceactiveinimunilybyvaccinalingthepalienl.

(12)Antibodiescanalsobetransferredacrosstheplacentatoprovidepassive

immunity.

(13)Cellmediatedimmunity(orTcell-mediatedimmunity)isduetothedirect

actionofTcells,andcanbetransfeiTedbycells,whichdistinguishesitfromhumoral

immunity,whichismediatedby,andcanbetransferredby,antibodies.

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immunological(adj免疫學(xué)的)

(1)Thus,erythrocyteshaveanimportantimmunologicalroleinclearingimmune

complexesfromthecirculationinpersistentinfectionsandinsome

autoimmunediseases.

(2)Thebindingofantibodytoitsantigen(immunologicalcomplex)oftentriggers

thecomplementsystemthroughtheso-calledclassicalpathway.

(3)Activeimmunizationistheadministrationofvaccinescontainingmicrobial

productswithorwithoutadjuvantsinordertoobtainlongterm

immunologicalprotectionagainsttheoffendingmicrobe.

Immune(adj.免疫的；免于...的，免除的n.免疫者；免除者)

(1)Lymphocytesprovideboththespecificityandmemorywhicharecharacteristicof

theadaptiveimmuneresponse.

(2)Lymphocytesareresponsibleforthespecificityandmemoryinadaptiveimmune

responses.

(3)ThecellsarefurthersubdividedintoThlandTh2cellsdependingontheirability

tohelpinthedevelopmentofdifferentimmuneresponseswhichisinturnrelated

totheircytokineprofiles.

(4)Erythrocytesbindsmallimmunecomplexesandhelptoremovethemfromthe

circulation.

(5)Erythrocyteshavesurfacecomplementreceptorswhichbindtocomplement

attachedtosmallcirculatingimmunecomplexes.

(6)MostdendriticcellspossesshighlevelsofsurfaceMHCclassIImoleculesand

processandpresentpeptideantigensioTcells.Theroleistorecognizemicrobial

antigensthroughinnatereceptorsandprocessandpresentthemtoTcellsofthe

adaptiveimmunesystem.

(7)Dendriticcellsaresocalledbecauseoftheirmanysurfacemembranefolds,

similarinappearancetodendritesofthenervoussystem.Thesefoldsallow

maximuminteractionwithothercellsoftheimmunesystem.

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(8)Dendriticcellsarebonemarrow-derivedcellsspecializedtopresentantigentoBor

Tcellsinordertoinitiateaprimaryimmuneresponse.

(9)Thesecellsareattheinterfaceofinnateandadaptiveimmunesystemsinthat

theyrecognizemicrobialantigensthroughinnatereceptors,andthroughthe

endogenousprocessingpathwayareabletopresentpeptideantigenstotheTcells.

(10)Phagocytesareproducedinthebonemarrow.Theirmainfunctionistopatrolthe

bodyviathebloodstreaminsearchofinvadingmicrobes.Assuchtheyarepivotal

cellsinacuteinflammation.Likethemajorityofcellsinvolvedintheimmune

system.

(11)Lymphocytesprovideboththespecificityandmemorywhicharecharacteristicof

theadaptiveimmuneresponse.

(12)Lymphocytesareresponsibleforthespecificityandmemoryinadaptive

immuneresponses.

(13)ThecellsarefurthersubdividedintoThIandTh2cellsdependingontheirability

tohelpin

thedevelopmentofdifferentimmuneresponseswhichisinturnrelatedtotheir

cytokineprofiles.

(14)Thcrearemanymoleculesoftheinnateimmunesystemwhichareimportcintin

mediatingprotectionagainstmicrobesduringtheperiodbeforethedevelopmentof

adaptiveimmunity.

(15)Mostofthemoleculeswhichplayaroleintheinnateimmunesystemalsohave

functionsassociatedwiththeadaptiveimmunesystem.Thus,theimmuneresponse

tomicrobesiscontinuouswithbothsystemsbeingintimatelyinvolvedand

synergistic.

(16)BindingofC3bcontainingcomplexestoCR1onerythrocytesshuttlesimmune

complexestothemononuclearphagocytesoftheliverandspleen,facilitatingtheir

removal.

(17)TypeII,immuneinterferon,IFNy,hasnostructuralhomologywithtypeIIFNs,is

mainlyproducedbyThicellsandNKcellsandfunctionstoregulateThiresponses,

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increasephagocyticmechanismsandincreaseantigenpresentation.

(18)Thesemoleculesactasopsoninsandareprobablyimportantintheinnate

immuneresponsetoinfections.

(19)Itthushashighavidityforantigensandisveryefficientpermoleculeindealingwith

pathogensespeciallyearlyintheimmuneresponsebeforesufficientquantitiesofIgG

havebeenproduced.

(20)Withindays,asAbisproduced,equivalenceisreachedandtheresultingimmune

complexesareremovedbyphagocyticcells.AfterAgremoval,Bcellstimulation

stops,andtheAbconcentrationintheserumdecreasesasaresultofnormal

catabolism.

(21)TheAgisinternalized,processedandpresentedtoThwhichtriggertheBcellsto

proliferateanddiffereniiateintoplasmacells,thusinitialingthedevelopmentofa

humoralimmuneresponse.

(22)Histocompatibilityantigenscauseaverystrongimmuneresponseandaremost

importantinrejection.

(23)TheimmunesystemrecognizesandremembersvirtuallyallAgthatare

introducedintoanindividual.

(24)Thatis,amurineAbintroducedintoapatientwillberecognizedasforeignby

thepatient'simmunesystemandahumananti-mouseAb(HAMA)responsewill

developthatcompromisestheutilityoftherapeuticAb.

(25)Immuneresponseisabiologicalprocessmediatedbytheantibodyorcytokines

producedbyimmunecellswhichwasactivatedafterantigenrecognition,then

proliferateanddifferentiateintoeffectorcells.

(26)Onecharacteristicfeatureofthespecificimmunesystemisthatitnormally

distinguishesbetweenselfandnon-selfandonlyreactsagainstnon-self.

(27)Asecondfeatureofthespecificimmuneresponseisthatitdemonstrates

memory.Theimmunesystem"remembers"ifithasseenanantigenbeforeandit

reactstosecondaryexposurestoanantigeninamannerdifferentthanafteraprimary

exposure.

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（28）Athirdcharacteristicfeatureofthespecificimmunesystemisthatthereisahigh

degreeofspecificityinitsreactions.

（29）IntroductionofAginvivoresultsinanimmuneresponseinwhichthereis

initiallyAgexcess.

（30）Onfirstexposuretoantigen,aprimaryimmuneresponsedevelopsresultingin

productionofIgMantibodies.

（31）Antigenintroducedintotissuesischanneledthroughthelymphaticstothelymph

nodes,whereagain,Bcells,macrophagesordendriticcellstrap,processtheantigen

andpresentittoTcellstbrinitiationofspecificimmuneresponses.

（32）Whenintroducedintoanindividualwhohasnotpreviouslyencounteredthe

antigen,aprimaryimmuneresponsewilldevelopwithin4-5days.

（33）Allofaboveindicatethattheimmunesystemiscapableofproducingmany

differentantibodies,eventoasinglewell-defined（單——明確的）antigenicdeterminant.

Thisheterogeneityisessentialformanyoftheprotectivefunctionsofantibodies.

（34）IgMantibodiesareproducedfirstinanimmuneresponsefollowedbyaswitch

toIgG,IgAorIgE.

（35）TcellsinteractwithantigenthatisprocessedandpresentedbyBcells,anda

humoralimmuneresponseisstimulated.

（36）Erythrocyteshaveanimportantimmunologicalroleinclearingimmune

complexesfromthecirculation.紅細胞在清除血液中的免疫復(fù)合物中發(fā)揮重要作

用。

2.-cytecyto-細胞

Leukocyte（白細胞）monocyte（單核細胞）lymphocyte（淋巴細胞）

immunocyte（免疫細胞）erythrocyte（紅細胞）endocytosis（胞吞作用）

exocytosis（胞吐作用）cytokine（細胞因子）heptocyte（肝細胞）

Tcytotoxiccells（細胞毒性T淋巴細胞）cytolysis（細胞裂解）

adipocyte（脂肪細胞）astrocyte（星細胞）phagocyte（吞噬細胞）

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英文釋義

Whitebloodcells.Theseincludegranularleukocytes(BASOPHILS;EOSINOPHILS;

andNEUTROPHILS)aswellasnon-granularleukocytes(LYMPHOCYTESand

MONOCYTES).包括粒細胞系(嗜堿性粒細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞、嗜中性粒細胞)

和非粒細胞(淋巴細胞和單核細胞。

專業(yè)例句

(1)Plateletsreleasemediatorswhenactivated.Themediatorsactivatecomplement

leadingtoattractionofleukocytes.

(2)Releasedmediatorsactivatecomplement,whichinturnattractsleukocytestothe

siteoftissuedamagecausedbytrauma(夕卜傷)orinfectionbyaparasite.

(3)Whenactivated,thesecellsdegranulate(脫顆粒)releasingpharmacological

mediatorswhichcausevasodilation,increasevascularpermeabilityandattract

leukocytestothesiteofdegranulation.

(4)Thesegranularleukocytes(eosinophils)arepresentinlownumbersinthe

circulation.

(5)Themostabundantmobilephagocyte(oreatingcell)istheneutrophil(alsocalled

apolymorphonuclearcell:PMN).Thisgranularleukocytecomprisesthemajorityof

whitebloodcells.

(6)Neutrophils,oftencalledpolymorphonuclearcells(PMNs)becauseofthe

multilobednatureoftheirnuclei,aremobilephagocytesthatcompriseihemajorityof

bloodleukocytes(about8x106ml-lofbloodorrepresent60-70%ofleukocytesin

theperipheralblood).

(7)Theyaregranularleukocyteswhichstainwithneutraldyesandhaveadifferent

functionfromthosegranulocyteswhichstainwitheosin(eosinophils),orbasicdyes

(basophils).

monocyte(單核細胞)

英文釋義

Large,phagocyticmononuclearleukocytesproducedinthevertebrateBONE

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MARROWandreleasedintotheBLOOD;containalarge,ovalorsomewhatindented

nucleussurroundedbyvoluminouscytoplasmandnumerousorganelles.

例句(1-8)

(1)Antigen-presentingcells(APCs),includingdendriticcellsandmononuclear

phagocytes(monocytes),alsoderivefrombonemanowstemcells.

(2)Themononuclearphagocytesystemconsistsofmonocytescirculatinginthe

bloodandmacrophagesinthetissue.

(3)Monocytesarebloodborneprecursorsofthemajortissuephagocytes,

macrophages.Differentorgans/tissueseachhavetheirversionsofmonocyte-derived

phagocyticcells.

(4)Monocyteshavenumerouslysosomesintheircytoplasmandcanreadilyleavethe

circulationtogiverisetomacrophageswithinalmosteveryorgan.

(5)Inmanitconsistsofasetofover20solubleglycoproteins,manyofwhichare

producedbyhepatocytesandmonocytes.

(6)Thesereceptors(complementreceptor,CR1=CD35)areexpressedonmonocytes

/macroohages,PMNsanderythrocytes.

(7)Otherdetectorssimultaneouslymeasurescatteredlaserlight,whichisusedto

generatea'dotblot'inwhichlymphocytes,monocytesandgranulocytescanbe

discriminated.

lymphocyte(淋巴細胞)

英文釋義

Whitebloodcellsformedinthebody'slymphoidtissue.Thenucleusisroundorovoid

withcoarse,irregularlyclumpedchromatinwhilethecytoplasmistypicallypaleblue

withazurophilic(ifany)granules.MostlymphocytescanbeclassifiedaseitherTorB

(withsubpopulationsofeach);thosewithcharacteristicsofneithermajorclassare

callednullcells.

例句(L32)

(1)Lymphocytesprovideboththespecificityandmemorywhicharecharacteristicof

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theadaptiveimmuneresponse.

(2)ThetwotypesofLymphocytesinvolvedintheadaptiveresponseareTcellsand

Bcells,bothofwhichhavesimilarmorphology.

(3)Primedlymphocytesthenmigratefromthelymphoidtissuesandaccumulate

preferentiallyatsitesofinfectionandinflammation.

(4)Lymphocytesareaclassofwhitebloodcellsthatbearvariablecellsurface

receptorsforantigens.

(5)Lymphocytesareresponsiblefbrthespecificityandmemoryinadaptiveimmune

responses.

(6)TcellsandBcellsmatureinthethymusandbonemarrow,respectively.Inthe

restingstatebothTandBlymphocyteshaveasimilarmorphologywithasmall

amountofcytoplasm.

(7)Thisabilitytomigrateintothetissuesandreturnviathelymphaticvesselstothe

bloodstream(recirculation)isauniquefeatureoflymphocytes.

(8)Whenintroducedintomucosalareas,theantigencomesintocontactwith

lymphocytesunderlyingthemucosalareas,includingthoseinthetonsils,the

appendixandPeyer'spatches.

(9)Blymphocytesmakeanduseantibodiesastheirspecificantigenreceptor.

(10)Blymphocytescanmatureintoplasmacellswhichproduceandsecretelarge

amountsofantibody.

(11)Tlymphocytederivetheirnamefromtheirsiteofmaturationinthethymus.

(12)TheBlymphocytederiveditsletterdesignationfromitssiteofmaturation,in

thebursaofFabriciusinbirds,thenameturnedouttobeapt,fbrbonemarrowisits

majorsiteofmaturationinanumberofmammalianspecies,includinghumansand

mice.

(13)Bcellisoneofthetwomajortypesoflymphocytes.

(14)NKcellsarelargegranularnon-Tnon-Blymphocytes.

(15)Theyareproducedinthebonemarrowandarefoundthroughoutthetissuesof

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thebody,butmainlyinthecirculationwheretheycomprise5-15%ofthetotal

lymphocytefraction.

(16)Thefunctionofdendriticcellsistopresentantigenstothelymphocytes.

(17)Virginlymphocytesfromtheprimarylymphoidtissuessuchasbonemarrow

migratetosecondarylymphoidtissues,i.e.thespleenandlymphnodes.

(18)Whenintroducedintomucosalareas,theantigencomesintocontactwith

lymphocytesunderlyingthemucosalareas,includingthoseinthetonsils,the

appendixandPeyer'spatches.

(19)Lymphocytesprovideboththespecificityandmemorywhicharecharacteristic

oftheadaptiveimmuneresponse.

(20)ThetwotypesofLymphocytesinvolvedintheadaptiveresponseareTcellsand

Bcells,bothofwhichhavesimilarmorphology.

(21)Lymphocytesareaclassofwhitebloodcellsthatbearvariablecellsurface

receptorsforantigens.

(22)Therearetwomainclassesoflymphocytes--BandTcells——whichmediate

humoralandcellularimmunityrespectively.

(23)Lymphocytesareresponsibleforthespecificityandmemoryinadaptive

immuneresponses.

(24)Blymphocytesmakeanduseantibodiesastheirspecificantigenreceptor.They

havemoleculessimilartoCD3,i.e.CD79whichareimportantintheiractivation.

(25)Blymphocytescanmatureintoplasmacellswhichproduceandsecretelarge

amountsofantibody.

(26)IntherestingstatebothTandBlymphocyteshaveasimilarmorphologywitha

smallamountofcytoplasm.

(27)Thisabilitytomigrateintothetissuesandreturnviathelymphaticvesselstothe

bloodstream(recirculation)isauniquefeatureoflymphocytes.

(28)TherearetwoclassesofTlymphocytes,ThelpercellsandTcytotoxiccells.

(29)AllTlymphocyteshaveantigenreceptors(TcR)whichprovideiheirspecificity

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andCD3whichisessentialfortheiractivation.

(30)TheBlymphocytederiveditsletterdesignationfromitssiteofmaturation,in

thebursaofFabriciusinbirds,thenameturnedouttobeapt,forbonemarrowisits

majorsiteofmaturationinanumberofmammalianspecies,includinghumansand

mice.

(31)Bcellisoneofthetwomajortypesoflymphocytes.

(32)Otherdetectorssimultaneouslymeasurescatteredlaserlight,whichisusedto

generatea'dotblot'inwhichlymphocytes,monocytesandgranulocytescanbe

discriminated.

erythrocyte(紅細胞)

英文釋義

Redbloodcells.Matureerythrocytesarenon-nucleated,biconcavediskscontaining

hemoglobinwhosefunctionistotransportoxygen.

專業(yè)例句

(1)Erythrocytesbindsmallimmunecomplexesandhelptoremovethemfromthe

circulation.

(2)Erythrocyteshavesurfacecomplementreceptorswhichbindtocomplement

attachedtosmallcirculatingimmunecomplexes”細胞表面有補體受體，可與而液

中小分子免疫復(fù)合物上的補體結(jié)合。

(3)Thus,erythrocyteshaveanimportantimmunologicalroleinclearingimmune

complexesfromthecirculationinpersistentinfectionsandinsomeautoimmune

diseases.

(4)Thesereceptors(complementreceptor,CR1=CD35)areexpressedonmonocytes

/macroohages,PMNsanderythrocytes.

(5)BindingofC3bcontainingcomplexestoCRIonerythrocytesshuttlesimmune

complexestothemononuclearphagocytesoftheliverandspleen,facilitatingtheir

removal.

(6)thepresenceofAbtobacteriainserumisanindicationofpreviousorcurrent

infection;andintheCoomb'stestautoantibodiestoerythrocytescanbeassay.

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endocytosis(胞吞作用)

英文釋義

Cellularuptakeofextracellularmaterialswithinmembrane-limitedvacuolesor

microvesicles.endosomesplayacentralroleinendocytosis.

例句

(1)Theprocessofmicrobeingestionhasseveralstageswhichincludethe

phagocytebeingattractedtothesiteofinfection,makingcontactwiththemicrobe,

ingestion(endocytosis)andkillingoftheingestedmicrobebymeansofoxygenand

oxygen-independentmechanisms.

(2)Theoppositeprocessofendocytosisisexocytosis.

(3)Phagocytosisisoneoffourcategoriesofendocytosispathways.

exocytosis(胞吐作用)

英文釋義：

Cellularreleaseofmaterialwithinmembrane-limitedvesiclesbyfusionofthe

vesicleswiththeceilmembrane.

例句

(1)Exocytosisisthereverseofendocytosis.

胞吐作用是胞吞作用的逆過程。

(2)Bothproductsarereleasedbyexocytosis.

兩種產(chǎn)物都借胞吐作用釋放出來。

cytokine(細胞因子)

英文釋義與背景知識

Cytokines(Greekcyto-,cell;and-kinos,movement)areabroadandloosecategory

ofsmallproteins(-5-20kDa)thatareimportantincellsignaling.Theyarereleased

bycellsandaffectthebehaviorofothercells,andsometimesthereleasingcellitself.

Theyactthroughreceptors,andareespeciallyimportantintheimmunesystem.

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Theyaredifferentfromhormones,whicharealsoimportantcellsignalingmolecules,

inthathormonescirculateinmuchlowerconcentrationsandhormonestendtobe

madebyspecifickindsofcells.

Theyareimportantinhealthanddisease,specificallyinhostresponsestoinfection,

immuneresponses,inflammation,trauma,sepsis,cancer,andreproduction.

例句；

(1)Cytokinesincludechemokines,interferons,interleukins,lymphokines,tumour

necrosisfactorbutgenerallynothormonesorgrowthfactors(despitesome

terminologicoverlap).

(2)ThecellsarefurthersubdividedintoThlandTh2cellsdependingontheirability

tohelpinthedevelopmentofdifferentimmuneresponseswhichisinturnrelatedto

theircytokineprofiles.

(3)Thcellsrecognizeandareactivatedbyinteractionwiththesecells,andinturn

influenceAPCfunctionbydirectinteractionandcytokines.

(4)AlthoughactivationisindependentofTcells,cytokinesproducedbyTcellscan

amplifytheseresponses.

(5)TheseproteinsarcalsoproducedinresponsetothecytokinesILI,IL6,

TNFaandIFN-ythatarereleasedbyactivatedmacrophagesandNKcells.

(6)IFNyisamulti-functionalcytokineproducedbyThcellsandNKcells.

(7)Thishasnowbeenextendedforanalysisofproductsofsinglecells.Forexample,

toassayforproductionofacytokine.

(8)immuneresponseisabiologicalprocessmediatedbytheantibodyorcytokines

producedbyimmunecellswhichwasactivatedafterantigenrecognition,then

proliferateanddifferentiateintoeffectorcells.

(9)Inaddition,directTcellinteractionwith(heBcellinducesclassswitching,which

dependingonthetypeofhelpercell(ThlvsTh2)andthecytokinesitsecretes,will

resultinproductionofantibodyoftheIgG,IgAorIgEclasses.

(10)Classswitchdependson(a)interactionofCD154onTcellswithCD40onB

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cellsand(b)thecytokinesproducedbytheThelpercell:IL-4inducesswitchtoIgE;

IL-5toIgA;IFNytoIgGL

(11)ThecytokinesproducedbytheThelpercellinfluencetheconstantregiongene

towhichclassswitchingoccurs.

(12)Inaddition.Thcellsinduceswitchingoftheclassofantibodybeingproduced

andaffinitymaturation.Toaccomplishthis,Thcellsproducecriticalcytokinesand

directlyengagethecognateBcellandtriggeritsactivationthroughcellsurface

receptors.

(13)ThecytokinesproducedbytheThcellsandtheengagement(接合)of

complementarysurfacemoleculesa.k.a.membrane(m)IgMandmlgDprovidethe

essentialsecondsignalstotheBcellresultinginitsactivation.

(14)Thelper(Th)cellsprovidehelpforBcellsthroughdirectcellsurfacesignaling

andbyproducingcytokineswhicharecriticaltoBcellgrowthanddifferentiation.

(15)Cytokinesareproducedbyabroadrangeofcells,includingimmunecells

likemacrophages,Blymphocytes,Tlymphocytesandmastcells,aswell

asendothelialcells,fibroblasts,andvariousstromalcells;agivencytokinemaybe

producedbymorethanonetypeofcell.

(16)Cytokinesmodulatethebalancebetweenhumoralandcell-basedimmune

responses,andtheyregulatethematuration,growth,andresponsivenessofparticular

cellpopulations.

(17)Somecytokinesenhanceorinhibittheactionofothercytokinesincomplex

ways.

hepatocyte(肝細胞)

英文釋義及背景知識

Ahepatocyteisacellofthemaintissueoftheliver.Hepatocytesmakeup70-85%of

theliver'scytoplasmicmass(i.e.theliverparenchym).Thesecellsareinvolvedin:

令Proteinsynthesis

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令Proteinstorage

。Transformationofcarbohydrates

<Synthesisofcholesterol,bilesaltsandphospholipids

令Detoxification,modification,andexcretionofexogenousandendogenous

substances

?1hehepatocytealsoinitiatesformationandsecretionofbile.

例句：

(1)Manyglycoproteinsofcomplementsystemarcsynthesizedbyhepatocytesand

monocytes.補體系統(tǒng)的許多糖蛋白分子是由肝細胞和單核細胞合成的。

Cytotoxic(細胞毒性的)

ThereaietwoclassesofTlymphocytes,ThelpercellsandTcytotoxiccells.

adipocyte(脂肪細胞)

/wiki/Adipocytc

Adipocytes,alsoknownaslipocytesandfatcells,arethecellsthatprimarily

composeadiposetissue,specializedinstoringenergyasfat.

Therearctwotypesofadiposetissue,whiteadiposetissue(WAT)andbrownadipose

tissue(BAT),whicharealsoknownaswhitefatandbrownfat,respectively,and

comprisetwotypesoffatcells.Mostrecently,thepresenceofbeigeadipocyteswitha

geneexpressionpatterndistinctfromeitherwhiteorbrownadipocyteshasbeen

described.Alsoanotherspecialtypeofadiposetissueisbeingstudied,pinkadipose

tissue,whichseemstobeinvolvedinmammaryductdevelopmentinfemalebreasts.

例句：

(1)Adipocytes,astrocytesandneuronscanalsoproducecomplementmolecules.

脂肪細胞、星細胞和神經(jīng)元細胞也能合成補體。

astrocyte(星細胞)

(1)Adipocytes,astrocytesandneuronscanalsoproducecomplementmolecules.

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脂肪細胞、星細胞和神經(jīng)元細胞也能合成補體。

phagocyte(吞噬細胞)

英文釋義及背景知識

Phagocytesarecellsthatprotectthebodybyingesting(phagocylosing)harmful

foreignparticles,bacteria,anddeadordyingcells.Theirnamecomesfrom

theGreekphagein,"toeat"or"devour",and"-cyte'\thesuffixinbiologydenoting

"cell'1,fromtheGreekkutos,"hollowvessel".

Theyareessentialforfightinginfectionsandforsubsequentimmunity.Phagocytes

areimportantthroughouttheanimalkingdomandarehighlydevelopedwithin

vertebrates.Onelitreofhumanbloodcontainsaboutsixbillionphagocytes.

例句

(1)Antigen-presentingcells(APCs),includingdendriticcellsandmononuclear

phagocytes(monocytes),alsoderivefromboneman