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ASEANGUIDELINESON
LightElectricVehicles
TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)wasestablishedon8August1967.TheMemberStatesoftheAssociationareBruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,ThailandandVietNam.
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Catalogue-in-PublicationData
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehiclesJakarta,ASEANSecretariat,November2024
388.0959
1.ASEAN–Transportation–LandTransport
2.TransportSystem–ElectricVehicles–LightVehiclesISBN
ASEAN:ACommunityofOpportunitiesforAllWiththesupportof
TheASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicleshavebeenproducedbyWuppertalInstitutewiththesupportoftheGermaninternationaldevelopmentagencyDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)undertheASEAN-GermanTechnicalCooperationProjectonSustainableDesignofUrbanMobilityinMiddle-sizedMetropolitanRegionsinASEAN,fundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandimplementedbyGFAConsultingGroupGmbHonbehalfofGIZandwithcontributionsoftheEuropeanUnionSOLUTIONSplusproject.
Findings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedinthispublicationarebasedoninformationgatheredbyGIZanditsconsultants,partners,andcontributors.TheydonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofGIZ,ASEANoritsMemberStates.
GIZorASEANdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyorcompletenessofinformationinthisdocument,andshallnotbeheldresponsibleforanyerrors,omissionsorlosseswhichemergefromitsuse.
Thetextofthispublicationmaybefreelyquotedorreprinted,providedproperacknowledgementisgivenandacopycontainingthereprintedmaterialissenttotheCommunityRelationsDivision(CRD)oftheASEANSecretariat,Jakarta.
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CopyrightAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)2024.
Allrightsreserved.
ASEANGuidelines
onLightElectricVehicles
TheASEANSecretariatJakarta
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles2
ExecutiveSummary
MotorisedlightvehiclesareacrucialcomponentoftransportationandlogisticsinASEANMemberStates(AMS).Theyareaffordable,manoeuvrable,andcanaccommodatevarioususecases,rangingfromindividualpassengertransporttofreightandlogistics.However,theirrelianceonfossilfuelscontributessignificantlytoairandnoisepollution,andgreenhousegasemissions.
Electrifyingmotorisedlightvehiclefleetsisonekeyapproachtoaddressthesenegativeimpacts.ThediffusionofLightElectricVehicles(LEVs)cansignificantlyreduceurbanpollutionandcontributetothedecarbonisationofthetransportsector.Whilethedirectbenefitsperelectrifiedvehiclemaybelowerthanforcars,anambitiousstrategytoelectrifylightmotorisedvehiclefleetscandeliverhighercombinedbenefitscomparedtocars,atlowerinvestmentcostsperunit.Furthermore,LEVsareadaptabletodifferentchargingmodelsandtheiremergencemayfacilitatethecreationofdomesticandregionalvaluechains.
ThetransitiontoLEVsrequiresacomprehensiveapproach.Thisincludesdevelopingnewbusinessmodels,establishingdomesticproductionchains,andcreatingasupportivee-mobilityecosystem.KeystakeholdersmustcollaboratetoachieveasuccessfultransitiontoLEVs,suchasmanufacturers,serviceproviders,andgovernmentbodies.Additionally,theavailabilityofskilledpersonnel,reliableinfrastructureforcharging,andasystemtorecyclebatteriesmustbesetupandensured.
ThisguidelineisdesignedtoassistASEANgovernmentsinpromotingtheadoptionofLEVsbyprovidingaframeworkforpolicydevelopmentandcollaboration.Recognisingthediversestartingpointsandinitiativesofeachmemberstatesencouragesthemtotailorandstrengthenapproachesbasedoneachcountry’sspecificcontext.Therefore,theguidelinesdonotprovideauniversalone-size-fits-allapproachthatappliestoallAMS.Instead,itsuggestsaprocessfordefiningcountry-specificstrategiestosupporttheuptakeofLEVs.
InderivingstrategiestoenhanceLEVadoption,thisdocumentprovidesareferencetocompletethefollowingfivedifferentstages:
Stage1:BuildingaVision
BuildingasustainableecosystemforLEVsrequirescollaborationandasharedvisionamongallstakeholders.Thisincludespublicauthorities,manufacturers,fleetmanagers,civilsociety,andelectricityproviders.Definingasharedvisionthatincorporatesenvironmental,social,andeconomicsustainabilityiscrucialtoensurecommitmenteffectiveimplementation.WhilemostofthememberstatesalreadyhavenationalLEVstrategiesandtargets,theseareoftenlimitedinscope,focusingmainlyonpersonalandlackingspecifictargetsforslowerelectrictwo-wheelers(E2W)andlightelectricfour-wheelers(E4W).Despitetheselimitations,theseinitialeffortsprovideafoundationforfurthercollaborationandthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveLEVecosystem.
Stage2:UnderstandingtheLEVEcosystem
TheLEVecosystemcomprisesarangeofactorsandstakeholderswhoinfluencetheadoptionofe-vehicles,theprovisionofvehicles,componentsandrelatedservices,andplaycrucialrolesininfrastructuredevelopmentandtheproductionandend-of-lifestageofvehicles.Thelistofstakeholdersiscomprehensiveandmayvaryfromoneusecasetoanother.TherelevantactorsintheLEVecosystemareinterconnected,includingnationalandlocalgovernments,manufacturers,andLEVusers.Atthegovernmentallevel,themajorityofAMShaveyettoestablishadedicatedinstitutionwiththemandateofcoordinatingthenationwideuptakeofEVs.
Stage3:IdentifyingChallengesandOpportunities
AdiverserangeofmotorisedlightvehiclesareavailableinAMS,butauniformcategorisationsystemhasyettobeestablished.SomecountriesutilisetheUNECELcategorywithadjustments,whileothersconsidertheEU'ssub-categorisation.ThisguidelinefocusesonUNECEL-categoryvehicles,with
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles3
additionofpoweredbicycles/e-bikesandelectrickick-scooters.AlthoughnotalltypesofLEVsareregulatedineverycountry,low-speedoptionssuchase-bikesande-scootersaregainingpopularity.Thislackofclearregulationscancreatechallengesforlawenforcement,roadsafety,andcertaintyforusers.
ThecurrentgrowinginterestincleanertransportationsolutionscouldleadtoinnovativeusecasesforLEVs,especiallytocaterdiversemarketneeds.Thisguidelineexploresstrengths,weaknesses,opportunities,andthreatsaswellasbestpracticesforfourdifferentuse-cases:personalpassengertransport,ride-hailingandparatransitservice,shared-vehicleservice,andurbanlogistics.ThesameapproachisalsoappliedtoanalysethreedifferentbusinessesandservicesrelatedtoLEV,notablydomesticmanufacturingofvehiclesandcomponents,operationofcharginginfrastructureandBattery-as-a-Service(BaaS),andvehicleandbatteryrecycling.
StandardsarecrucialforthesuccessoftheLEVmarketinAMS,particularlysinceitcurrentlyisstillinitsinitialphase.Itensuresthatdifferentcomponentsproducedbyvariouscompaniescanbeintegratedeffectively.WhilesomeAMSshareinternationalstandards,thereisanecessityforfurtherharmonisationtomaximisethebenefits.AsurveytargetingbusinessesandservicesrelatedtoLEVinAMSshowsthatmostbusinessplayersagreesthattheestablishmentofregionalstandardsashighlyimportant.
Tosummarise,thisguidelineidentifiesthemaingapswhichhindertheLEVuptakeinAMS.ComparedtotheICEcounterparts,theupfrontcostofLEVsissignificantlyhigher.TheexistinggovernmentsupportforLEVsislacking,particularlyforcommercialuse-cases.Inaddition,theavailabilityofaffordableandhigh-qualityLEVsinthemarketislacking,particularlyforslow-speedE2/3Ws.Charginginfrastructureandbatteryswappingservicesarestilllimited,creatingdifficultiesforhigh-mileageuse-casesandlong-distancetrips.
Stage4:SettingTargetsandPolicyMeasures
AsuccessfulLEVstrategyforAMSrequirestheimplementationofadaptablepolicymixestailoredtothespecificneedsandcontextofeachcountry.Thesemixesshouldcompriseacombinationofincentives,regulationsandfossil-fuelledvehiclephase-outplansdesignedtofacilitatetheadoptionofLEVsthroughouttheentireinnovationcycle.Thisguidelinepresentsarangeofmeasureswithinthefollowingcategories:
?Financialandnon-financialincentives,suchassubsidiesortaxbreaksthataddresstheupfrontcostofvehicles,equipmentandinfrastructure;
?TaxationandpricingoffossilfuelsandCO2emissions;
?Planningadensenetworkofcharginginfrastructureandleveragingpublicandprivateinvestmentstosupportthedevelopmentofpubliclyaccessiblechargingstations;
?Regulatorymeasurestocreatealong-termmarketshifttowardselectricmobility,suchaszero-emissionzonesorsalesbansforICEvehicles;
?ThepromotionofharmonisedvehicleandbatterystandardstoeasemarketaccessacrossAMS,toensurethesafetyandqualityofvehicles,components,andchargingequipment,andtoenhanceusertrust;
?Theintroductionofextendedproducerresponsibilityschemestoensurethecollectionandtreatmentofend-of-lifevehicles;and
?Theeducationofexpertstafftosupportthelocalcapacitydevelopmentandawareness-raising
Stage5:MonitoringandEvaluation
TheeffectiveandefficientimplementationofpoliciestosupporttheuptakeofLEVsrequiresclearobjectivesandcontinuousmonitoring.Despiteitsimportance,however,monitoringandevaluationisanoften-neglectedstep.Monitoringfacilitatestheidentificationofissuesatanearlystage,therebyenablingtimelyadjustmentsinresponsetoinnovations,changinguserbehaviour,andmarkettrends.Althoughoftenoverlooked,monitoringiscrucialforaccountabilityandtransparency.Toeffectivelymonitorprogress,itisnecessarytohaveasetofclearandmeasurableindicators.Theseindicatorsshouldbedesignedtotrackaspects,includingfunding,thedeploymentofchargingstations,andtheimpactoftheseinitiativesontheadoptionofLEVs.
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles4
Thisguidelineprovidesindicatorsforseveralcategories,includingcostofe-mobility,diffusionofEV,infrastructuredevelopmentandsafety,regionalanddomesticproductionchainsandaddedvalue,aswellascirculareconomy.
Allinall,despitetheconsiderableexistingdemandformotorisedlightvehiclesinAMSandthenumerousadvantagesthatareofferedbyLEV,themarketpenetrationwillnotoccurspontaneously.ThegovernmentneedstotakeactiontoacceleratetheuptakeofLEVsintheregion.Inaddressingthechallenges,implementationofseveralstrategiesiscrucial,suchasprovisionofsupporttoLEVindustry,purchaseprogrammesestablishment,strategicpublicprocurementintegration,andextensionofcharging/swappingnetworks.Additionally,theemergenceofLEVcouldpotentiallygeneratenewdomesticvalueandsupplychainintheregion.RegionalcooperationamongAMSisessentialtoincreasethemarketsizeandallowforeconomiesofscale.Lastly,standardharmonisationiscrucialincreatingmarkets,particularlyinensuringsafetyandsecurity,productquality,interoperability,circularity,andprocurementprocedure.
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles5
TableofContents
ExecutiveSummary2
ListofTables7
ListofFigures8
ListofAbbreviations9
01.Introduction10
ObjectiveandOutcome12
02.DerivinganLEVStrategyforAMS13
03.VisionandTargetsforLEVUptakeinAMS15
BuildingaVisionfortheLEVUptakeinAMS15
TargetsfortheUptakeofLEV16
04.UnderstandingtheLocalandRegionalLEVEcosystem18
StakeholdersintheLEVEcosystem18
GovernanceFrameworkforLEVAdoption18
05.IdentifyingChallengesandOpportunities21
LEVCategoriesinAMS21
Use-CasesofLEVsinAMS23
BusinessesandServicesRelatedtoLEVinAMS33
StandardsRelatedtoLEVinAMS42
ExistingPoliciesRelatedtoLEV50
Summary:ChallengesandOpportunitiesonLEVUptakeinAMS53
06.SettingTargetsandPolicyMeasures57
07.MonitoringandEvaluation67
Costofe-mobility68
Diffusionofelectricvehicles68
Infrastructuredevelopment,chargingsafety,andavailability68
Regionalanddomesticproductionchainsandaddedvalue69
Circulareconomy69
08.ConclusionandRecommendations70
Annexes72
Annexe1LEV-relatedTargetsinAMS72
Annexe2LightVehicleClassificationaccordingtoUNECELCategory73
Annexe3Two-andThree-WheelersRegistrationperCapitainAMS76
Annexe4AveragePerformanceandRetailPriceforVariousModelsE-Mopeds,E-Three
WheelMopeds,E-Motorcycle,andE-PoweredTricycleinAMS76
Annexe5UpfrontCostsComparisonbetweenE2WandICE2WinVietNam76
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles6
Annexe6GoodPracticesofLEVs77Annexe7CurrentAvailableLEV-RelatedStandardinAMS80Annexe8PerceivedEffectivenessofPolicyMeasuresaccordingtoAMSRepresentatives85
ListofReferences87
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles7
ListofTables
Table1AvailabilityofLEV-RelatedNationalTargetsinAMS17
Table2AvailabilityandRegulationStatusforDifferentLEVCategoriesinAMS23
Table3SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforPersonalPassengerTransportUseCases25
Table4SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforRide-HailingandParatransitUseCass28
Table5SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforSharedVehicleServiceUseCase30
Table6SWOTAnalysisoftheUseofLEVsforUrbanLogisticsUseCase33
Table7SWOTAnalysisoftheOEMandComponentManufacturers'Business36
Table8ChargingTypes,UseCases,andMainCharacteristics38
Table9Indonesia’sBatterySwappingStationRoadmap40
Table10SWOTAnalysisofChargingInfrastructureandBatterySwappingServices40
Table11SWOTAnalysisofBatteryandVehicleRecyclingBusinesses42
Table12SummaryofAvailableLEV-RelatedStandardsinAMS43
Table13VehicleCategoryandApprovalStandardsinAMS45
Table14InteroperabilityStandardsinAMS45
Table15SafetyandSecurityStandardsinAMS47
Table16ProductQualityandRepairabilityStandardsinAMS48
Table17National-ScalePoliciesforLEVintheAMS51
Table18SummaryofChallengesandOpportunitiesonLEVUptakeinAMS55
Table19PolicyMeasures66
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles8
ListofFigures
Figure1StagesinDerivingLEVStrategiesforAMS13
Figure2ElementsofacomprehensivevisiononthediffusionofLEV16
Figure3LEVEcosystemandRelatedStakeholders19
Figure4ShareofLEVsinthetotalnumberofregisteredmotorisedlightvehiclesinseveralAMS22
Figure5DifferentTypesofLEVsinAMS22
Figure6LocalelectricitydistributiongridsinBangkok25
Figure7ShareofImportedandLocally-ProducedE-Mopeds,E-ThreeWheelMopeds,E-
Motorcycle,andE-PoweredTricycleinAMS34
Figure8ShareofAvailableE-Mopeds,E-ThreeWheelMopeds,E-Motorcycle,andE-Powered
TricycleinAMS34
Figure9MainBarriersforLEVProductioninSoutheastAsia35
Figure10ImportanceofRegionalStandardHarmonisationAccordingtoLEV-RelatedCompanies42
Figure11E-MotorcycleWaterproofTestsExhibition46
Figure12PerceivedCurrentGovernmentSupportonLEVUptakeaccordingtoLEV-related
BusinessCategories52
Figure13PerceivedEffectivenessRegardingSpecificMeasurestoSupportLEVUptake,Domestic
LEVProduction,andCharging/SwappingInfrastructure53
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles9
ListofAbbreviations
ACAlternateCurrent
AMSASEANMemberStates
ASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations
BaaSBattery-as-a-Service
BRTBusRapidTransit
DCDirectCurrent
E2WElectricTwo-Wheelers
E3WElectricThree-Wheelers
E4WElectricFour-Wheelers
EPRExtendedProducerResponsibilityEUEuropeanUnion
EVElectricVehicle
GHGGreenhouseGases
ICEInternalCombustionEngine
IECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
ISOInternationalStandardOrganisationISOInternationalStandardOrganisationLEVLightElectricVehicle
OEMOriginalEquipmentManufacturers
SDGSustainableDevelopmentGoals
R&DResearchandDevelopment
SUMPSustainableUrbanMobilityPlans
TCOTotalCostofOwnership
UNECEUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles10
Introduction
Imagesource:Pexels
01.Introduction
Almost250millionmotorisedtwo-andthree-wheelersareontheroadsinASEANmemberstates(AMS),representingaround80%ofthetotalvehiclestockintheregion1.Motorisedlightvehicles,suchastwoandthree-wheelers,areessentialnotonlyfordailymobility,butalsocontributetocitylogistics,paratransitservices,andsupportingthefirst-andlast-mileofpublictransportationnetworkintheregion.
MotorisedlightvehiclesoffervariousadvantagesfornavigatingurbanandruralareasinAMS.Itprovidesanaffordableandwidelyavailablemodeoftransportationwithhighlevelsofmanoeuvrabilityonnarrowroads.Formanyuse-cases,motorisedlightvehiclescanservesimilarpurposesastheirheaviercounterparts,notablycars,albeitataslowerpaceandwithlessspacecapacity.Inareaswithlowtomediumpublictransportdemand,motorisedlightvehiclesoperateasparatransitservices,transportingsmallergroupsofpeopleorgoodsatatime.
Comparedtocarsandminivans,motorisedlightvehiclesarearesource-efficientintermsofenergyuseandurbanspaceconsumption.ThevastmajorityofthelightvehiclefleetinAMS,however,isfuelledbypetrolanddiesel.Duetotheirimmensenumbers,twoandthree-wheelerscontributesignificantlytonegativeimpacts:combustionenginesemithighlevelsofairpollutantsandgreenhousegases(GHG),exacerbatingurbansmogandnegativelyaffectingpublichealthandtheenvironment.Motorisedlightvehiclesmostlyalsohavepoorenginesounddampening,contributingtonoisepollutionindenselypopulatedurbanareas.
OneofthesolutionstoreapthebenefitsofmotorisedlightvehicleswithoutincreasingtheirnegativeimpactsistopromotetheuseofLightElectricVehicles(LEVs).TheelectrificationofmotorisedlightvehiclefleetscanpotentiallyalleviatelocalairpollutionissuesandcontributetooveralltransportdecarbonisationeffortsinSoutheastAsia.DespitetheadvantagesofLEVcomparedtoICE(InternalCombustionEngine)lightvehicles,theirmarketdiffusioninAMSisstillinanearlystage.
Whiletheelectrificationofcarfleetsisontheagendainmanycountries,twoandthree-wheelvehiclesarestilllargelyoutofthescope.Electrifyingbothprivateandcommerciallightvehiclefleetscanprovidequickwinsinreducingurbanpollutionanddecarbonisingthetransportsector.Unlikecars,motorisedlightvehiclesareadaptabletodifferentchargingmodels,particularlyduetothesmaller
ASEANGuidelinesonLightElectricVehicles11
Introduction
batterysizeanditsabilitiestoutilisebatteryswappingsystems,andpotentiallyofferhigherbenefitsperunitofinvestment.
Box1
ASEANTransportStrategicPlan2016-2025andthe2023ASEANLeader’sDeclarationonDevelopingaRegionalElectricVehicleEcosystem
TheKualaLumpurTransportStrategicPlan(ASEANTransportStrategicPlan)2016-20252affirmstheim
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