江蘇省蘇州市第一中學(xué)2025屆高考沖刺模擬英語試題含解析

江蘇省蘇州市第一中學(xué)2025屆高考沖刺模擬英語試題請考生注意：1．請用2B鉛筆將選擇題答案涂填在答題紙相應(yīng)位置上，請用0．5毫米及以上黑色字跡的鋼筆或簽字筆將主觀題的答案寫在答題紙相應(yīng)的答題區(qū)內(nèi)。寫在試題卷、草稿紙上均無效。2．答題前，認(rèn)真閱讀答題紙上的《注意事項》，按規(guī)定答題。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．Hawkingbelievestheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanet_____lifehasdevelopedgradually.A．that B．whyC．where D．whose2．Theeducationalreformisnowunderwaythroughoutthecountry,________thestudentsmoreopportunitiestodeveloptotheirgreatestpotential.A．tograntB．havinggrantedC．grantingD．granted3．AfterreceivingtheOscarforBestSupportingActress,AnneBenedictwentonallthepeoplewhohadhelpedinhercareer.A．tothank B．thankingC．havingthanked D．tohavethanked4．Thesplitbetweenhumansandlivingapesisthoughtbysomescholars____15to20millionyearsago.A．tooccur B．occurring C．tohaveoccurred D．havingoccurred5．—Thenewmachineshavearrivedandarebeingtestedintheworkshop.—I’mgladwe_____themintheyearsahead.A．willbeoperatingB．havebeenoperatingC．wouldbeoperatingD．hadbeenoperating6．Thehouse______Iliveinisverysmall.A．thatB．whomC．whenD．what7．---Sorrytohavebrokenyourglass.---_____________.Youdidn’tmeanto,didyou?A．NoproblemB．ForgetitC．AllrightD．Don’tsayso8．Thisfilmisverywithyoungpeople,whichtellsareallyromanticstory.A．familiarB．popularC．similarD．particular9．---Theyarequiet,aren’tthey?---yes.Theyareaccustomed____atmeals.A．totalking B．tonottalking C．tonottalk D．totalk10．Ithinkyou’vegottothepointachangeisneeded,otherwiseyou’llfail.A．when B．which C．where D．there11．Idecidedtodoarandomactofkindnesslastyear.And______thatthepersonIwouldenduphelpingmostwouldbemyself.A．Ilittleknew B．littledidIknew C．littledidIknow D．littleIknew12．Bythetimewe________fromourschool,wehavebeenclosefriendsformorethantenyears.A．graduated B．willgraduateC．a(chǎn)regraduating D．graduate13．Passionispassionanditdoesn'tmatter________it'sdirected．Exactly，itcanbecoinsorsportsorpolitics．A．why B．howC．whether D．where14．—I’mburntoutasI’vebeenworkingonmyessayallthetime.—____________.You’llsurelymakeit.A．Don’tputonairs B．GivemeabreakC．Don’tgetonmynerve D．Hanginthere15．---Whereistheplane？Ican'tseeit.---Itwentoffits________________tokeepawayfromthesuddenstorm.A．course B．roadC．flight D．direction16．Mostpeoplequit________anyresultsappear;theygiveuptoosoonandaquitterneverwins.A．whileB．untilC．sinceD．before17．Thegovernmentplaced_____onthenumbersofforeigncarsthatcouldbeimported.A．limitations B．a(chǎn)dministrationC．requirements D．restrictions18．Whydomanystudentssticktoprivatetutoring_____theycouldeasilymastersuchknowledgeatschool?A．unless B．before C．a(chǎn)fter D．when19．—Whatdoyouthinkofthemovielastnight?—WhenIgotthereit_______,soIonlywatchedtheend.A．finished B．hadfinishedC．wasfinishing D．hasfinished20．—Howdoyoufindyournewclassmate?—Oh,sheisreally________ofamusician,whocannotonlysingverybeautifully,butalsocomposeskillfully.A．something B．somebodyC．everything D．everybody第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。21．（6分）ChinaImportandExportFair,alsoknownastheCantonFair,isheldinGuangzhoueveryspringandautumn.TheFairisacomprehensiveonewiththelongesthistory,thehighestlevel,thelargestscale,themostcompleteexhibitvariety,thebroadestdistributionofoverseasbuyersandthegreatestbusinessturnoverinChina.CantonFairattractsmorethan24,000China’sbestforeigntradecompanieswithgoodcredibilityandsoundfinancialcapabilities,and500overseascompaniestoparticipateintheFair.CantonFairisaplatformforimportandexportmainly,withvariousandflexiblepatternsoftrade.Besidestraditionalwayofnegotiatingagainstsamples,theFairholdsCantonFairOnline.Varioustypesofbusinessactivitiessuchaseconomicandtechnicalco-operationsandexchanges,goodsinspection,insurance,transportation,advertisingandconsultationarealsocarriedoutinflexibleways.BusinesspeoplefromallovertheworldaregatheringinGuangzhou,exchangingbusinessinformationanddevelopingfriendship.EventsScheduleofthe115thSessionofCantonFairTime:May1st14:00-16:00Place:No.8MeetingRoom,BFloor,AreaBEvent:TrainingSeminarofOverseasMarketingTheme:MarketSegmentationAndChannelBuildingDetails:Cloris,ProjectFacilitator,TradeforSustainableDevelopmentofInternationalTradeCentre(1TC)Time:May2nd14:00-16:30Place:No.8MeetingRoom,BFloor,AreaBEvent:FashionandTrendForumTheme:The“musthave”fashiontrendsforMen’sandWomen’swearforSpring/Summer2015Details:MichaelLeow,SalesandMarketDirectorofFashionSnoops(AsiaPacific)1、TheCantonFairisorganizedinGuangzhou________.A．everytwoyearsB．everyseasonC．twiceayearD．onceayear2、Ifyouwanttovisittheclothingshow,youcanbethere________.A．onMay2nd14:00-16:30B．onMay1st14:00-16:00C．onMay1st8:00-16:30D．onMay2nd10:00-16:003、Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A．Topresentoverseasinvestment.B．TointroducetheCantonFair.C．Toreportthetradeachievements.D．Toattractthebestforeigntradecompanies.22．（8分）Aftershoppingfordealsinstoreson“BlackFriday”,oronlineon“CyberMonday”,Americansandpeopleworldwidearepreparingfornewlypopular“GivingTuesday”.Startingin2012,nowtheglobaleventthatiscelebratedannuallyontheTuesdayafterThanksgivingisthebrainchildof92ndStreetY,aculturalcenterinNewYorkCityandUnitedNationsFoundation.Asthenameindicates,GivingTuesdayismeanttorestartthecharitableseasonandthereforeobservedbyraisingfundsforlocalnonprofitsandschools,organizingfoodandclothingdrives,andconductingrandomactsofkindness.In2015,700,000peoplefrom71countriescametogethertodonate$116.7millionincash.Anadditional$1.08millionwasspentongifts.Whiletheeasiestwaytoparticipateisbydonatingtoyourfavoritecharity,thisdaycanbecelebratedinmanyotherwaystoo.Youcangivebackbyvolunteeringatyourlocalshelterorfoodbank,orevenbydonatingblood.Ifallelsefails,apurchasefromthegrowingnumberoforganizationsthatgiveaportionoftheirsalestocharitywilldothetrick.Butperhapsthebestwaytocelebratethedayisbyhelpingthosenearestanddearesttoyou.Assistafamilymemberwithasimplechorelikefoldinglaundry,cookingdinner,orevenreadingtoayoungersibling.Nomatterwhatyoudo,besuretoshareyougooddeedonsocialmediaandinspireotherstocelebrateGivingTuesdayaswell!1、Whichofthefollowinghastheshortesthistory?A．BlackFriday B．GivingTuesdayC．ThanksgivingDay D．CyberMonday2、What’sthemainpurposeof“GivingTuesday”?A．TomakeThanksgivingDayenjoyableB．TogetvoluntaryworkbetterknownC．ToencouragemorepeopletodocharitiesD．Topersuademorepeopletoshoponline3、Whydoestheauthoradvisesharinggooddeedsonsocialmedia?A．Tokeeparecordofone’sexperienceB．TohelppeoplemakenewfriendsC．TodonatemoneytolocalschoolsD．TomakeGivingTuesdaymorepopular4、Whichsectionofawebsitedoesthenextprobablycomefrom?A．Education B．CultureC．Lifestyle D．Business23．（8分）ConfidenceComesFromTreatingOthersAsEqualsThere'sbeenrecentdiscussionoverChineseattitudestowardforeigners，causedbyanotherquarrelbetweenaforeignerandataxidriver．AccordingtothestudiesdescribedintheOxfordHandbookofChinesePsychology，Chinesehavelowerself﹣confidencecomparedtoWesterners．YetdoestheresultstillapplytotheChinesepeopletoday？Yesandno．Forthemoment，differentattitudestowardforeignerscanstillbefoundinChina'ssociety，withsomedisplayinglowself﹣confidencelike"Foreignersareawesome（令人敬畏的），andWesterncountriesareawesome．Weshouldrespectthemandbeaspoliteaspossible，andshouldn'tletthemlookdownonus，"andafewunfriendlyopinionssuchas"Someforeignersarerudeanddisrespectful，andtheirlevelofcivility（禮貌）isfarbehindChina."Chineseusedtobelackinginself﹣confidence．Itmightstartfromthemodernhistory，afterthefailureintheOpiumwars，andthefollowinghumiliation（恥辱）ofbeingbullied（被欺負(fù)）andbroughttotheirkneesbyWesternguns．Andthedarkhistoryisstilltosomeextentaffectingourmentality（心態(tài)）today．Forsometime，theWesternworldrepresentsthebestofeverythinginsomeChineseeyes．Butourstateofmindisgraduallychanging．Whenasked"Whatmakesyoufeelproudofyourcountry？"inschoolclassesinChina，answersvaryfromtheWorldExpototheOlympicGames，fromathletestoastronauts，fromthemushroomingskyscraperstobusymetropolises，whichhaveallfilleduswithgrowingself﹣confidence．Whileansweringthequestion"SinceChinaissogoodtodayandChinesepeoplearemoreconfident，whyareanincreasingnumberofChineseemigratingabroad？"ZhangWeiwei，aprofessoratFudanUniversity，repliedthatatleast70percentofChinesemigrants（移民）becomemorepatriotic（愛國的）afterleavingtheirhomecountry，nomatterwhethertheyhavebecomeanaturalizedcitizenofanothernationornot．Suchresultandexperiencesaremuchmoreconvincingandhavebettereffectthandozensof"patrioticeducation"classes．Thereisnoreasonforusnottobeself﹣confident．Weliveintheworld'ssecond﹣largesteconomy．Chinesenetfinancialassetspercapita（人均純金融資產(chǎn)）andthepurchasingpowerofpeoplehaveseenasharprise，withmoreandmorepeoplestartingtopurchaseworksofart，insteadofonlynecessities．Theseallindicatearisingstandardoflifeandself﹣confidence．Nevertheless，thepointofthechangingattitudestowardourselvesorothercountriesisnotrealizingothernationsarebetterorworsethanChina，buttreatingthemlikehowwetreatourfellowChinese．Thatiswhatconfidencemeans，notbeingcondescending（屈尊），notworshiping，butlookingeachotherintheeyewithtrustandrespect．1、Accordingtothetext，whataretheChineseattitudestowardforeignerstoday？A．Theyhavevariousattitudestowardforeigners．B．Theythinktheforeignersarealwaysrude．C．Theyalwaysspeakhighlyoftheforeigners．D．Theybelieveforeignersarejustcommonpeople．2、Chineseusedtolackself﹣confidencebecause．A．Theythoughttheforeignersweremysterious．B．Theyusedtothinkthemselveslesspowerful．C．Theyweredeeplyinfluencedbythedarkhistory．D．Theyoncebelievedforeignerswereawesome．3、AccordingtoZhangWeiwei，mostChinesemigrants．A．desiretobeacitizenofanothernationB．developastrongerlovefortheirhomecountryC．a(chǎn)reunwillingtoreturntotheirmotherlandD．serveasbadexamplesinpatrioticeducation4、What'sthemainideaofthepassage？A．Chineseshouldbeproudofthegreatachievementoftheircountry．B．Chinesehaveenoughconfidencetomakegreaterprogress．C．Chinesehavealowerself﹣confidencefacedwithforeigners．D．Chineseshouldbeconfidentandtaketheforeignersasequals．24．（8分）ToimproveChineseonourcampus,severalprogramswillbeorganized.Hereissomeinformation.LanguagePartnerProgramTheaimofthisprogramistopromoteChineselanguagestudyforAmericanstudents,throughthisprogram,nativespeakersofChinesecanhelpourChineselanguagestudents,whocanhelpstudentsorscholarsfromChinawiththeirEnglishinexchange.Ifinterested,pleasecontactYuanLu,yuan-lu-2@TheChineseCornerTheChineseCornerisanon-threatening,pleasantplaceforfacultyandstudentswhowanttopracticetheiroralChinese.Learnersofalllevelsarewelcometojoin,sincewehavetopicssuitableforeachlevel.AttheChineseCorner,youcanmakefriendswithChinesestudentsandexchangeopinionsonculturalissues.Youwillsurelylearnsomethingneweverytimeyoucome!WewelcomewhoeverwantstospeakChinese.Contactperson:BoSun,bo-sun@TheChineseHostFamilyProgramThepurposeofthisprogramistohelpourAmericanstudentstogainfirst-handexperienceofChineseculture,lifestyle,customs,andconventionsthroughestablishingfriendshiprelationswithChinesefamilies.StudentswhojointhisprogramwillbeinvitedbytheirChinesehostfamilytojointheirfamilyactivitiesonaregularbasis.Pleasesignupforthisprogram.Cross-UniversityChineseLanguagePerformanceCompetitionThiscompetitiongivesstudentsinandoutsideofIowaagreatopportunitytoshowtheiroralChineseproficiencyaswellastheirtalentinperforming.Asmanyasfouruniversitieshaveparticipatedinthecompetition,includingTheUniversityofIowa.Eachuniversitypresentsasetofprograms,andthenparticipantsareawardedprizesatanawardsceremony.Mid-AutumnFestivalCelebrationTheChineseProgramhostsanannualcelebrationfortheMid-AutumnFestival.Weinviteallstudentsandfacultymemberstojoinourparty.YouwillmeetChang’e,thegoddessoftheMoon,learnabeautifulChineselegendarystoryandtastemooncakesaswellasotherChinesefood.IfyouknowsomeChinesecharacters,youmaywinaprize!Comeandjoinus!Formore,pleaseseetheFlyer.1、IfyouhavedifficultywithEnglish,whatwillyouprobablydo?A．AttendtheMid-autumnFestivalcelebration.B．GototheChineseCorner.C．ParticipateinLanguagePartnerProgram.D．ContactaChinesehostfamily.2、IfyouwouldliketodisplayyourspokenChinese,whichwillyousignupfor?A．ChineseLanguagePerformanceCompetition.B．TheChineseCorner.C．TheChineseHostFamilyProgram.D．LanguagePartnerProgram.3、Thepassageisintendedfor________.A．AmericanseniorhighstudentsB．AmericanuniversitystudentsC．ChineseseniorhighstudentsD．ChineseuniversityStudents25．（10分）YoungpeopleintheUnitedStatesdonothaveastrongunderstandingoftheworldandtheirplaceinit.TwoU.S.—basedgroups,theCouncilonForeignRelationsandtheNationalGeographic,Societycommissionedanonlinesurveyearlierthisyear.TheywantedtoknowwhatyoungpeopleeducatedinAmericancollegesknewaboutgeography,U.S.foreignpolicy,recentinternationalevents,andeconomics.Thesurveywasgiventoover1,200Americansbetweentheagesof18and3years.Allofthempresentlyattending,orhavingpreviouslygraduatedfrom,a2-or4-yearcollegeoruniversity.Theaveragetestscore,outof75totalpossibleanswers,was55percent.Thestudyidentifiesafewimportantproblems.Forexample,only30percentknewthattheonlypartoftheU.S.governmentthatcandeclarewarisCongress.Only60%ofthosetakingthesurveycouldidentifyBrazilonaworldmap.Partoftheproblem,arguetheorganizersofthesurvey,istheinternet.Theysayitisbecominghardertofindhigh-qualityinformationaboutworldeventsamongstallthefakenewsandtriviawhichswamptheweb.Forty-threepercentofthosequestionedsaidtheyreadaboutthenewsonFacebook.Anotherproblemisthatmostcollegecoursesdonotrequirestudentstolearnaboutinternationalissues.Ifsuchinformationisnotrequired,RichardHaassfromtheCouncilonForeignRelationssaid,thentheUnitedStatescouldhaveleaderslikeGaryJohnson.HewasarecentpresidentialcandidatewhodidnotknowabouttheSyriancityofAleppowhenareporteraskedhimaboutit.Thesurveyresultswerenotallbad.Theyoungpeoplealsodemonstratedagoodunderstandingofclimatechangeandrenewableenergy.Andthemajorityofthemsaidthatinternationalissueswerebecomingmoreimportanttothem.Haasssaysthesefindingssuggesttheneedtofindwastogetgoodinformationtostudents,bothinschoolandonline.Tohelp,theCouncilonForeignRelationsiscreatinganewprogramcalledCFRCampus,designedtohelpbuildknowledgeaboutglobalissues.1、Whatcanwelearnaboutthesurvey?A．AlltheparticipantswererecentuniversitygraduatesB．ItwasanonlinesurveyconductedbytwoUSuniversitiesC．ItsaimistofigureoutwhattheyoungpeopleknowaboutAmericaD．Itwasgiventoover1,200Americanpeopleagedfrom18to32、What’sonereasonsurveyorganizersgiveforyoungpeople’slackofknowledge?A．YoungpeopleareunwillingtotravelabroadB．ThesourcesfromwhichtheygettheirinformationC．TheUSuniversitysystemisofpoorqualityD．Theirlackofinterestinknowingmoreabouttheworld3、Accordingtothesurvey,whattopicdidtheyoungAmericansunderstandbest?A．EnvironmentalmattersB．GeographicinformationC．ForeignrelationsD．Governmentorganizations4、Inwhichcolumnofanewspapercouldwefindthisarticle?A．EconomicsB．EntertainmentC．PoliticsD．Education第三部分語言知識運用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項．26．（30分）“Kevin,wearegettingadivorce,”saidmymother.Myheartplunged.Iwas9yearsoldandIthoughtthatmylifewasgoingto1MybrotherandIweregoingtomovewithmymothertosouthernCalifornia.Mydadwasto2inNewJerseybecauseofwork.Myfamilywassplittingapart.Nowthatmymomisasingleparent,Idomyown3,makedinneranddoextrachoresaroundthehouse.4itwashardatfirst,Inowrecognizethepositive5thatthisresponsibilityhadonme.MymothergavemethesechoresanddutiessothatIwouldlearntobecome6andtrustworthy.Istrivetodisplaythese7inallaspectsofmylife,andhaveseenthebenefits.WhenIwasonly11yearsold,my8toldmethathewasselectingmeassoccerteamcaptainbecauseofmydeterminationandabilitytogetmyteammatesto9themselves.Welostthechampionship,butIwonthe10playawardforkeepingmyteamtogether.Iamalways11tobeanindividualandnotparticipateinanythingthatIfeeliswrong.Iam,forexample,extremelyproudofmydecisionnottodrinkalcohol.12,Idon’tfeeltheneedtodrinktohavefun,andIstandbymydecisionevenwhenotherstryto13me.Mymomanddadbothfoundnew14andhappilyremarried.Iam15closetomyfather,eventhoughhelives4,800kmaway.Ithoughtmyparents’divorcewasgoingtobetheworstthingthat16happenedtome.Ironically(諷刺的是),itturnedouttobethe17Iwasn’twillingtoletitruinmylifewithoutputtingupafight,and18wasmyfamily.Atage9,Istruggledwiththeconfusionand19ofdivorce.Today,atage16,Iunderstandthat20canbringopportunityandsuccess,andthathardwork,determinationandself-controlcanturnyourworsttimeintoyourbesttime.1、A．fallapart B．giveaway C．pickup D．takeoff2、A．drop B．remain C．call D．break3、A．housework B．farming C．cooking D．laundry4、A．Although B．Because C．If D．Since5、A．a(chǎn)ttitude B．experience C．effect D．situation6、A．self-centered B．self-absorbed C．self-disciplined D．self-concerned7、A．skills B．difficulties C．emotions D．qualities8、A．father B．headmaster C．brother D．coach9、A．enjoy B．teach C．prove D．push10、A．fierce B．fair C．close D．decisive11、A．determined B．reminded C．relieved D．a(chǎn)mazed12、A．Fortunately B．Surprisingly C．Personally D．Consequently13、A．cheat B．pressure C．please D．delight14、A．families B．jobs C．kids D．partners15、A．still B．not C．rarely D．less16、A．never B．even C．ever D．a(chǎn)lmost17、A．best B．worst C．busiest D．first18、A．so B．such C．a(chǎn)s D．neither19、A．pain B．memory C．significance D．emergency20、A．barriers B．families C．parents D．routines第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）ManyhighschoolstudentsintheUnitedStatesgettraininginconstructionskillsbybuildingrealhouses.Theproject1．(run)bytheWaterlooCareerCenter.Thecenteroffersstudentsdifferentprogramsdesigned2．(prepare)themforcareersintechnicalfields.StudentsfromtheWaterlooCommunitySchoolDistrict3．(recent)tookpartinconstructiontrainingthatcenteredontheskillofmasonry(磚石建筑)—workdonewithstone,brickorconcretematerials.Thestudentsspentfivedaysattheirschoollearning4．experiencedworkersfromtheMasonryInstituteofIowa,a5．(profession)organization.Theworkerstaughtthestudents6．tomixmortar(砂漿)andbuildwallswithbricksandblocks.Thestudentsmovedthemortaronto7．(piece)ofwoodandthenaddedbricksandblockstoformwalls.ChrisBuschhelpedoverseethestudents’efforts.Asthestudentsworked,Busch8．(offer)themanimportantpieceofadvice.Hetoldthestudentstobesuretousealevelingtooltocheckthatthewallstandsstraightandlevel.WestHighstudentNathanElliotttoldtheWaterloo-CedarFallsCouriernewspaperthatthiskindoflearningwasmuchbetter9．sittingatacomputer.Otherstudentsalsosaiditgotthem10．(excite)aboutfuturecareersinconstruction.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯（滿分10分）28．（10分）短文改錯假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。TodayisSunday、I’vebeeninCanadafortwomonths、ThisisfirsttimethatIhavebeenawayfrommyfamilyforsuchalongtime、WiththehelpofKatiaaroommateofme,I’vesoongotusedtolivewithoutmyparentsaround、Katia,likemanyotherRussiangirls,areniceandlively、Webecamefriendsshortlyafterwemeeteachother、AlthoughherEnglishisalittlehardlytounderstand,weenjoychatandweusuallytalkalotaboutourownfamilies、We’rebothsurprisedthatChinesecultureorRussianculturearesodifferent、Now,we’replanningasmallpartyforthenextSunday、There,Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends,oneofwhohasbeentoChinaseveraltimes、Ijustcan’twait、第二節(jié)書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）29．（25分）假設(shè)你是李華，你的外國網(wǎng)友Peter因迷戀手機游戲而被父母批評，他為此寫信向你抱怨。請給他寫一封回信，要點包括：1.對Peter受到批評表示遺憾；2.指出Peter的錯誤；3.給出建議。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________