土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 試卷及答案 考卷一

土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)模擬考卷一（考試時(shí)間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)2.銷栓作用3.均布荷載4.反應(yīng)譜5.抗火性6.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力7.和易性8.地震力9.傳感器10.數(shù)據(jù)采集11.有限元分析12.塑性鉸13.單向板14.預(yù)制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)15.橋梁工程PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.root-mean-square11.outriggertrusses12.vibrationcontrol13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.nuclearplantPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Loadeffectsonindividualstructuralmembersshallbedeterminedbymethodsofstructuralanalysisthattakeintoaccountequilibrium,generalstability,geometriccompatibility,andbothshort-andlong-termmaterialproperties.Allstructuralmembersandsystems,andallcomponentsinastructure,shallbedesignedtoresistforcesduetoearthquakeandwind,withconsiderationofoverturning,sliding,anduplift,andcontinuousloadpathsshallbeprovidedfortransmittingtheseforcestothefoundation.Constructionjointsshouldbelocatedwheretheywillcausetheleastweaknessinthestructure.Whenshearduetogravityloadisnotsignificant,asisusuallythecaseinthemiddleofthespanofflexuralmembers,asimpleverticaljointmaybeadequate.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Additionalwater,overandabovethatneedforthischemicalreaction,isnecessarytogivethemixturetheworkabilitythatenablesittofilltheformsandsurroundtheembeddedreinforcingsteelpriortohardening.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.通過適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整混凝土組成材料的比例，可以得到各種不同特性的混凝土。很多年來，北美地區(qū)抗震設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)是建造中震下不壞、大震下不倒的建筑物?？拐鹪O(shè)計(jì)的目的是合理設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)，以使其可以承受由于地面運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的位移和力。開展鋼筋混凝土或預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析是為了定量確定該結(jié)構(gòu)在生命周期內(nèi)的某一時(shí)刻可能經(jīng)受的最大應(yīng)力。被動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強(qiáng)度的材料和裝置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)通常，高強(qiáng)混凝土通常有更高的彈性模量。這意味著施加預(yù)應(yīng)力下初始彈性應(yīng)變減小，并且徐變應(yīng)變減小，而徐變應(yīng)變是與彈性應(yīng)變近似成比例的。這就使得預(yù)應(yīng)力損失減小。結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部，剛度較大的構(gòu)件往往會(huì)承擔(dān)較大部分的荷載。當(dāng)框架與剪力墻結(jié)合時(shí)，會(huì)對(duì)減小結(jié)構(gòu)位移并減少結(jié)構(gòu)和非結(jié)構(gòu)損壞產(chǎn)生積極影響。然而，當(dāng)剛度較大的構(gòu)件，如砌體填充墻，沒有被考慮在設(shè)計(jì)中時(shí)，常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)意料之外的不好的結(jié)果。PrestressconcretestructureDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumFireresistanceEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionFiniteelementanalysisPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureBridgeengineering斜拉橋擋土墻動(dòng)力非線性時(shí)程分析抗震設(shè)計(jì)彈性模量少筋梁連續(xù)性倒塌耐候性虛功原理均方根伸臂桁架振動(dòng)控制各向同性材料結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼核電廠PAGE5PAGE1.分析單個(gè)構(gòu)件上的荷載效應(yīng)時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮平衡、整體穩(wěn)定、幾何協(xié)調(diào)以及短期和長(zhǎng)期材料性能2.所有的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件和體系以及結(jié)構(gòu)的所有組件應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)抵御地震和風(fēng)荷載，并考慮傾覆、滑移和上拔，且應(yīng)用連續(xù)的荷載傳遞路徑實(shí)現(xiàn)荷載傳遞至基礎(chǔ)。3.施工縫應(yīng)設(shè)置在對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生最小弱化影響的位置。當(dāng)自重引起的剪力不顯著時(shí)，通常在受彎構(gòu)件的跨中位置，簡(jiǎn)單的垂直接縫應(yīng)該是足夠的。4.在頻域方法，假設(shè)荷載是周期的，并且通過傅里葉變換分解成離散的簡(jiǎn)諧成分5.額外的水，即超過化學(xué)反應(yīng)所需的水，對(duì)于拌合物的和易性是非常必要的，這樣使得拌合物可填滿模板并且在硬化之前圍繞在預(yù)埋的鋼筋周圍。1.Concreteswithawiderangeofpropertiescanbeobtainedbyappropriateadjustmentoftheproportionsoftheconstituentmaterials.2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Thepurposeofseismicdesignistoproportionstructuressothattheycanwithstandthedisplacementsandtheforcesinducedbythegroundmotion.4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.中國(guó)上海金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)體系復(fù)雜，依據(jù)抗臺(tái)風(fēng)、抗震、適應(yīng)差的地質(zhì)條件來設(shè)計(jì)，同時(shí)有一個(gè)非常細(xì)長(zhǎng)的塔供辦公和旅館使用。金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)部分在1997年8月完成，預(yù)計(jì)1998年8月投入使用。它是中國(guó)最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部結(jié)構(gòu)橫向受力體系是由鋼筋混凝土剪力墻核心筒和巨型復(fù)合柱通過三個(gè)兩層高的復(fù)合懸臂桁架連接而組成的。豎向荷載由建造于型鋼巨柱、核心筒以及組合巨柱的組合樓板抵抗?；A(chǔ)形式是鋼管樁筏基礎(chǔ)，地下連續(xù)墻作為場(chǎng)地周圍基礎(chǔ)的一部分，有暫時(shí)和長(zhǎng)久的承載作用。對(duì)預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土至少有3種觀點(diǎn)：（a）作為一種控制混凝土應(yīng)力的方法，通過預(yù)壓混凝土來減小或者消除一般外加荷載產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)力，（b）作為一種在混凝土構(gòu)件內(nèi)產(chǎn)生等效荷載的方法，從而外加荷載的作用得以控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，以及（c）作為一種鋼筋混凝土的特殊變形體，在其中配合使用預(yù)張拉的高強(qiáng)鋼筋和高強(qiáng)混凝土。每一種觀點(diǎn)都在預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和分析中有用。近年來，結(jié)構(gòu)控制裝置的研發(fā)引起了大量的重視，其中格外重視減輕房屋和橋梁在風(fēng)荷載和地震荷載下的反應(yīng)。在這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域，人們努力將結(jié)構(gòu)控制概念發(fā)展為一個(gè)可施行的技術(shù)，并且今天我們已經(jīng)有這樣的裝置安裝在許多結(jié)構(gòu)上。這篇文獻(xiàn)綜述的關(guān)注點(diǎn)在被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)控制系統(tǒng)。被動(dòng)系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強(qiáng)度的材料和裝置。主動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，包括主動(dòng)，混合和半主動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，運(yùn)用可控荷載裝置與傳感器組合在一起，控制器和信息處理系統(tǒng)。這篇文章包括了對(duì)于它們發(fā)展的歷史概述，對(duì)于這一激動(dòng)人心又仍在不斷發(fā)展的技術(shù)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀以及應(yīng)用狀況的評(píng)估。同樣也包含了對(duì)于它們?cè)谕聊竟こ探Y(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)和改進(jìn)方面優(yōu)點(diǎn)和不足的討論。Ordinarily,concreteofsubstantiallyhighercompressive