科技論文英文摘要的寫作課件

科技論文的英語表達及英文摘要的寫作南方醫(yī)科大學學報編輯部王征愛科技論文英文摘要的寫作概述意義:縱向傳播;橫向交流現(xiàn)實:付出與目的并非一致；鍛煉，供人學習誤人子弟難度:非易事,但非不能;3000詞匯;基本語感;英語思維要點:(1)內(nèi)容的完整性;(2)數(shù)據(jù)跟文中/中文是否一致;(3)內(nèi)容可以不跟中文全對應,應比中文更詳細;(4)主謂一致:常識,但錯誤不少見;(5)時態(tài):簡單,但有時也很難掌握;(6)語態(tài):有講究,但基本不限;(7)人稱:可一可三;(8)詞法:重點;(9)語法:基本;(10)句法:轉(zhuǎn)換科技論文英文摘要的寫作

七絕·終審之一洋洋灑灑二十萬①，字字句句過我篩②。正體斜體需審定，大寫小寫亦仲裁。之二常遇新語需釋義①，遍翻辭書哪有跡②？光盤檢索千百次③，頭腦析分定無歧④！出差今日去北京，明天返廣州，雖只住一晚，電腦也同路。成都會議蓉城十月是金秋①，百萬客房一無留②，車水馬龍奔九寨③，孤家寡人回廣州④?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽?/p>

蝶戀花·三亞行佇立危樓陽光媚。鶴落鶴飛，銀羽熠熠輝。人說海南山水美，天涯海角游人醉。今到三亞赴一會。揚我學報，風景又何味？會后舊朋結(jié)新友，足不出屋也無悔。

垂釣忙里偷閑應郊游，臨置漁具釣花都。人在池旁心系刊，一疊文稿不離手。

七律?周日加班有感鞠躬盡瘁創(chuàng)品牌，不在本土在海外。寒暑有假不曾度，晝夜各吃一中餐。周日伏案逾八時，累極背項疼難耐。搖頭晃腦再一程，有怨無悔圖心安?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽?/p>

國慶長假賦

長假又七天，人皆議景點；友人頻來電，問可來游園？“學報十期在編，寫作課次層迭，保先自評三千，交稿近在眼前?！笨萍既招略庐?，新語屢見不鮮，英文修改何其難，長詞短句須慎選。終日埋頭電腦前，常為一詞覓三天。鼠標手，職業(yè)頸，熒屏眼。蟻影游動，字里行間，困睡沙發(fā)，饑餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口涼水嘴也甜。諸君疑問何所求？我為名刊當總編?。m苦尤榮，樂在其中）

2005－10－06科技論文英文摘要的寫作網(wǎng)址：郵箱：xbbjPubMed:

科技論文英文摘要的寫作提綱1.摘要的類型2.英文摘要與中文摘要的區(qū)別3.摘要常用詞和句型4.摘要的語態(tài)和人稱5.摘要的時態(tài)6.摘要常用表達和幾個/組高頻詞辨析7.虛詞的用法8.副詞的用法9.關(guān)于Chinglish10.修辭11.分詞、合成詞有關(guān)問題12.名詞的特殊用法及名詞的數(shù)科技論文英文摘要的寫作1、摘要的類型1.1評論性摘要(Criticalabstract)1.2說明性摘要(Descriptiveabstract)1.3資料性摘要(Informativeabstract)1.4資料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicativeabstract)1.5結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(Structuredabstract)科技論文英文摘要的寫作1.1評論性摘要不常用,可見于綜述,內(nèi)容上側(cè)重于評價/論理.ABSTRACT:Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis(ATIN)isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure.Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis.Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosisandtherapy,emphasizingthedrug-inducedformofATIN.

科技論文英文摘要的寫作1.2說明性摘要又稱指示性或通報性摘要(Indicativeabstract)：說明文章的內(nèi)容范圍，只是簡單地報道研究主題，泛泛而談，不涉及具體內(nèi)容。一般只一到三句話，多見于臨床醫(yī)學論文。

ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared.科技論文英文摘要的寫作1.3資料性摘要:詳細、具體，重要觀點和數(shù)據(jù)Postoperativebleedingisusuallyattributedtostressulcer;however,occultpreoperativelesionscouldalsoberesponsible(背景).Todeterminetheirfrequencyandnature,weprospectivelyexamined72patients(目的)endoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations.EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit,>2days,andanegativehistory,physicalexamination,andstoolguaiac(愈傷木脂，一種檢便潛血試劑).Gastricandduodenalmucosaewerescoredseparately,usinga0-to7-pointscale.Scoresweregradednegative(0),hyperemia(1),gastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosalerosions(6),andulcers(7)(方法).Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14%ofpatientsandgastroduodenitisisanadditional10%.Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactorsoranycombinationoffactorstestedcorrelatedwithulcers,erosoins,orgastroduodenitis(結(jié)果).Thus,patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenalerosionsorulcerationscouldnotbeidentifiedpreoperatively,exceptbyendoscopy(結(jié)論).Untilthesignificanceoftheselesionsascauseofpostoperativebleedingisdetermined,werecommendedroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations(建議).科技論文英文摘要的寫作1.4資料-指示性摘要:內(nèi)容更完整,多了一條提示Therelationshipbetweendepression（抑郁癥）andstressors（應激）andtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated.

（概括或提示性語言）Depressedchildrenaged7-11years(n=20)werecomparedwithclinicalnon-depressedchildren(n=88)andnormalchildren(n=55).Children,mothersandfathersinthethreegroupsweretested.MeasuresincludedtheChildren'sDepressionInventory,RecentLifeEventsScale,StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory.Thefindingsshowedthatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgroupreportedmorestressorsthanotherchildrenandothermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnotreportmorestressors.Thefindingsalsoshowedthatmothersofdepressedchildrenweremoredepressedthanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups.科技論文英文摘要的寫作1.5結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(structuredabstract)BACKGROUND:Hypothyroidismisacommonconditionthatisfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy.OBJECTIVE:ToassesstheincidenceandfactorsthatcanpredictreversibilityofhypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditis.METHODS:Westudied79patientsinwhomHashimoto'sthyroiditiswasdiagnosedaccordingtosuggestivecytologicfeaturesand/orthepresenceofthyroidantibodies(antimicrosomalantibodytiter,>or=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,>or=1:400)….RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest....CONCLUSIONS:OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis,associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease,mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission.科技論文英文摘要的寫作2、英文摘要與中文摘要的區(qū)別

2．1獨立摘要和隨文摘要2．2

內(nèi)容的詳簡度內(nèi)外有別科技論文英文摘要的寫作2．1獨立摘要和隨文摘要

獨立摘要指用于檢索性刊物如ExceptaMedica、IndexMedicus、ChemicalAbstracts、BiologicalAbstracts、EngineeringIndex等及大型國際會議的論文摘要匯編，此外還有一些文摘雜志。

隨文摘要指一般期刊內(nèi)與正文同存的摘要。

科技論文英文摘要的寫作2．2內(nèi)容的詳簡度內(nèi)外有別中文摘要詳細介紹國外經(jīng)驗；英文摘要重點描述國內(nèi)特色；總的來說英文摘要應比中文摘要更全面反映全文主旨?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽?、摘要常用詞和句型3．1表達目的的常用詞和句型或結(jié)構(gòu)3．2表達方法的句型3．3表達結(jié)果的句型3．4表達結(jié)論的句型

科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．1表達目的的常用詞和句型或結(jié)構(gòu)

3.1.1摘要中表示“目的”常用詞的用法3.1.1.1

用于表示“目的”的常用名詞（字順）①Aim

A.名詞用法

B.動詞用法②AttemptA.名詞用法

B.動詞用法科技論文英文摘要的寫作

A名詞用法

Theaimofthisinvestigation/study/thepresentstudywasto....Ouraimisto....

determinewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect（增強收縮力作用）canbedemonstratedinhumans.

establishanobjective,easy-to-usetechniquetoevaluate….

Theaimsofthisstudywere:1)to...；and2)to....科技論文英文摘要的寫作B動詞用法

a.主動態(tài)后接動詞不定式

Thisstudyaimedto.…/Weaimedto.…/Thisstudyaimsto.…b.主動態(tài)后接介詞at＋動名詞

Thisresearchaimedatidentifying....

c.被動態(tài)后接介詞at＋動名詞

Thisstudywasaimedatdocument-ing....

科技論文英文摘要的寫作②Attempt

A名詞用法

Anattemptwasmadeto..../Anattempthasbeenmadeto..../Anattemptwasundertakento.…

Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat....

Forthisreason,anattemptwasundertakenfor....嘗試干….

科技論文英文摘要的寫作Inanattempttoextendthisfinding,threeexperimentswereconducted....

Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction,weexamined....

B動詞用法Inthisstudyweattemptto....Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree....

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

③Goal

Amajorgoalispreventionofacceleration-inducedlossofcon-sciousness.

Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto....

Goal一詞的含義、用法及其句式跟名詞aim完全一樣，例句從略。

科技論文英文摘要的寫作④Intend想要，旨在(人作主語用主動態(tài)，事物作主語用被動態(tài))

Thisreport/paperisintendedto.…Inbriefthearticleisintendedto.…Thisthree-groupdesign/Thisstudywasintendedto....Inthisstudy,weintendedtotestthehypothesisthat,....Itisintendedtoremindthereader….科技論文英文摘要的寫作⑤Intent意圖，目的(不太常用)

Theintentofthestudywasto....⑥Objective（常用作標題或項目詞）

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluate…

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion(s)科技論文英文摘要的寫作⑦Purpose

Purpose的用法同aim，不復舉例。

但在forthepurpose(of)這一固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用aim替換其中的purpose。如：...isdescribedforthepurposeof...科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.1.1.2目的句中的常用動詞(多用被動態(tài))①Carryout執(zhí)行

Theretrospectivestudy/Anexperimentalstudy/Aninvestigationwascarriedout

toevaluate....Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine....②Conduct

引導，實施，進行

A(...)study/survey/Anexperimentwasconductedtoevaluate/establish/investigate....科技論文英文摘要的寫作③Perform執(zhí)行vt;進行viThisstudywasperformedtodetermine....④Undertake

從事，著手做

Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis.⑤Design設(shè)計

Thisstudy/Thepresentstudy/Ourstudywasdesignedto....Wealsodesignedaninvitrostudyto....科技論文英文摘要的寫作⑥D(zhuǎn)evelop研制，創(chuàng)立

…method(s)...was/weredevelopedto(動詞不定式)/for(名詞或動名詞)....Anon-linethermosprayliquidchromatography/massspectrometrymethodwasdeveloped

to....Twomethodsweredevelopedtodisplace….

Wehavealsodevelopedmethodsfortheanalysisof....Formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe

科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.1.2結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要中表示目的常見不定式結(jié)構(gòu)ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect（先天性缺陷）inTcellproliferationandsurvival,....為了分析….Toascertain/assess/characterize/clarify/compare/construct/describe/determine/distinguish/elaborate/elucidate/establish/estimate/evaluate/examine/explore/expose/help/identify/investigate/isolate/provide/report/study/test/understandTovalidatecriteriapredicting….為了驗證預測….的標準科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.2表達方法的句型3.2.1using/byusing分句+主動態(tài)主句

Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis,wecompared...and....3.2.2using/byusing分句+被動態(tài)主句

Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm,56.5%ofDownsyndromecasescouldbedetectedwitha5.3%false-positiverate.科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.2.3被動態(tài)＋using/byusing/by/with引出的狀語ThediagnoseswereestablishedusingAmericanCollegeofRheumatology

criteria.Themechanismof...wasstudiedbyusingasetof....PCRproductsweredetectedbygelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith....科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.2.4敘述方法最常涉及的幾個動詞(carryout、conduct、perform、do、make、develop;receive、undergo;had等)及其句型Hyperthermiawascarriedoutusinganovelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent....Clinicalevaluationsweremadeonthe14patientsincluding4withpharyngitis,7withtonsillitis,.…科技論文英文摘要的寫作Allpatientsreceivedsatisfactoryanesthesiaforoperation....patientsunderwentoperationsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.2.5表達分組的句型…be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated(in)to...groups....berandomizedinto....groups...be(randomly)…into...groups,basedon...Thegroupswereasfollows….(例句見《第一軍醫(yī)大學學報》2002，11：669－70)科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．2．6有關(guān)各種檢查的句型

Bloodsugar（項目）wasexamined

in50patients（對象）.Fiftypatients（對象）wereexamined

forbloodsugar…（項目）by（手段）at2and24hafteradmission.寫“檢查”句的時候，注意for的用法：檢查病人的x可以說：Thex（對象）wasexaminedby….也可以說：Thepatientwasexaminedforx

（項目）by….科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．2．6有關(guān)各種檢查的句型

Eachtoothwassectionedandexaminedfordyepenetrationunderastereomicro-scope(x60magnification).注意在描述用顯微鏡觀察或檢查什么的時候，很多人常常用錯microscope和microscopy這兩個詞。正確的用法是：undermicroscope或bymicroscopy/withmicroscope。

科技論文英文摘要的寫作3.3表達結(jié)果的句型3．3．1敘述觀察或發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么（1）主動態(tài)句：Wefound(observed,noted,saw,recorded...)that...（2）被動態(tài)句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded...)that.…

科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．3．2量的

或

泛言

或

Theprevalenceincreasedwithage.//CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA.Estrogenreplacementtherapyreducedexcretionofzinc,.......levelsrapidlydeclinedinHL-60cellsfollowinginductionofapoptosisby…,butweretransientlyelevatedbytwootherapoptosis-inducingagents....levelsof…greatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof....科技論文英文摘要的寫作(2)

或

了多少

一般地說，應該用by引出實際增加或減少的數(shù)目：

Cellnumberincreasedbyalmost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.

Zincexcretiondecreased(by)35%after3monthsand26%after1yearoftreatment.

3．3．2量的

或

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

(3)從多少

或

到多少

Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreasedsignificantlyfrom...to...andfrom...to...,respectively.Residualurinevolumedecreasedsignificantlyfrom...tolessthan....By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.3．3．2量的

或

科技論文英文摘要的寫作(4)跟B相比，A

或

了

Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantlydecreased(as)comparedwithpatients.......showedasignificantincrease

incomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.

3．3．2量的

或

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

Therewasa/an...association

of

A

with

B/between

AandB.//...didnotdemonstratean

associationofA

withB.//...suggestthatAappearstohaveno

association

withB.//A...associationwasobserved*between

AandB.//Associations

between

A

and

Bwereassessedwith....

Awasassociated

withB.

同、與、跟：…ofAwithB；之間：betweenAandB.3．3．3表示關(guān)系的句型

科技論文英文摘要的寫作A...correlationwasfound*forA

andB/between

A

andB.//No(statisticallysignificant)correlationwasfound*between

A

and

B.//Therewasa(no)...correlation

betweenA

andB/amongthefour....//Correlation

betweenconcentrationsinA

andB

serumwaspoor

....//Correlationswerehighest

betweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.3．3．3表示關(guān)系的句型

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

Acorrelated(well**)withB.//Abe...**correlated

with

B.//

Abenotcorrelatedto

B.A

didnot

correlatewith

B.//A...**correlates

with

B.Inaddition,therewasasignificantrelationbetween

A

and

B.

跟relation搭配的介詞用to、with、between…and，如：

Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrationsinrelation

tosaltsensitivityinpatientswithessentialhypertension.3．3．3表示關(guān)系的句型

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB.//Amaybe...**relatedto

B....//Awerenotrelated

to

B.Therelationship

betweenA

and

Bhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies.//Norelationshipwasnoted*between

A

and

B.//Regressionanalysisshowednorelationship

betweenA

and

B.//Incontrast,therewerehighlysignificantrelationships

between

A

and

B.*found或noted可與seen、observed、obtained互換；**此處副詞可以據(jù)意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之類詞。3．3．3表示關(guān)系的句型

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

3．3．4．1

相同比較用as...as...等表示

Infact,forallhealthresourcescategoriesstudies,CanadiansutilizedatleastasmanyservicesastheirAmericancounterparts.

A與B和C兩者的關(guān)系怎么表達?

TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC

3．3．4表示比較的句型科技論文英文摘要的寫作

3．3．4．2不同比較①tobe+比較級+than，如：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.②動詞＋比較級＋than，如：AsecretedandexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.③比較級＋comparedwith，如：AwaslowerinOAchondrocytes(as)comparedwithB.④Incomparisonwith…，＋含“比較級”的主句，如：

Incomparisonwith

B,Aoccurredearlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression.

⑤Themore…themore

越是…就越…3．3．4表示比較的句型科技論文英文摘要的寫作⑤Themore…themore

越是…就越…1）省略2）詞序3）語序4）翻譯3．3．4表示比較的句型科技論文英文摘要的寫作1）省略（1）從句中某些成分（謂語），如：

Thewarmerwater(is),thefasteritevaporates.水越熱，蒸發(fā)越快。Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，運動越自由。（do為倒裝助動詞）（2）主、從句中主語、謂語全部省略，如：

Themore,thebetter.多多益善。

Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽?）詞序（1）倒裝詞序：The+比較級(從句)，the+比較級（主句）從句在前，主句在后，主從句的比較級都在謂語之前，并且不能把more和后面的形容詞、副詞及名詞分開：

Themoreheworkedonthearithmeticproblem,themoreconfusedhebecame.

這道算術(shù)題他越做越糊涂?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽鳎?）正常詞序+比較級（主句），the+比較級＋被比較成分或從句主句在前，從句在后，主句的比較級在謂語之后：

Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,thesmalleritspotentialenergy.

因此勢能越小，化合物就被認為越穩(wěn)定?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽?）語序大多數(shù)情況是前者為從屬分句（相當于程度狀語分句），后者為主句：

AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincomeofanationis,theless(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.

結(jié)論是：主句若用正常語序，則前置；換言之，若主句前置，則主句為常序?？萍颊撐挠⑽恼膶懽?）翻譯英譯漢，先從后主，即“順句倒譯，倒句順譯”；漢譯英，正序翻譯主句在前，倒序翻譯主句在后。

notso...as[不如(或沒有)…那樣]，notas...as(和...不一樣)不多見。提法不一手27/指南88

TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamongwomenvisitinganEDaspreviouslyreported,althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.

科技論文英文摘要的寫作就是多用了指示代詞that或those，如：

SDHactivityofcochleawasloweringroupAthan(that)ingroupB.比較狀語（找不到這個that所替代的對象）把that去掉就對了。要用that的結(jié)構(gòu)應該是：

SDHactivityofcochleaingroupAwaslowerthanthatingroupB.比較主語

（這個that替代的是畫線部分）就如：個子你比我（的×）高；你的個子比我的個子高。3．3．4．3比較級句中一個最常見的錯誤科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．4表達結(jié)論的句型3．4．1由結(jié)果引出結(jié)論

3．4．1．1句型結(jié)構(gòu)

The/These/Ourresult(s)/finding(s)/study(ies)/data/observation/analysis...(主語)show(s)/showed

/suggest(s/ed)/confirm(s/ed)

/indicate(s/d)/demonstrate(s/d)support(s/ed)accord(s/ed)with/agree(s/d)wellwith/illustrate(s/d)/provide(s/d)evidence/point(s/ed)out/reveal(s/ed)...(謂語)that(賓語從句)....科技論文英文摘要的寫作

show(s)/showedsuggest(s)/-edconfirm(s)/-edresultsindicate(s)/-dfindingsdemonstrate(s)/-dThe/Our→study/iessupport(s)/-ed→thatdataaccord(s)/-edwithobservationagree(s)/-dwellwithanalysisillustrate(s)/-dprovide(s)/-devidencepoint(s)/-edout

reveal(s)/-ed

科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．4．1．2例句Results/OurdataindicatethatICVAdenocardamelioratestheophylline-inducedseizures.ThisstudysuggeststhatIVIgcanamelioratethesymptomsandimprovethefunctionalcapabilityofRApatients.Thesedata/OurresultssuggestthatglucoregulationinpatientswithVHdoesnotdifferfromthatinmatchedcontrols.Theresults/Thesefindingssupportthehypothesisthatplasmakallikreinispresentinsynovialfluid.Thisstudyconfirmsthat....科技論文英文摘要的寫作3．4．2直接表達結(jié)論的句型

(1)Itbeconcludedthat...

(2)Inconclusion,...

(3)The/Ourconclusion(s)(of...)is/arethat....

(4)We/they/Theauthor(s)concludedthat....

3．4．3在conclusion的標題后直接描述科技論文英文摘要的寫作

Itisconcludedthattheantiplateletactionofgingerolismainlyduetotheinhibitionofthromboxaneformation.

Itwasconcludedthatflumazenil10micrograms?kg-1doesnotinfluencerecoveryfrompropofolanesthesia.Onthebasisoftheobtainedresultsithasbeenconcludedthat….

（得出的）結(jié)論是；可以下這樣的結(jié)論；已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論科技論文英文摘要的寫作

Inconclusion,

wethinkthattheleukemictransformationmighthavebeendevelopedinthenaturalcourseofessentialthrombocy-themiainthepresentcase.However,wecannotexclude....

最后；總之；綜上所述

科技論文英文摘要的寫作

Theconclusionwasthat….Ourprincipalconclusionisthat….

結(jié)論是；我們的結(jié)論是科技論文英文摘要的寫作

Weconcludedthat

Theyconcludedthat

(1)….;(2)….;....

Theauthorsconcludedthat….

…下的結(jié)論是科技論文英文摘要的寫作4、摘要的語態(tài)和人稱4．1語態(tài)和人稱的選用原則

一般地講：（1）盡量采用主動態(tài)，因為主動態(tài)有助于文字的清晰、簡潔及有力的表達；

（2）強調(diào)動作承受者，要采用被動語態(tài)；

（3）除非采用第一人稱可避免語句結(jié)構(gòu)繁瑣、累贅從而更易于理解，一般應采用第三人稱。

4．2語態(tài)和人稱的具體應用科技論文英文摘要的寫作4．2．1第三人稱(動作承受者)+被動態(tài)4．2．2第一人稱＋主動態(tài)（1）在摘要或全文的開頭部分，可以用第一人稱主動態(tài)介紹論文內(nèi)容（2）在摘要或正文的方法和結(jié)果部分，常見第三人稱主動態(tài)句（3）在正文的方法部分，只要有利于文字的清晰和句子的簡練，也用第一人稱表達（4）在摘要或論文的結(jié)尾部分，可用第一人稱主動態(tài)陳述作者的結(jié)論4．2語態(tài)和人稱的具體應用科技論文英文摘要的寫作第三人稱同被動語態(tài)幾乎是密不可分的，因此，大多數(shù)情況用第三人稱＋被動態(tài)，如:Aquantitativereversetranscriptasepolymerasechainreactiontechnique(RT-PCR)wasused

tomeasurethetype1IGFRmRNAlevel,andNorthernblottingwasusedtomeasuretype2IGFRandIGFBPmRNAlevels.Micewereinoculatedintravenouslywith1×107colony-formingunitsof....Synovialtissuesandspleenswereobtainedatvaryingtimeintervalsafterbacterialinoculation,and(were)examinedformRNAexpressionof...byaninsituhybridizationtechnique.科技論文英文摘要的寫作Wereport/studied/investigated/analyzed/treated.…

但更多見的是第三人稱的主動態(tài)，如Theauthor(s)report(s)that...，或被動態(tài)：Itisreportedthat....

注意目的句的語態(tài)！不定式目的狀語放在句首時，一般用主動態(tài)：Inordertocharacterizethisunusualentity,wereportourexperienceinsevenpatientswiththyroidhemiagenesisinvolvingtheleftlobeinfiveandtherightlobeintwopatients.

后置時，大多用被動態(tài)：Westernimmunoblottingwasusedtoidentify…and(此處省略不定式to)measureIGFBPlevels.(此例中的不定式可以用介詞for

-ing取代)科技論文英文摘要的寫作

ToexaminethepotentialcooperationbetweenPARandinflammatorystimuli,weinvestigatedtheeffectsof…onendothelialcells.PAR:perennialallergicrhinitis

狀語句首，主動態(tài)，如果把目的狀語后置，則句式宜改為被動態(tài)：

Theeffectof…on…wasinvestigatedtoexaminethepotentialcooperationbetween….

科技論文英文摘要的寫作Occupationwasdeterminedinthefollowingmanner:ifthepatientwassingle,divorced,separated,orwindowedatthetimeofthestudy,wescoredher/hispresentoccupation.Ifapatientwasmarriedatthetimeofthestudy,weusedtheoccupationofthespousewiththehigheroccupationalscore.Ifapatientwaslivingwithher/hisparents,wescoredtheparents'occupations.Ifapatient,spouse,orparentwasneveremployed,weassignedanoccupationalscoreof0tothatperson.科技論文英文摘要的寫作

醫(yī)學論文中第三人稱主動態(tài)句也不少見，如：

Resultsindicatethat….

Thisstudysuggeststhat….

Thesedatasuggestthat….

Thisstudyassessed....4．3第三人稱+主動態(tài)

科技論文英文摘要的寫作5、摘要的時態(tài)5．1時態(tài)概述5．2幾個常用動詞不同時態(tài)的意義科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述表示研究目的用一般過去時，而表示本文目的則用一般現(xiàn)在時，前者是指著手研究前確定的研究目的、行為或狀態(tài)已成過去；后者是指介紹本文的中心意圖。

Thepurposeofthisarticle

istodiscuss....

Thepurposeofthisstudy

was

totestthesafetyandeffectivenessof....科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述摘要或正文的方法部分敘述的內(nèi)容都是實驗或研究過程中發(fā)生的事，因而都用一般過去時態(tài)。如：

Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywithslow-actingantirheumaticdrugsforanaverageof6.2years,andwerecloselymonitoredclinically.Severaloutcomemeasureswereapplied,andtheresultswerecomparedwithfindingsinpreviouslydescribedcohorts.科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述

OligonucleotideprimersweredevelopedfornestedPCRbasedonChlamydia,Urea-plasma,andNeisseriaDNAsequences.科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述Weconfirm/foundthatthelevelofplasmaobeseproteinintheNIDDMpatientsis/wassignificantlylowerthanthatofthenormalsubjectsandtheobesitypatients,andis/wascloselycorrelatedtothesymptomofpolyphagia.ThesefindingssuggestthattheobeseproteiniscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofNIDDM.

過去式只反映當時情況；現(xiàn)在時表示具有真理性，很確定，可用作參照標準。科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述結(jié)論是作者對所得結(jié)果的評語，是寫文章當時(既不是過去也不是將來)的觀點，而且科學的結(jié)論往往具有普遍真理的性質(zhì)。因此，寫一般結(jié)論時，謂語動詞多用一般現(xiàn)在時。（e.g.next）

科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述Inconclusion,patientsinfectedwithinfluenzaAsubtypeH5NIareatriskofmajorcomplications,especiallysevereprimaryviralpneumonia.Patientslikelytohaveacomplicatedoradversecourseofdiseasearethoseabovetheageof5years,thosewithdelayedadmissiontohospital,thosewithleucopenia,lymphopenia,orraisedhepaticparenchymalenzymes.Rapidviraldiagnosisisfeasibleandusefulinclinicalmanagement.（結(jié)論現(xiàn)在時例）科技論文英文摘要的寫作5．1時態(tài)概述

值得指出的是，用結(jié)果來引出結(jié)論的句子，其謂語用什么時態(tài)，要視下面兩種情況定（1）前面不敘述具體結(jié)果，只是告訴讀者從研究或測得的結(jié)果里，能得出什么結(jié)論，主句的謂語動詞要用過去時態(tài)。Epidemiologicalevidenceandthefindingsofthisstudysuggestedthattherespiratorytractistheprimetargetorganinthesuddeninfantsyndrome.科技論文英文摘要的寫作OneRCTstudyindicatedbetterresponseinpatientswithvasculardementiacomparedtoAlzheimer‘sdisease.(阿爾次海默病)

RCT=randomizedclinicaltrial

科技論文英文摘要的寫作（2）前面介紹了具體結(jié)果，接著說“這些結(jié)果表明/提示、揭示……”，主句的謂語就得用一般現(xiàn)在時。Thenonselectiveadenosinereceptoragonist5‘-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine(NECA)decreasedcollagenaseproductionbyIL-1-stimulatedsynoviocytesfrom196±28ng/ml(mean±SEM)to66±9ng/ml(P<0.001).(未完，接下張）科技論文英文摘要的寫作Therewasminimaleffectonstromelysinproduction(decreasefrom107±16ng/mlto97±15ng/ml).SelectiveadenosinereceptoragonistsimplicatedtheA2badenosinereceptorinthisactivity,and….CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA,andadirectadenylatecyclaseactivator(forskolin)alsosuppressedcollagenasegeneexpression.Thesedatasuggest

thatcAMPmediat