勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和新資調(diào)查報(bào)告2024-2025

&|AMember-ExclusiveReport–17thEdition會(huì)員專屬報(bào)告-第17版 GETAHEADINYOURCAREERWITHINTERNATIONALBUSINESSSCHOOLSUZHOUInternationalBusinessSchoolSuzhou(IBSS)atXJTLUoffersarangeofMasterandExecutiveEducationprogrammestoprepareleadersandprofessionalstocopewiththeever-chang-ingbusinessenvironment,learnemerginganalyticaltools,anddevelopaleadershipmindset.Part-timeMasterDegreeProgrammesInternationalMBAforExecutivesMScManagement

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8Suzhou,Jiangsu,China215123中國江蘇蘇州工業(yè)園區(qū)獨(dú)墅湖高教區(qū)崇文路8號(hào)西浦南校區(qū)IBSS大樓LABORMARKET&SALARYREPORT2024|2025GERMANCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEINCHINATheGermanChamberofCommerceinChinacurrentlyhasaround2,100membersandistheofficialmemberorganizationforGermancompaniesinChina.IthelpsitsmemberstothriveintheChinesemarketbyprovidingrelevantmarketintelligenceandpracticalguidance.ItoffersaplatformfortheSino-Germanbusinesscommunityandadvocatesforitsmembers'intereststowardstakeholders,includinggovernmentbodiesandthepublic.ContactforpressinquiriesCarinaMingleHeadofMediaRelations&CorporateCommunications+86-10-6539-6670mingle.carina@china.ahk.de

ContactforfurtherinformationAuroraLiuEconomic+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.de?2024GermanChamberofCommerceinChina(GCC).Nopartofthiscontentandpublicationmaybereproducedwithoutpriorpermission.Forfurtherquestions,pleaserefertotheprovidedcontactpersons.Whileeveryreasonableeffortismadetoensurethattheinformationprovidedisaccurate,noguaranteesforthecurrencyoraccuracyofinformationaremade.Allmaterialrelatingtoinformation,products,andservices(ortothirdpartyinformation,productsandservices),isprovided'asis',withoutanyrepresentationorendorsementmadeandwithoutwarrantyofanykind,includingtheimpliedwarrantiesofsatisfactoryquality,fitnessforaparticularpurpose,non-infringement,compatibility,securityandaccuracy.Thecontributorsaresolelyresponsibleforthecontentthereof.ViewsexpresseddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheGermanChamberofCommerceinChina.andtheseentitieswillnotbeliableforanylossordamagewhatsoeverarisingfrominfringementoranydefectofrightsofthecontent.Thisinformationincludeslinkstootherwebsites.Theselinksareprovidedforyourconveniencetoprovidefurtherinformation.Theydonotsignifythatweendorsethewebsite(s).Wehavenoresponsibilityforthecontentofthelinkedwebsite(s).勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)2024|2025中國德國商會(huì)中國德國商會(huì)在中國目前擁有大約2100家會(huì)員企業(yè)，是在華德企官方會(huì)員組織。通過提供相關(guān)市場(chǎng)情報(bào)和實(shí)用指南，中國德國商會(huì)幫助其會(huì)員在中國市場(chǎng)上蓬勃發(fā)展。它為中德商業(yè)社群提供平臺(tái)，并代表其會(huì)員利益向利益相關(guān)者，包括政府機(jī)構(gòu)和公眾進(jìn)行倡導(dǎo)。媒體聯(lián)系人CarinaMingle媒體公關(guān)部高級(jí)總監(jiān)+86-10-6539-6670

了解更多報(bào)告信息，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系劉晨曦經(jīng)濟(jì)分析師+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.de?2024年中國德國商會(huì)（GCC）。未經(jīng)許可，本內(nèi)容和出版物的任何部分均不得轉(zhuǎn)載。如有其他問題，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上述聯(lián)系人。我們已盡責(zé)核對(duì)所提供信息的準(zhǔn)確性，但對(duì)此等信息的及時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性不作任何擔(dān)保。涉及信息、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)（或第三方信息、產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)）者、提供者自行負(fù)責(zé)。發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)不代表中國德國商會(huì)。因內(nèi)容或活動(dòng)素材侵權(quán)或版權(quán)缺陷遭致?lián)p失的，上述機(jī)構(gòu)概不負(fù)責(zé)。該信息含有鏈接指向其他網(wǎng)址。此等鏈接旨在方便您了解更多信息。但不表示我們認(rèn)可該等網(wǎng)址。對(duì)于鏈接網(wǎng)址的內(nèi)容，我們不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任。ContentExecutiveSummary 6LaborMarketEnvironment 8ChineseEconomy 8TotalUnemploymentRate 8YouthUnemploymentRate 8WageDevelopmentsinChina 10WageGrowth 10MinimumWagesandWageGuidelines 14SurveyResults 18EffectiveandExpectedWageDevelopmentsatGermanCompanies 18DetailedWageDevelopments 18WageLevels 23LaborCosts 28HRandRecruitmentChallenges 31ForeignEmployees 33EmployeeTurnoverandAdditionalHRData 35AbouttheSurvey 36ProfileofContributors 36CompensationData 404 1.Introduction 40WagesandWageIncreases 42SegmentationVariables 42Region 43East 47515559925155599299106CONTACTToaccessspecificcompensationdata,pleasecontact:Ms.AuroraLiuEconomicAnalystGermanChamberofCommerceinChina|Shanghai+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.deSouthandSouthwestCityTierIndustryCompanySizeTotalCostperEmployee:MedianandPercentilesDefinitionsReferences目錄內(nèi)容摘要 7勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)環(huán)境 9中國經(jīng)濟(jì) 9中國整體失業(yè)率 9青年失業(yè)率 9中國工資增長狀況 11薪資增長狀況 11最低工資及工資指導(dǎo)線 15調(diào)查結(jié)果 19在華德企實(shí)際和預(yù)期薪資變化詳細(xì)薪資變化薪資水平勞動(dòng)力成本人力資源和招聘挑戰(zhàn)外籍員工員工流動(dòng)和其它HR數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)于本次調(diào)查受訪企業(yè)簡(jiǎn)況薪酬數(shù)據(jù)簡(jiǎn)介薪資和薪資漲幅細(xì)分變量地區(qū)華東及華中華北及東北華南和西南城市分級(jí)行業(yè)企業(yè)規(guī)模每位員工總成本：中位數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)定義參考文件

1919242932343737374141 54356647178647178859299106110113更詳細(xì)的薪酬數(shù)據(jù)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系：劉晨曦經(jīng)濟(jì)分析師中國德國商會(huì)|上海+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.deEXECUTIVESUMMARYExpectedSalaryinChina:TheprojectedwagegrowthdevelopmentforGermancompaniesinChinahasbeenonadownwardtrajectory,andthetrendcontinuesitsdescentwithanexpectedgrowthrateof3.81%in2025,markingthefirstprojectionbelow4%(excludingtheanticipationfor2021madein2020,whentheinitialoutbreakofCOVID-19createduncertainty).The2025forecastis0.68PercentagePoint(p.p.)below2024’sexpectation(FigureES.1).FigureES.1:ExpectedWageGrowthDevelopmentatGermanCompaniesinChina2015-2025,NominalGrowth,in%120,000113,4538.1 120,000113,453

Ontheotherhand,DeputyGeneralManagers/BranchManagersreceiveamedianTCEofCNY66,800/month,representingadecreaseofaroundCNY20,000/month.Meanwhile,theTCEofCEOs/GeneralManagersstandsatCNY113,435/month,adecreaseofaroundCNY6,500/month(FigureES.3).FigureES.3:ComparisonofWageLevelbyProductionWorkers,LevelofSeniority&SeniorManagementTotalCostperEmployee/Month,inCNY2023 20246.235.95.995.53

4.914.88

4.493.8135,00035,000 35,00035,00018,87819,10012,00012,70011,20011,50017,35218,00086,30066,800201520162017201820192020202120222023202418,87819,10012,00012,70011,20011,50017,35218,00086,30066,800Theexpectedwagegrowthistheaverageofalltheindividualpositions’expectedwagegrowthcollectedinthesurvey.In2024,withatotalof446companiesand46differentroles,thenumberofobservationscollectedtotaled5,935.

CHINA

ProductionWorkers

Junior

Mid-Level

Senior

DeputyGM/BM

CEO/GMEffectiveSalaryinChina:Similartolastyear,theeffectivesalary6 increasedidn’tmeettheinitialexpectation.In2024,effectivesalariesexperiencedanaveragegrowthrateof3.9%,0.59p.p.belowtheinitialexpectationof4.49%(FigureES.2).FigureES.2:ExpectedandEffectiveWageIncreasesinChina2024-2025,in%

DeputyGM/BM:DeputyGeneralManager/BranchManager.CEO/GM:ChiefExecutiveOfficer/GeneralManager/ManagingDirector.ForeignEmployees:Theproportionofcompanieshiringforeignershasbeendecliningandreached65%in2024.Thisrepresentsasignificantdropofalmost20p.p.comparedtothatin2017.Theproportionfellbelow50%forthefirsttimeinsmallcompanies(43.6%)(FigureES.4).Theprimereasonforreplacingexpatriatestaffwithlocalstaffwaswagelevel.4.49

3.90

FigureES.4ShareofCompaniesEmployingForeignersCompanySizebyNumberofEmployees,in%CHINA

Lessthan

50-

Greaterthan250100%90%

94.489.9

90.6 89.2 89.4 89.3Expected2024 Effective2024 Expected

80%

84.0 80.8

77.8 78.1 73.6

82.6 81.070.8 68.8WageLevels:ThemedianTotalCostperEmployee(TCE)continuestoriseandiscurrentlyatCNY19,100/monthin2024.Productionworkers,juniorandmid-levelprofessionalspresentmediancompensationvaluesbelowChina’smedianTCEandtheirTCEsawaminorincreasecomparedto2023.

70%60%50%40%

71.4

77.2 76.2 74.1 73.6 74.269.563.2 62.458.3 59.6 56.9 58.9

65.043.620172018201920202021202220232024內(nèi)容摘要預(yù)期薪資漲幅：趨勢(shì)，并且這種趨勢(shì)目前仍在持續(xù)，2025年的預(yù)計(jì)薪資漲幅為3.81％，首次低于4％（除了2020年疫情初次爆發(fā)時(shí)不確定性引起的對(duì)2021年的預(yù)期較低的特例之外）。這一預(yù)期比20240.68個(gè)百分點(diǎn)（圖ES.1)。

圖ES.3:在華德企的薪資水平（按產(chǎn)業(yè)工人、資歷級(jí)別和高級(jí)管理層細(xì)分）2024年每位員工總成本單位：元/月1200001134532023 202412000011345335000350008630066800圖ES.1：在華德企預(yù)期薪資漲幅狀況3500035000863006680018878191001200012700112001150018878191001200012700112001150017352180008.1

6.235.95.995.53

4.914.88

4.493.81 20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025預(yù)期薪資漲幅是調(diào)查中測(cè)得的所有單個(gè)職位的預(yù)期薪資漲幅的平均值。2024年，共有46個(gè)不同的特定職位，收集到的觀察數(shù)據(jù)共計(jì)5,935個(gè)。實(shí)際薪資漲幅：與去年相同，2024年的實(shí)際薪資漲幅也未能達(dá)到先前的預(yù)期。2024年，實(shí)際薪資漲幅平均增長率為比最初預(yù)期的4.49%低了0.59個(gè)百分點(diǎn)（圖ES.2）。

外籍員工被當(dāng)?shù)貑T工取代：比例一直在下降，2024年僅有65%。與2017年相比，此比例大幅下降了近20至50%以下（43.6%）（ES.4）工的主要原因是工資水平。 7圖ES.2:中國預(yù)期薪資與實(shí)際薪資漲幅2024-2025年，單位：%

圖ES.4外籍員工所占平均百分比企業(yè)規(guī)模（按公司員工劃分），單位：%，占員工總數(shù)的百分比4.49

3.90

100%

中國94.4

50人以下

50–250

超過250人90%

89.984.0

90.6 89.2 89.4

82.6 81.080%

80.8

77.8 78.1 73.6

70.8 68.82024年預(yù)期 2024年實(shí)際 2025年預(yù)

70%60%

71.4

77.2 76.2 74.1 73.6 74.269.563.2 62.4

65.0薪資水平：每位員工成本的中位數(shù)持續(xù)上漲，2024年的中位數(shù)為19100元/月。生產(chǎn)工人、初級(jí)和中級(jí)專業(yè)人員的薪酬中位數(shù)低于全國的薪酬中位數(shù)，與2023年相比，他們的

58.3 59.6 56.9

43.6薪酬中位數(shù)略有上升。另一方面，副總經(jīng)理/分公司經(jīng)理的薪酬中位數(shù)為66800元/月，與去年相比減少了約20000元/月。同時(shí)，首席執(zhí)行官/總經(jīng)理的每位員工成本為113435元/月，減少了約6500元人民幣/月（圖ES.3）。

20172018201920202021202220232024LABORMARKETENVIRONMENTChineseEconomyChina'seconomydemonstratedamixedperformanceinthefirsthalfof2024,withGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)growthdecliningfrom5.3%inthefirstquarterto4.7%inthesecondquarter,resultinginanoverallexpansionof5%forthefirsthalfoftheyeartoreachCNY61.68trillion(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024a).Thisoverallgrowthratealignswiththegovernment'sannualtarget,despitetheevidentslowdowninthesecondquarter.Industrialoutputgrewby6%,whileretailsalesroseby3.7%.Fixed-assetinvestmentexpandedby3.9%comparedtothepreviousyear(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024b).Whiletheseindicatorsshowresilience,challengesremaininsustaininggrowth

Figure1.1:GDPGrowthDevelopment2017-2024H1*,GDPinCNYBillionandGrowthRatein%GDP GDPGrowthRate1,210,2071,260,5821,210,2071,260,5821,013,5671,143,670832,036919,281986,5158.16.9 6.76.0616,8316%14%12%10%8%6%5.0 2%0%2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 20232024H11,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,00000*2024H1representsfirsthalfoftheyear2024Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Figure1.2:China’sTotalUnemploymentRatevs.YouthUnemploymentRateJanuary-December2020-June2024,in%momentumandbalancingdevelopmentacrosssectorsamidglobaleconomicuncertainties.Nevertheless,theGermanChamber‘sFlashSurvey[1]implementedinJune2024suggestsadegreeofrenewedoptimismintheChinesemarket,with29%ofrespondentsexpectinganimprovedbusinessenvironment-asignificant8p.p.increasecomparedtothepreviousyear.AsChinafocusesonresearchanddevelopmentinitspursuitofaninnovation-driveneconomy,theseeconomictrendsandevolvingbusinesssentimentsarelikelytoinfluencethejobmarket,

NationalUrbanUnemployment21.314.95.021.314.95.020%15%10%5%0%

UrbanUnemploymentRateofthePopulationAgedfrom16to24JanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMayJunJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMayJun8

2021

2022

2023

2024TotalUnemploymentRateIn2024,China’semploymentsituationwasstable,asdemonstratedbyaslightimprovementinurbansurveyedemploymentrates.Asreported,theaverageurbansurveyedunemploymentrateforthefirsthalfof2024was5.1%(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024c),markinga0.1p.p.decreasecomparedtothefirstquarteranda0.2p.p.decreasecomparedtothesameperiodlastyear.

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.*InJune2023,thestategovernmentsuspendedreleasingitsnationalyouthunemploymentrates.ThedatawasresumedpublishinginDecember2023;however,relevantmetricswereadjusted,whichexcludedstudentsfromthesample.YouthUnemploymentRateInJune2023,theyouthunemploymentrate(aged16-24)reachedarecordhighof21.3%,afterwhichthegovernmentsuspendeditsrelease.InJanuary2024,thegovernmentresumedpublishingthedata,usingarevisedmethodologythatexcludesschoolstudents(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024d).Underthisnewmetric,theyouthunemploymentratewas14.9%(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024e)inDecember2023,stillaboutthreetimestheoverallunemploymentrate.Thegovernmentaimstoaddressthisissuethroughvariousmeasures,includingpromotingemploymentopportunitiesandprovidingsupportforyoungjobseekers(Figure1.2).勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)環(huán)境

圖1.1：中國GDP增長情況2017-2024H1*，年度數(shù)據(jù)，GDP單位：億元，GDP增速單位：%1.1中國經(jīng)濟(jì)2024產(chǎn)總值（GDP）增速從第一季度的5.3%放緩至第二季度的4.7%，上半年總體GDP增速為5%，達(dá)到61.68萬億元人民幣（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024a）。盡管第二季度增速明顯放緩，但這一總體增速與政府的年度目標(biāo)一致。（2024上半年），工業(yè)產(chǎn)值同比增長6%，零售額同比增長3.7%，固定資產(chǎn)投資同比增長3.9%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024b）。雖然這些指標(biāo)顯示了經(jīng)濟(jì)的韌性，但在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定的情況下，保持增長勢(shì)頭和平衡各行業(yè)均衡發(fā)展仍充滿挑戰(zhàn)。然而，中國德國商會(huì)于2024年6月實(shí)施的“快訊調(diào)查”[1]表明，中國市場(chǎng)在一定程度上重新恢復(fù)了樂觀，29%的受訪企業(yè)預(yù)

GDP GDP12102071260582 114367012102071260582 11436708320366.991928198651510135676.06168362.23.05.002017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 20232024*2024H1表示2024年上半年數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。圖1.2：中國城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)率與青年失業(yè)率2020-2024年6月，單位：%

16%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%0%計(jì)中國的商業(yè)環(huán)境將有所改善，與上一年相比大幅增長了8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。隨著中國在追求創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的過程中更加注重研發(fā)，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢(shì)和不斷變化的商業(yè)情緒很可能會(huì)影響就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，尤其是與技術(shù)相關(guān)的行業(yè)。隨著中國更加重視研發(fā)和發(fā)展創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢(shì)和不斷變化的商業(yè)情緒很可能會(huì)影響就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，尤其是技術(shù)相關(guān)行業(yè)。

全國城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)率21.314.95.021.314.95.020%15%10%

全國城鎮(zhèn)16-24歲人口失業(yè)率5%中國整體城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率

0%159121159121

5959121591215659591215912156

1212024 1212024年，中國就業(yè)形勢(shì)穩(wěn)中向好，城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率略有下降。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2024年上半年城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率平均為5.1%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024c），比第一季度下降0.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，比去年同期下降0.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。*2023年6月，中國政府暫停發(fā)布全國青年失業(yè)率。該數(shù)據(jù)于2023年12月進(jìn)行了算法調(diào)整，將學(xué)生排除計(jì)算范圍外后，恢復(fù)發(fā)布。青年失業(yè)率2023年6月，青年（16-24歲）失業(yè)率達(dá)到21.3%的歷史新高，此后政府宣布暫停發(fā)布該數(shù)據(jù)。2024年1月，政府恢復(fù)公布該數(shù)據(jù)，并采用了將在校學(xué)生剔除在外的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024d）。根據(jù)這一新指標(biāo)，2023年12月的青年失業(yè)率為14.9%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024e），仍是總體失業(yè)率的三倍左右。政府旨在通過各種措施解決這一問題，包括促進(jìn)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和為青年求職者提供支持（圖1.2）。userid:529794,docid:172438,date:2024-08-20,WAGEDEVELOPMENTSINCHINA2.1WageGrowthBasedonChinesestatistics,in2023,China’soverallaveragemonthlynominalwagewasreportedatCNY10,058,anincreaseofCNY556fromthepreviousyear(Renshetong,2024a).Theriseinwagesshowcaseda5.8%growthrate,signalingacontinuedimprovementinlaborconditionsandincomelevels.Nevertheless,thisgrowthraterepresentsasubstantialmoderationcomparedtothedouble-digitincreasesseenfiveyearsagoandithasalreadyreachedanall-timelow.Figure2.1:AverageWageandOverallWageGrowth2011-2023,AverageWageinCNY,AverageWageGrowthin%014.4014.411.910.19.510.18.910.010.916%14%12%10%6.75.88%6%4%2%0%201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202341,79946,76951,48356,36062,02967,56974,31882,41390,50197,379106,837114,029120,69810 Note:Annualwagesbasedon1241,79946,76951,48356,36062,02967,56974,31882,41390,50197,379106,837114,029120,698Figure2.2:GDPandWageGrowth2011-2023,in%AverageWageGrowth(nominal) GDPGrowth

Figure2.3:AverageWageandGrowthRatein24ProvincesandCitiesinChina,2023RegionAverageWageofinUrbanNon-PrivateSector,2023.(CNY/month)AverageWageofinUrbanNon-PrivateSector,2022.(CNY/month)AverageWageGrowth(Nominal)Factor*Tianjin11,50110,7946.6%1.14Zhejiang11,08710,7353.3%1.10Guangdong10,95210,4105.2%1.09Jiangsu10,42510,1442.8%1.04CHINA10,0589,5025.8%1.00Hainan9,5488,7349.3%0.95Chongqing9,4718,9176.2%0.94Sichuan9,1808,4838.2%0.91InnerMongolia9,0718,4167.8%0.90Fujian9,0438,6504.5%0.90Shandong8,9288,5217.9%0.89Shaanxi8,9148,2378.2%0.89Yunnan8,8978,5943.5%0.88Anhui8,6418,2215.1%0.86Guizhou8,5017,9516.9%0.85Gansu8,2607,5739.1%0.82Hunan8,0857,6187.0%0.80Guangxi8,0157,6724.4%0.80Heilongjiang7,9797,3538.5%0.79Shanxi7,9197,5415.1%0.79Hebei7,9027,5624.5%0.79Jilin7,9117,2698.8%0.79Jiangxi7,7337,3315.5%0.77Henan7,0136,4698.4%0.70Note:*Factorrepresentstheratioofregionalwagetonationalaveragefor2023.Monthlywages,basedon12-monthsyearbasis;allwagesarepre-tax.**DataforBeijingandShanghaiwasnotreleased.Source:Renshetong14.4

11.910.19.510.1

8.9

10.010.99.8

7.6

9.7

6.75.8

ThesuddendecouplingbetweenGDPandwagegrowthcanbeattributedtomorerecenteconomicshocks.In2023,Chinasaw9.57.97.87.3

6.96.76.96.66.1

2.2

8.1

3.0

5.2

significantlayoffsandsalaryreductionsacrossallsectors,suchastech,automotive,semiconductor,andrealestate,impactingboth2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Itisworthnoting,however,thatthegrowthtrajectoriesinaveragenominalwagesandGDPhavedivergedin2023.AsshowninFigure2.2,wagegrowthandGDPgrowthhavehistoricallyincreasedtandem;datain2023,however,showsthatGDPhasevidentlydecoupledwiththecurrentwagegrowth.

lowandhigh-incomeearnersthroughoutthesupplychains[2].Someleadingcompanies–suchasAlibaba,NIO,Tesla,andCountryGarden–announcedlayoffsorsalaryreductions,whichreflectsabroadertrendforworkforceoptimizationinthefaceofeconomicheadwinds[3].ThistrendisfurthercorroboratedbydatafromtheNationalBureauofStatistics,whichshowsadecreaseintheemploymentrateofurbanresidentsaged25-59from92.1%2022to91.6%in2023(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024f).中國工資增長狀況工資增長狀況根據(jù)中國的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，2023年，中國總體名義平均工資為10058元/月，比上年增加556元（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024e），工資增長率為5.8%，表明勞動(dòng)條件和收入水平持續(xù)改善。然而，與五年前的兩位數(shù)增幅相比，這一薪資增長率已大幅放緩，并已創(chuàng)下歷史新低。圖2.1：平均薪資及薪資漲幅年，單位：人民幣，%平均薪資 平均薪資漲幅（%）

圖2.3：2023年中國24個(gè)省市城鎮(zhèn)私營單位就業(yè)人員平均月薪資及薪資增長率省份2023省份20232022薪資漲幅（%）系數(shù)*天津11501107946.6%1.14浙江11087107353.3%1.10廣東10952104105.2%1.09江蘇10425101442.8%1.04中國1005895025.8%1.00海南954887349.3%0.95重慶947189176.2%0.94四川918084838.2%0.91內(nèi)蒙古907184167.8%0.90福建9,04386504.5%0.90山東892885217.9%0.89陜西891482378.2%0.89云南889785943.5%0.88安徽864182215.1%0.86貴州850179516.9%0.85甘肅826075739.1%0.82湖南808576187.0%0.80廣西801576724.4%0.80黑龍江797973538.5%0.79山西791975415.1%0.79河北790275624.5%0.79吉林791172698.8%0.79江西773373315.5%0.77河南701364698.4%0.7041,79946,76941,79946,76951,48356,36062,02967,56974,31882,41390,50197,379106,837114,029120,6980

14.411.914.411.910.19.510.18.910.010.96.75.8

16%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%0%注：平均薪資按12個(gè)月計(jì)算；所有薪資均為稅前薪資。數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。11圖2.2：年度GDP及薪資增速112011-2023年，單位：%平均薪資增速（名義） GDP增速14.4

11.9

10.19.510.18.910.0

10.9

9.8

7.6

9.7

6.75.8

數(shù)據(jù)來源：人社通。城鎮(zhèn)單位從業(yè)人員平均工資，月薪資按12個(gè)月計(jì)算；所有薪資均為稅前薪資。*系數(shù)代表2023年該地區(qū)薪資與國家平均水平的比率。**人社通未發(fā)布北京和上海的數(shù)據(jù)9.57.97.87.3

6.96.76.96.66.1

2.2

8.1

3.0

5.2

GDP與工資增長之間的突然分化可歸因于近期的經(jīng)濟(jì)沖擊。2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。但值得注意的是，2023年平均名義工資和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的增長軌跡出現(xiàn)了分化。如圖2.2所示，歷史上工資增長和GDP增長一直同步增長，但2023年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，GDP增長的增速明顯超過了當(dāng)前的工資增長。

2023年，中國科技、汽車、半導(dǎo)體和房地產(chǎn)等各行各業(yè)都出現(xiàn)了大幅裁員和降薪，對(duì)整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈中的低收入和高收入者都造成了影響[2]。一些領(lǐng)先企業(yè)，如阿里巴巴、蔚來汽車、特斯拉和碧桂園，宣布裁員或降薪，這反映了在經(jīng)濟(jì)逆風(fēng)下勞動(dòng)力優(yōu)化的大趨勢(shì)[3]。國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了這一趨勢(shì)，該數(shù)據(jù)顯示25-59歲城鎮(zhèn)居民就業(yè)率將從2022年的92.1%降至2023年的91.6%（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024f）。Followingthereleaseofthenationalaveragewagedatafor2023,twenty-fourprovincesandcitiesinChinahaveofficiallydisclosedtheiraveragewages(Renshetong,2024b)(Figure2.3).Amongthese,fourregions–Tianjin,Zhejiang,Guangdong,andJiangsu–standoutwiththeiraveragewagessurpassingthenationalaverage;theseregionswerealsotheones,amongallsurveyedprovinces,reportedwithmonthlywagesexceedingCNY10,000.Amongthetopperformers,TianjinsurpassedotherprovinceswithanaverageannualwageofCNY138,007,aCNY8,465increasefromlastyear.ThistranslatestoamonthlyaverageofCNY11,501.ZhejiangfollowswithanaverageannualwageofCNY133,045.Notably,Hainan,Gansu,Sichuan,andShaanxiexperiencedthemostsubstantialgrowthrates,rangingfrom8.2%to9.3%.Information&CommunicationTechnologyAccommodationInformation&CommunicationTechnologyAccommodation&CateringServicesWholesale&RetailTrades

Figure2.4:GDPGrowthRatebyIndustry,2024Q1GrowthRatein%

13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%5.2%3.8%3.5%BusinessServicesTransportationIndustrial13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%5.2%3.8%3.5%BusinessServicesTransportationIndustrialConstructionFinanceOthersAgricultureRealEstatetechindustriescontinuedtodominatethelabormarketintermsof wagepayment.TheInformationandCommunicationTechnologysectormaintaineditssteadyposition–incomparisontothe2022ranking—asthehighest-payingindustrywithanannualwageofCNY231,810;itsrobust13.7%year-on-yearGDPgrowthrecordedin2024Q1furtherunderlinesitsmomentumandpotential(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024h)(Figure2.4).TechnicalServices&ScientificResearch,ontheotherhand,maintaineditsthirdplacewithanannualwageofCNY171,447.Meanwhile,thefinancesectoremergedwithanimpressive13.4%wagegrowth,reachinganannualwageofCNY197,663(Figure2.5).12 Conversely,therealestatesectorcontinuedtofaceheadwinds,withamere1.8%wagegrowthrateandanannualwageofCNY91,932(Figure2.5).Whilethetransitionfromnegativetopositivegrowthsignalspositivechange(in2022,thegrowthrateofwagedevelopmentinrealestatewas-0.9%)[4],thesectorwastheonlyindustryexperiencinganegativeyear-on-yearGDPgrowthin2024Q1.Thisreflectsthesector’songoingchallenges,includingconservativepurchasingduetomacroeconomicuncertaintyandshrinkingprofitmarginsfacedbydevelopers(Figure2.4).Thehospitalityindustryhasreboundedremarkablyfromtheanti-pandemicmeasuresandrealizeda7.3%year-on-yearGDPgrowthin2024Q1(Figure2.4).Itsannualwagealsowitnesseda7.6%increase,reachingCNY58,094annually.Furthermore,themanufacturingsectorshowedresiliencewitha6.6%wagegrowth,underscoringitscontinuedimportancetotheChineseeconomy(Figure2.5).Notably,thepublicmanagement&socialorganizationssectorexperiencedanaveragewagedecline,witha-0.3%growthrate(Figure2.5).ThenegativegrowthcouldbeattributedtotheChinesegovernment’sfiscaltighteningmeasurestomanagedebtlevelsandaddresseconomicchallenges[5],asthegivensectorisundergreatergovernmentcontrol.Thesemeasuresledtoa

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Figure2.5:WageDevelopmentsbyIndustry,2023Rankedbasedon2023AnnualWagesIndustry20232022GrowthFactor*IT231,810220,4185.2%1.92FinanceServices197,663174,34113.4%1.64TechnicalServices,R&D171,447163,4864.9%1.42Healthcare143,818135,2226.4%1.19Utilities143,594132,9648.0%1.19Mining135,025121,52211.1%1.12Culture127,334121,1515.1%1.05Wholesale&Retail124,362115,4087.8%1.03Education124,067120,4223.0%1.03Transport&Logistics122,705115,3456.4%1.02CHINA120,698114,0295.8%1.00PublicManagement&SocialOrganizations117,108117,440-0.3%0.97BusinessServices109,264106,5002.6%0.91Manufacturing103,93297,5286.6%0.86RealEstate91,93290,3461.8%0.76Construction85,80478,2959.6%0.71ResidentialServices68,91965,4785.3%0.57Water&Environment68,65668,2560.6%0.57Agriculture62,95258,9766.7%0.52Hospitality58,09453,9957.6%0.48Note:*Factorrepresentstheratioofindustry-specificaveragewagestonationalaveragewagefor2023.Annualwagesbasedon12months.Allwagesarepre-tax.Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.reducedbudgetaryallocationforpublicsectorwages,resultinginstagnantorevendecliningsalariesinthissector.Overall,thelabormarketandwagesin2023mirrorChina’sbroadereconomicpicture:amixofresilienceinhigh-growthsectors,ongoingchallengesintraditionalindustries,andsignsofreboundinsectorsstruckbythepandemic.隨著2023年全國平均工資數(shù)據(jù)的公布，中國有24個(gè)省市也陸續(xù)公布了當(dāng)?shù)氐钠骄べY（人社通，2024a）（圖2.3）。天津、浙江、廣東、江蘇4也是所有調(diào)查省份中月工資超過一萬元的地區(qū)。其中，天津以138007元的年平均工資領(lǐng)先于其他省份，比去年增加了8465元，折合為月平均工資11501元/月。浙江緊隨其后，年平均工資為133045元人民幣。值得注意的是，海南、甘肅、8.2%到9.3%之間。2023年各行業(yè)的工資發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)分化格局（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024g）（圖2.5）。就薪資水平而言，高科技行業(yè)繼續(xù)領(lǐng)先于勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的其他行業(yè)。與2022年相比，信息傳輸、軟件和信息技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)以231810元的年薪穩(wěn)居高薪行業(yè)榜首；該行業(yè)在2024年第一季度國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值同比增長13.7%，進(jìn)一步凸顯了其發(fā)展勢(shì)頭和潛力（國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，2024h）（圖2.4）。另一方面，技術(shù)服務(wù)和科學(xué)研究以171447元的年薪保持第三位。與此同時(shí)，金融業(yè)以13.4%的工資增長成為相對(duì)贏家，年工資達(dá)到197663元（圖2.5）。

圖2.4：2024年第一季度分行業(yè)GDP增速GDP增速單位：%13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%數(shù)據(jù)來源：中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。

3.8%3.5%

-5.4%相反，房地產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨持續(xù)的不利因素，2023年工資年增長率僅為1.8%，為91932元（圖2.5）。雖然從負(fù)增長到正增長的轉(zhuǎn)變釋放了一個(gè)積極信號(hào)（2022年，房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)工資發(fā)展增長率為-0.9%）[4]，但該行業(yè)是唯一一個(gè)2024年第一季度國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值同比負(fù)增長的行業(yè)，這反映了該行業(yè)面臨的持續(xù)挑戰(zhàn)，包括宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定性下客戶保守的購房意愿，以及開發(fā)商面臨的利潤空間縮小的問題（圖2.4）。2024年第一季度，住宿和餐飲業(yè)在之前的抗疫措施后得到顯著反彈，實(shí)現(xiàn)了7.3%的GDP同比增長（圖2.4），2023年，其平均工資也增長了7.6%，達(dá)到58094元。此外，制造業(yè)工資同比增長6.6%，顯示出其韌性，凸顯出其對(duì)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)重要性（圖2.5）。公共管理、社會(huì)保障和社會(huì)組織行業(yè)的平均工資有所下降，年度增長率為-0.3%（圖2.5）。出現(xiàn)負(fù)增長的原因可能是中國政府為管理債務(wù)水平和應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)而采取了財(cái)政緊縮措施[5]，這些措施導(dǎo)致對(duì)公共部門工資的預(yù)算撥款減少，而該行業(yè)受到更多的來自政府的控制，導(dǎo)致其平均工資停滯不前甚至下降。總體而言，2023年的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和工資狀況反映了中國更廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)：在高增長領(lǐng)域保持韌性，在傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)面臨持續(xù)挑戰(zhàn)，而受到疫情影響的部分行業(yè)則出現(xiàn)了有力復(fù)蘇的跡象。

圖2.5：2023年薪資增長狀況（按行業(yè)細(xì)分）行業(yè)2023行業(yè)20232022增長率（%）系數(shù)*信息傳輸、軟件和信息技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)2318102204185.2%1.92金融業(yè)19766317434113.4%1.64科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)1714471634864.9%1.42衛(wèi)生和社會(huì)工作1438181352226.4%1.19電力、熱力、燃?xì)饧八a(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)1435941329648.0%1.19采礦業(yè)13502512152211.1%1.12文化、體育和娛樂業(yè)1273341211515.1%1.05批發(fā)和零售業(yè)1243621154087.8%1.03教育1240671204223.0%1.03交通運(yùn)輸、倉儲(chǔ)和郵政業(yè)1227051153456.4%1.02中國1206981140295.8%1.00公共管理、社會(huì)保障和社會(huì)組織117108117440-0.3%0.97商業(yè)服務(wù)1092641065002.6%0.91制造業(yè)103932975286.6%0.86房地產(chǎn)業(yè)91932903461.8%0.76建筑業(yè)85804782959.6%0.71居民服務(wù)、修理和其他服務(wù)業(yè)68919654785.3%0.57水利、環(huán)境和公共設(shè)施管理業(yè)68656682560.6%0.57農(nóng)林牧漁62952589766.7%0.52住宿和餐飲業(yè)58094539957.6%0.4813數(shù)據(jù)來源：國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局。*系數(shù)代表2023年該行業(yè)平均薪資與國家平均薪資的比率。MinimumWagesandWageGuidelinesChina'sminimumwagesystem,establishedin2004,mandatesthelowestremunerationemployersmustprovideforworkperformedduringstandardhours,excludingovertime,allowances,andbenefits(MOHRSS,2004).BetweenApril2023andApril2024,China’sminimumwagestandardsawadjustmentsin15regions,asreportedbyChina’sMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurity.

ShanghaimaintaineditstoppositionatCNY2,690forClassAmonthlywages,whileJiangsuandZhejiangsurpassedShenzhenandBeijingtobecomethehighestminimum-wagepayersafterShanghai.WithincreasesinNingxia,Tibet,Gansu,andHainan,thenumberofprovincesandmunicipalitieswithClassAmonthlyminimumwagesexceedingCNY2,000increasedto21(Figure2.6).Figure2.6:MinimumWageRatesinChina,2024RegionClassRegionClassLastIncrease*ValidsinceABCD(%)ValidsinceShanghai2690---3.9%7/1/2023Jiangsu249022602010-9.2%1/1/2024Zhejiang249022602010-9.2%1/1/2024Beijing2420---4.3%9/1/2023Shenzhen2360---7.3%12/1/2021Tianjin2320---6.4%11/1/2023Guangdong230019001720162011.5%12/1/2021Hubei221019501800-9.1%2/1/2024Hebei220020001800-11.6%1/1/2023Shandong220020101820-5.9%10/1/2023Shaanxi216020501950-11.0%5/1/2023Henan210020001800-9.5%1/1/2024Chongqing21002000--17.2%4/1/2022Sichuan210019701870-19.3%4/1/2022Tibet2100---13.5%9/1/2023Anhui206019301870178029.3%3/1/2023Ningxia20501900--4.2%3/1/2024Fujian203019601810166014.7%4/1/2022Gansu202019601910185010.9%11/1/2023Hainan20101850--8.4%12/1/2023Jiangxi200018701740-8.1%4/1/2024Guangxi199018401690-14.9%11/1/2023Yunnan199018401690-5.2%10/1/2023Shanxi198018801780-7.1%1/1/2023InnerMongolia198019101850-15.4%12/1/2021Hunan193017401550-12.9%4/1/2022Liaoning19101710158014206.9%11/1/2021Xinjiang19001700162015405.0%4/1/2021Guizhou189017601660-5.6%1/1/2022Jilin18801760164015404.6%12/1/2021Qinghai1880---10.6%1/1/2022Heilongjiang186016101450-12.0%4/1/202114Note:"Class"referstodi