《水處理技術(shù)（雙語）》課件-泵的基礎(chǔ)知識

PumpBasics泵的基礎(chǔ)知識泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications泵是輸送液體或使液體增壓的機械。它將原動機的機械能或其他外部能量傳送給液體，使液體能量增加。

Apumpisamachinethatconveysaliquidorpressurizesaliquid.Ittransmitsmechanicalenergyfromtheprimemoverorotherexternalenergytotheliquidtoincreasetheenergyoftheliquid.泵主要用來輸送水、油、酸堿液、乳化液、懸乳液和液態(tài)金屬等液體，也可輸送液、氣混合物及含懸浮固體物的液體。

Pumpsaremainlyusedtoconveyliquidssuchaswater,oil,acidandalkaliliquids,emulsions,suspensionliquidsandliquidmetals,andcanalsoconveyliquidandgasmixturesandliquidscontainingsuspendedsolids.泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications按泵的工作原理可將泵分為容積式泵、葉片式泵和其他類型的泵。Pumpscanbedividedintopositivedisplacementpumps,vanepumpsandothertypesofpumpsaccordingtotheworkingprincipleofthepump。圖為動力式泵PoweredPumps圖為容積式泵Volumetricpumps泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications除按工作原理分類外，還可按其他方法分類和命名。如，按驅(qū)動方法可分為電動泵和水輪泵等Inadditiontoclassificationaccordingtotheworkingprinciple,canalsobeclassifiedandnamedaccordingtoothermethods.Forexample,accordingtothedrivingmethodcanbedividedintoelectricpumpsandwaterwheelpumps,etc.圖為水輪泵Waterwheelpumps圖為電動泵ElectricPumps泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為單級泵和多級泵Accordingtothestructurecanbedividedintosingle-stagepumpandmulti-stagepump圖為多級泵Multi-stagepumps圖為單級泵Single-stagepumps泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications按用途可分為鍋爐給水泵和計量泵等Accordingtotheusecanbedividedintoboilerfeedpumpandmeteringpump,etc.圖為鍋爐給水泵Boilerfeedpump圖為計量泵MeteringPumps泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications按輸送液體的性質(zhì)可分為水泵、油泵和泥漿泵等Accordingtothenatureofthetransportedliquidcanbedividedintopumps,oilpumpsandmudpumps,etc.圖為油泵Oilpumps圖為水泵WaterPump圖為泥漿泵Mudpumps泵的類型及應(yīng)用Typesofpumpsandapplications泵的各個性能參數(shù)之間存在著一定的相互依賴變化關(guān)系，可以畫成曲線來表示，稱為泵的特性曲線，每一臺泵都有自己特定的特性曲線。Thereisacertaininterdependentchangerelationshipbetweeneachperformanceparameterofthepump,whichcanbedrawnasacurvetorepresent,calledthepumpcharacteristiccurve,eachpumphasitsownspecificcharacteristiccurve.圖為泵的特性曲線Pumpcharacteristiccurve泵的定義與歷史來源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps泵的發(fā)明源于人們對水提升的需求，水的提升對于人類生活和生產(chǎn)都十分重要。Theinventionofthepumpstemsfromtheneedtoliftwater,whichisimportantforhumanlifeandproduction.古代已有各種提水器具，如埃及的鏈泵（前17世紀)、中國的桔槔（jiegao）（前17世紀)、轆轤（lulu）（前11世紀)、水車(公元1世紀)，以及公元前3世紀古希臘阿基米德發(fā)明的螺旋桿等。Inancienttimestherehavebeenavarietyofwaterliftingapparatus,suchastheEgyptianchainpump(17thcenturyBC),theChineseorangepulley(jiegao)(17thcenturyBC),windlass(lulu)(11thcenturyBC),thewaterwheel(1stcenturyAD),aswellasthe3rdcenturyBCArchimedesofancientGreeceinventedthescrewrod.圖為中國的桔槔ChineseOrangePulley圖為埃及的鏈泵ChainpumpsinEgypt圖為阿基米德發(fā)明的螺旋桿Archimedesinventedthespiralrod泵的定義與歷史來源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps公元前200年左右，古希臘工匠克特西比烏斯發(fā)明了最原始的活塞泵-滅火泵。Around200BC,theancientGreekcraftsmanCtesibiusinventedthemostprimitivepistonpump-fireextinguishingpump.早在1588年就有了關(guān)于4葉片滑片泵的記載，以后陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了其他各種回轉(zhuǎn)泵。1689年，法國的帕潘發(fā)明了4葉片葉輪的蝸殼離心泵。Asearlyas1588,thereisarecordonthe4vaneslidingvanepump,andlaterappearedavarietyofotherrotarypumps.1689,France'sPapaninventedthe4vaneimpellerwormgearcentrifugalpump.圖為4葉片滑片泵4VaneSliderPumps圖為活塞泵-滅火泵Pistonpump-fireextinguishingpump圖為蝸殼離心泵Wormgearcentrifugalpumps1818年，美國出現(xiàn)了具有徑向直葉片、半開式雙吸葉輪和蝸殼的離心泵。

In1818,centrifugalpumpswithradialstraightvane,semi-opendoublesuctionimpellerandwormcasingappearedintheUnitedStates.1840~1850年，美國的沃辛頓發(fā)明了泵缸和蒸汽缸對置的蒸汽直接作用的活塞泵，標志著現(xiàn)代活塞泵的形成。

1840~1850,theUnitedStatesWorthingtoninventedthepumpcylinderandsteamcylinderopposedtothedirectactionofsteampistonpump,markingtheformationofthemodernpistonpump.泵的定義與歷史來源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps圖為活塞泵原理圖Pistonpumpschematic1851~1875年，帶有導葉的多級離心泵相繼發(fā)明，使發(fā)展高揚程離心泵成為可能。

From1851to1875,multi-stagecentrifugalpumpswithguidevaneswereinventedoneafteranother,makingitpossibletodevelophighheadcentrifugalpumps.隨后，各種泵相繼問世。隨著各種先進技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，泵的效率逐步提高，性能范圍和應(yīng)用也日漸擴大。

Subsequently,avarietyofpumpswereintroducedoneafteranother.Withtheapplicationofvariousadvancedtechnologies,theefficiencyofthepumpgraduallyimproved,theperformancerangeandapplicationisalsograduallyexpanded.泵的定義與歷史來源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps圖為多級離心泵Multi-stagecentrifugalpumps泵的分類Classificationofpumps（一）按泵的工作原理分類Classificationaccordingtotheworkingprincipleofthepump按泵的工作原理可將泵分為容積式泵、葉片式泵和其他類型的泵。

Pumpscanbedividedintopositivedisplacementpumps,vanepumpsandothertypesofpumpsaccordingtotheworkingprincipleofthepump。泵的分類Classificationofpumps①葉片式泵，依靠旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉輪對液體的動力作用，把能量連續(xù)地傳遞給液體，使液體的動能(為主)和壓力能增加，隨后通過壓出室將動能轉(zhuǎn)換為壓力能，又可分為離心泵、軸流泵和旋渦泵等。①Vanepump,relyingonthedynamiceffectoftherotatingimpellerontheliquid,theenergyiscontinuouslytransferredtotheliquid,sothatthekineticenergy(mainly)andpressureenergyoftheliquidincreases,andthenthekineticenergyisconvertedintopressureenergythroughthepress-outchamber,whichcanalsobedividedintocentrifugalpump,axialflowpumpandvortexpump,etc.葉片式泵離心泵軸流泵混流泵旋渦泵泵的分類Classificationofpumps②容積式泵，依靠包容液體的密封工作空間容積的周期性變化，把能量周期性地傳遞給液體，使液體的壓力增加至將液體強行排出，根據(jù)工作元件的運動形式又可分為往復泵和回轉(zhuǎn)泵。Volumetricpump,relyingontheperiodicchangesinthevolumeofthesealedworkingspacecontainingtheliquid,theenergyistransferredtotheliquidperiodically,sothatthepressureoftheliquidincreasestoforcetheliquidtodischarge,accordingtotheformofmovementoftheworkingelementscanbedividedintoreciprocatingpumpsandrotarypumps.圖為回轉(zhuǎn)泵Rotarypumps圖為往復泵ReciprocatingPumps泵的分類Classificationofpumps③其他類型的泵，以其他形式傳遞能量。Othertypesofpumpsthattransferenergyinotherforms.如射流泵依靠高速噴射的工作流體將需輸送的流體吸入泵后混合，進行動量交換以傳遞能量;Forexample,ajetpumpreliesonahigh-speedjetofworkingfluidtobetransportedafterthepumpissuckedintothemix,themomentumexchangetotransferenergy;

水錘泵利用制動時流動中的部分水被升到一定高度傳遞能量;Waterhammerpumpsusesomeofthewaterintheflowwhenbrakingtoberaisedtoacertainheighttotransferenergy;

電磁泵是使通電的液態(tài)金屬在電磁力作用下產(chǎn)生流動而實現(xiàn)輸送。Electromagneticpumpistomaketheenergizedliquidmetalflowundertheactionofelectromagneticforceandrealizethetransportation.另外，泵也可按輸送液體的性質(zhì)、驅(qū)動方法、結(jié)構(gòu)、用途等進行分類。Inaddition,thepumpcanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothenatureofthetransportedliquid,drivingmethod,structure,use,etc.其他類型射流泵水錘泵電磁泵泵的分類Classificationofpumps按工作葉輪數(shù)目來分類可以分為單級泵、多級泵。Accordingtothenumberofworkingimpellerstoclassifycanbedividedintosingle-stagepumps,multi-stagepumps.①單級泵:即在泵軸上只有—個葉輪。Single-stagepump:i.e.,only-oneimpelleronthepumpshaft.②多級泵:即在泵軸上有兩個或兩個以上的葉輪，這時泵的總揚程為多個葉輪產(chǎn)生的揚程之和。Multi-stagepump:thatis,therearetwoormoreimpellersonthepumpshaft,whenthetotalheadofthepumpisthesumoftheheadsproducedbymultipleimpellers.泵的分類Classificationofpumps按工作壓力來分類，分別有低壓泵、中壓泵、高壓泵。Classifiedbyworkingpressure,therearelowpressurepumps,mediumpressurepumpsandhighpressurepumps.①低壓泵:壓力低于100米水柱；Lowpressurepumps:pressuresbelow100mwatercolumn.②中壓泵:壓力在100~650米水柱之間；Mediumpressurepumps:pressuresbetween100and650mwatercolumn.③高壓泵:壓力高于650米水柱。

Highpressurepump:Pressurehigherthan650mwatercolumn.圖為中壓泵Mediumpressurepumps圖為低壓泵Lowpressurepumps圖為高壓泵HighPressurePumps泵的分類Classificationofpumps按葉輪進水方式來分類，可分為單側(cè)進水式泵、雙側(cè)進水式泵。Accordingtotheclassificationofimpellerwaterinlet,itcanbedividedintosingle-sidewaterinletpumpanddouble-sidewaterinletpump.①單側(cè)進水式泵:又叫單吸泵，即葉輪上只有一個進水口;Single-sideinletpump:alsocalledsinglesuctionpump,i.e.thereisonlyonewaterinletontheimpeller;②雙側(cè)進水式泵:又叫雙吸泵，即葉輪兩側(cè)都有一個進水口。它流量比單吸式泵大一倍，可以近似看作是二個單吸泵葉輪背靠背地放在了一起。Doublesideinletpump:alsocalleddoublesuctionpump,thatis,thereisawaterinletonbothsidesoftheimpeller.Itistwiceaslargeasthesinglesuctionpump,andcanbeapproximatedastwosinglesuctionpumpimpellersplacedbacktoback.泵的分類Classificationofpumps按泵軸位置來分類，有臥式泵和立式泵。Classifiedbypumpshaftposition,therearehorizontalpumpsandverticalpumps.①臥式泵:泵軸位于水平位置。Horizontalpump:Thepumpshaftislocatedinhorizontalposition.②立式泵:泵軸位于垂直位置。Verticalpump:Thepumpshaftislocatedinverticalposition.圖為立式泵VerticalPumps圖為臥式泵Horizontalpumps泵的分類Classificationofpumps泵的分類Classificationofpumps按葉輪出來的水引向壓出室的方式分類，可分為蝸殼泵和導葉泵這2類。Accordingtothewaythewatercomingoutoftheimpellerisledtothepressurechamber,itcanbedividedinto2categories:wormgearpumpsandguidevanepumps.①蝸殼泵:水從葉輪出來后，直接進入具有螺旋線形狀的泵殼。Wormgearpump:Watercomesoutoftheimpellerandgoesdirectlyintothepumpcasingwhichhasaspirallineshape.②導葉泵:水從葉輪出來后，進入它外面設(shè)置的導葉，之后進下一級或流入出口管。(常用于多級泵)Vaneguidepump:Afterthewatercomesoutoftheimpeller,itenterstheguidevanesetoutsideit,andthengoesintothenextstageorflowsintotheoutletpipe.(Commonlyusedinmulti-stagepumps)圖為導葉泵Vaneguidepumps圖為蝸殼泵Wormgearpumps泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication從泵的性能范圍看，巨型泵的流量每小時可達幾十萬立方米以上，而微型泵的流量每小時則在幾十毫升以下；

(a)Intermsoftherangeofpumpperformance,theflowrateofgiantpumpscanreachmorethanseveralhundredthousandcubicmetersperhour,whiletheflowrateofmicropumpsisbelowseveraltensofmillilitersperhour.泵的壓力可從常壓到高達19.61Mpa以上;被輸送液體的溫度最低達-200℃以下，最高可達800℃以上。泵輸送液體的種類繁多，諸如輸送水(清水、污水等)、油液、酸堿液、懸浮液、和液態(tài)金屬等。Thepressureofthepumpcanrangefromatmosphericpressuretomorethan19.61Mpa;thetemperatureoftheconveyedliquidcanbeaslowas-200℃andashighas800℃.Pumpsconveyawidevarietyofliquids,suchaswater(clearwater,sewage,etc.),oil,acidandalkalineliquids,suspensions,andliquidmetals.圖為微型泵MicroPumps圖為巨型泵GiantPumps泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在化工和石油部門的生產(chǎn)中，原料、半成品和成品大多是液體，而將原料制成半成品和成品，需要經(jīng)過復雜的工藝過程，泵在這些過程中起到了輸送液體和提供化學反應(yīng)的壓力流量的作用，此外，在很多裝置中還用泵來調(diào)節(jié)溫度。Inthechemicalandpetroleumsectorproduction,rawmaterials,semi-finishedandfinishedproductsaremostlyliquid,andtherawmaterialsintosemi-finishedandfinishedproducts,needtogothroughacomplexprocess,thepumpintheseprocessesplayaroleintransportingliquidandprovidepressureflowofchemicalreactions,inaddition,inmanydevicesalsousethepumptoregulatethetemperature.圖為低溫液體泵CryogenicLiquid圖為石油化工流程泵Petrochemicalprocesspumps泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，泵是主要的排灌機械。我國農(nóng)村幅原廣闊，每年農(nóng)村都需要大量的泵，一般來說農(nóng)用泵占泵總產(chǎn)量—半以上。Inagriculturalproduction,thepumpisthemaindrainageandirrigationmachinery.China'sruralareasarevast,everyyeartheruralareasneedalargenumberofpumps,generallyspeaking,agriculturalpumpsaccountforthetotaloutputofpumps-morethanhalf.圖為農(nóng)用泵AgriculturalPumps泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication圖為煤礦用泥漿泵Mudpumpforcoalmine在礦業(yè)和冶金工業(yè)中，泵也是使用最多的設(shè)備。礦井需要用泵排水，在選礦、冶煉和軋制過程中，需用泵來供水先等。Intheminingandmetallurgicalindustry,thepumpisalsothemostusedequipment.Pumpsareneededtodrainmines,andintheprocessofmineralprocessing,smeltingandrolling,pumpsareneededtosupplywaterfirst,etc.泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在電力部門，核電站需要核主泵、二級泵、三級泵Inthepowersector,nuclearpowerplantsrequirenuclearmainpumps,secondarypumps,tertiarypumps圖為核主泵NuclearMainPumps泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication熱電廠需要大量的鍋爐給水泵、冷凝水泵、循環(huán)水泵和灰渣泵等。Thermalpowerplantsrequirealargenumberofboilerfeedpumps,condensatepumps,circulationpumpsandashpumps.圖為鍋爐給水泵Boilerfeedpump圖為冷凝水泵Condensatepumps圖為循環(huán)水泵Circulatingwaterpump圖為灰渣泵Slagpumps泵在各個領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在國防建設(shè)中，飛機襟翼、尾舵和起落架的調(diào)節(jié)、軍艦和坦克炮