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專題18轉(zhuǎn)化的數(shù)學(xué)思想在壓軸題中的應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化思想在數(shù)學(xué)壓軸題中應(yīng)用比較廣泛,例如在幾何壓軸題中,多應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化思想,具體表現(xiàn)為利用平移、旋轉(zhuǎn)、翻折、全等等圖形變換或者等量變換將未知的問題轉(zhuǎn)化為已知問題,將復(fù)雜的問題轉(zhuǎn)化為簡單的問題。 (2022·山東煙臺(tái)·統(tǒng)考中考真題)(1)【問題呈現(xiàn)】如圖1,△ABC和△ADE都是等邊三角形,連接BD,CE.求證:BD=CE.(2)【類比探究】如圖2,△ABC和△ADE都是等腰直角三角形,∠ABC=∠ADE=90°.連接BD,CE.請(qǐng)直接寫出SKIPIF1<0的值.(3)【拓展提升】如圖3,△ABC和△ADE都是直角三角形,∠ABC=∠ADE=90°,且SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0.連接BD,CE.①求SKIPIF1<0的值;②延長CE交BD于點(diǎn)F,交AB于點(diǎn)G.求sin∠BFC的值.(1)證明△BAD≌△CAE,從而得出結(jié)論;(2)證明△BAD∽△CAE,進(jìn)而得出結(jié)果;(3)①先證明△ABC∽△ADE,再證得△CAE∽△BAD,進(jìn)而得出結(jié)果;②在①的基礎(chǔ)上得出∠ACE=∠ABD,進(jìn)而∠BFC=∠BAC,進(jìn)一步得出結(jié)果.【答案】(1)見解析(2)SKIPIF1<0(3)①SKIPIF1<0;②SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)證明:∵△ABC和△ADE都是等邊三角形,∴AD=AE,AB=AC,∠DAE=∠BAC=60°,∴∠DAE﹣∠BAE=∠BAC﹣∠BAE,∴∠BAD=∠CAE,∴△BAD≌△CAE(SAS),∴BD=CE;(2)解:∵△ABC和△ADE都是等腰直角三角形,SKIPIF1<0,∠DAE=∠BAC=45°,∴∠DAE﹣∠BAE=∠BAC﹣∠BAE,∴∠BAD=∠CAE,∴△BAD∽△CAE,SKIPIF1<0;(3)解:①SKIPIF1<0,∠ABC=∠ADE=90°,∴△ABC∽△ADE,∴∠BAC=∠DAE,SKIPIF1<0,∴∠CAE=∠BAD,∴△CAE∽△BAD,SKIPIF1<0;②由①得:△CAE∽△BAD,∴∠ACE=∠ABD,∵∠AGC=∠BGF,∴∠BFC=∠BAC,∴sin∠BFCSKIPIF1<0.本題考查了等腰三角形的性質(zhì),全等三角形的判定和性質(zhì),相似三角形的判定和性質(zhì)等知識(shí),解決問題的關(guān)鍵是熟練掌握“手拉手”模型及其變形.(2022·山東濰坊·中考真題)【情境再現(xiàn)】甲、乙兩個(gè)含SKIPIF1<0角的直角三角尺如圖①放置,甲的直角頂點(diǎn)放在乙斜邊上的高的垂足O處,將甲繞點(diǎn)O順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)銳角到圖②位置.小瑩用作圖軟件Geogebra按圖②作出示意圖,并連接SKIPIF1<0,如圖③所示,SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于E,SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于F,通過證明SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0.請(qǐng)你證明:SKIPIF1<0.【遷移應(yīng)用】延長SKIPIF1<0分別交SKIPIF1<0所在直線于點(diǎn)P,D,如圖④,猜想并證明SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的位置關(guān)系.【拓展延伸】小亮將圖②中的甲、乙換成含SKIPIF1<0角的直角三角尺如圖⑤,按圖⑤作出示意圖,并連接SKIPIF1<0,如圖⑥所示,其他條件不變,請(qǐng)你猜想并證明SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的數(shù)量關(guān)系.證明SKIPIF1<0,即可得出結(jié)論;通過SKIPIF1<0,可以求出SKIPIF1<0,得出結(jié)論SKIPIF1<0;證明SKIPIF1<0,得出SKIPIF1<0,得出結(jié)論;【答案】證明見解析;垂直;SKIPIF1<0【詳解】證明:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0;遷移應(yīng)用:SKIPIF1<0,證明:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0;拓展延伸:SKIPIF1<0,證明:在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,由上一問題可知,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.本題考查旋轉(zhuǎn)變換,涉及知識(shí)點(diǎn):全等三角形的判定與性質(zhì),相似三角形的判定與性質(zhì)、銳角三角函數(shù)、等角的余角相等,解題關(guān)鍵結(jié)合圖形靈活應(yīng)用相關(guān)的判定與性質(zhì).(2022·廣西貴港·中考真題)已知:點(diǎn)C,D均在直線l的上方,SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0都是直線l的垂線段,且SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0的右側(cè),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0相交于點(diǎn)O.(1)如圖1,若連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的形狀為______,SKIPIF1<0的值為______;(2)若將SKIPIF1<0沿直線l平移,并以SKIPIF1<0為一邊在直線l的上方作等邊SKIPIF1<0.①如圖2,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0重合時(shí),連接SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的長;②如圖3,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),連接SKIPIF1<0并延長交直線l于點(diǎn)F,連接SKIPIF1<0.求證:SKIPIF1<0.(1)過點(diǎn)C作CH⊥BD于H,可得四邊形ABHC是矩形,即可求得AC=BH,進(jìn)而可判斷△BCD的形狀,AC、BD都垂直于l,可得△AOC∽△BOD,根據(jù)三角形相似的性質(zhì)即可求解.(2)①過點(diǎn)E作SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)H,AC,BD均是直線l的垂線段,可得SKIPIF1<0,根據(jù)等邊三角形的性質(zhì)可得SKIPIF1<0,再利用勾股定理即可求解.②連接SKIPIF1<0,根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0是等邊三角形,把SKIPIF1<0旋轉(zhuǎn)得SKIPIF1<0,根據(jù)30°角所對(duì)的直角邊等于斜邊的一般得到SKIPIF1<0,則可得SKIPIF1<0,根據(jù)三角形相似的性質(zhì)即可求證結(jié)論.【答案】(1)等腰三角形,SKIPIF1<0(2)①SKIPIF1<0;②見解析【詳解】(1)解:過點(diǎn)C作CH⊥BD于H,如圖所示:∵AC⊥l,DB⊥l,CH⊥BD,∴∠CAB=∠ABD=∠CHB=90°,∴四邊形ABHC是矩形,∴AC=BH,又∵BD=2AC,∴AC=BH=DH,且CH⊥BD,∴SKIPIF1<0的形狀為等腰三角形,∵AC、BD都垂直于l,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴△AOC∽△BOD,SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:等腰三角形,SKIPIF1<0.(2)①過點(diǎn)E作SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)H,如圖所示:∵AC,BD均是直線l的垂線段,∴SKIPIF1<0,∵SKIPIF1<0是等邊三角形,且SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0重合,∴∠EAD=60°,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,又∵SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,AE=6在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,又由(1)知SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,∴在SKIPIF1<0中,由勾股定理得:SKIPIF1<0.②連接SKIPIF1<0,如圖3所示:∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∵由(1)知SKIPIF1<0是等腰三角形,∴SKIPIF1<0是等邊三角形,又∵SKIPIF1<0是等邊三角形,∴SKIPIF1<0繞點(diǎn)D順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)SKIPIF1<0后與SKIPIF1<0重合,∴SKIPIF1<0,又∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0.本題考查了矩形的判定及性質(zhì)、三角形相似的判定及性質(zhì)、等邊三角形的判定及性質(zhì)、勾股定理的應(yīng)用,熟練掌握三角形相似的判定及性質(zhì)和勾股定理的應(yīng)用,巧妙借助輔助線是解題的關(guān)鍵.1.(2022·山東濟(jì)寧·??级#┤鐖D1,正方形SKIPIF1<0對(duì)角線SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0分別為正方形SKIPIF1<0邊SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn).(1)請(qǐng)直接寫出SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的數(shù)量關(guān)系(2)若將SKIPIF1<0繞點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0旋轉(zhuǎn)到圖2所示位置時(shí),(1)中的結(jié)論是否成立,若成立請(qǐng)證明;若不成立,請(qǐng)說明理由;(3)若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0繞點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中,直接寫出點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0與點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的最大距離______.2.(2022·湖北省直轄縣級(jí)單位·校考一模)如圖1,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)A作直線SKIPIF1<0,使SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)B作SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)N,過點(diǎn)C作SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)M.(1)猜想SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的數(shù)量關(guān)系,并說明理由;(2)求證:SKIPIF1<0;(3)如圖2,連接SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)G,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的長.3.(2021·北京·一模)在正方形SKIPIF1<0中,點(diǎn)E在射線SKIPIF1<0上(不與點(diǎn)B、C重合),連接SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0繞點(diǎn)E逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)SKIPIF1<0得到SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0.(1)如圖1,點(diǎn)E在SKIPIF1<0邊上.①依題意補(bǔ)全圖1;②若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的長;(2)如圖2,點(diǎn)E在SKIPIF1<0邊的延長線上,用等式表示線段SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0之間的數(shù)量關(guān)系,并證明.4.(2021·安徽·統(tǒng)考三模)已知:在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0分別在矩形SKIPIF1<0的邊SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0上.(1)如圖SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上時(shí),求證:SKIPIF1<0;(2)如圖SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0相交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,求證:SKIPIF1<0;(3)如圖SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0分別交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,求證:SKIPIF1<05.(2022·江蘇揚(yáng)州·校考三模)在矩形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,【問題發(fā)現(xiàn)】(1)如圖1,E為邊SKIPIF1<0上的一個(gè)點(diǎn),連接SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)C作SKIPIF1<0的垂線交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)F,試猜想SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的數(shù)量關(guān)系并說明理由.【類比探究】(2)如圖2,G為邊SKIPIF1<0上的一個(gè)點(diǎn),E為邊SKIPIF1<0延長線上的一個(gè)點(diǎn),連接SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)H,過點(diǎn)C作SKIPIF1<0的垂線交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)F,試猜想SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的數(shù)量關(guān)系并說明理由.【拓展延伸】(3)如圖3,點(diǎn)E從點(diǎn)B出發(fā)沿射線S

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