(4)閱讀理解D篇-【新高考】2022屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)題號(hào)一對(duì)一

（4）閱讀理解D篇——【新高考】2022屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)題號(hào)一對(duì)一一

Ifyouhavetroublefallingasleep,listenup.Youmightfallasleep15minutesearlierandwakeupfarlessduringthenightifyouputonapairofsocksatbedtime.

Tounderstandwhy,youfirstneedtograsptherelationshipbetweencorebodytemperatureandsleep.Duringdaylighthours,thehumanbodyhasanaveragetemperatureof37℃.Butyourcorebodytemperaturedropsasmuchas1.2℃overonenight'ssleep.Thisgradualdecreaseisakeypartofhowwesleep.Putsimply,thefasteryoucanloweryourcorebodytemperature,thefasteryouwillfallasleep.

Onewaythatyourbodycontrolsitstemperatureisthroughbloodvessels(血管)intheskin.Ifyourbodyistoohot,yourbloodvesselswiden,pushingthewarmerbloodnearertheskin'ssurface,helpingittocool.Ifyourbodyistoocold,theoppositehappens.Yourbloodvesselsnarrow,restrictingtheflowofbloodtothesurface.

Thepalmsofyourfeetareoneofyourbody'smostefficientheatexchangers,sincetheyarehairlessandlessprotectedthanotherskinsurfaces.Researchershaveshownthatwarmingthefeetbeforegoingtosleepusingawarmfootbathorbywearingsockspromotesbloodvesselwidening.whichinturnlowersthebody'scoretemperaturefasterthangoingtosleepwithcold,barefeet.

Scientistssuspectthatsockedfeethaveasleep-benefitingeffectonthebrainaswell.Thewarm-sensitiveneurons(神經(jīng)元)inthebrainbecomemoreactivewhenthere'satemperaturedifferencebetweenthebody'scoreandthefeet.Researchershavefoundthattheseneuronsbecomemoreactiveaswegetsleepyandslowdownaswewakeup,sothatwarmingupthefeetbeforebedtimemaygivethemanextradrive,makingyoufeelsleepier.

Inasmallstudy,researchersfoundthatwearingapairofspecial"sleepingsocks"notonlyspedupthecomingofsleep,butincreasedoverallsleeptimebyanaverageof30minutesandcutnighttimewakingepisodesinhalf.Ifyou'reworriedaboutbecomingtoowarm,lookforsocksmadeofnaturalfibers.1.Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanwefindthistext?

A.Advertisement. B.Lifestyle. C.Opinion. D.Trend.

2.Whatchangedoeswarmfeetbringtothebody?

A.Slowedbrainreaction. B.Narrowedbloodvessels.

C.Reducedcorebodytemperature. D.Decreasedbloodpressure.

3.Howmightthebrain'swarm-sensitiveneuronshelpsleep?

A.Theymighthelptowarmupthefeet.

B.Theymightspeeduptemperaturegrowth

C.Theymightslowdownthebrain'sbloodflow.

D.Theymightbringonsleepinesswhenactivated.

4.Whatisthefindingofthesmallstudymentionedinthelastparagraph?

A.Thewarmthofsocksdependsontheirmaterial.

B.Peoplewearingsocksfallasleep50percentfaster.

C.Specialsocksincreasetemperaturemoreeffectively.

D.Sockwearinghelpspeoplesleeplongerandwakeless二Metal-organicframeworks(MOFs)arecompounds(化合物;復(fù)合物)thataresettosolvesometoughchallenges:producingwaterinthedesert,removinggreenhousegasesfromtheairandstoringdangerousgasesmoresafely.TheArizonadesertisreallydry.Anyonestuckinitwithoutwaterwoulddiefromdehydration(脫水)withinthreedays,unlesshehadoneofOmarYaghi'snext-generationwaterharvesters,whoisachemistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Althoughdaytimewetnessisonlyabout10percent,thisrisesto40percentatnight,whichmeansthere'senoughwaterintheatmospheretosupportlife-ifitcanbetransformedintoliquidform.That'sexactlywhatYaghi'sinventiondoes.It'saboutthesizeofasmallmicrowaveoven,designedtosuckthewaterfromtheairatnightandturnitintodrinkingwaterthenextdayusingonlytheheatofthesunasitspowersource.WhatmakesitworkisaspecialmaterialcalledaMOF,whichatnormaltemperaturesattractswatermolecules(分子)ontothesurfaceofitsinternalsmallholes.Warmitupandgetthewater,eachharvestproducingone-thirdofacupofpuredrinkingwater."Adevicethesizeofawashingmachinecouldproduceenoughwaterforthebasicneedsofahousehold,"saysYaghi.Thesecrystalline(結(jié)晶的)groupsofmetalslinkedbyorganicmoleculescanbemadeintomaterialswithanextremelyhighabsorptionability,attractingspecificmoleculestotheirsurfaces.Inthisway,MOFsclingtoavarietyofliquidsandgases.MOFsworkthankstotheirdistinctivestructure.Infact,oneMOFthesizeofasugarcubehassomanysmallholesthattheywouldcoveranareaaslargeassixfootballfields.MOFsarealsoextremelystable,lightandhavemanydifferentuses:theirmolecularstructurecanbevariedtoattractspecificmolecules.AddingasmallamountofheatorpressurecausestheMOFtogivewhatit'sholding.Morethan70,000differentMOFshavebeenproducedtodateforvariousapplications.1.WhyistheArizonadesertmentionedinthesecondparagraph?

A.Tointroducewaterharvesters.

B.Tostresstheimportanceofwater.

C.Toshowtheseverityofitscondition.

D.Toexpresstheurgentneedforwaterthere.

2.Whatplaysavitalroleinwaterharvesters?

A.Solarenergy. B.Watermolecules.

C.Metal-organicframeworks. D.MOFs'internalsmallholes.

3.Whichcanexplainthephrase"clingto"underlinedinparagraph4?

A.Giveoff. B.Turninto. C.Holdonto. D.Breakdown.

4.Whatwillprobablybecoveredinthefollowingparagraphs?

A.ThefutureoftheMOFtechnology.

B.OtherusesoftheMOFtechnology.

C.TheimprovementtotheMOFtechnology.

D.PossiblelimitationsoftheMOFtechnology.三

Thebiggestchallengefacedbytravelersespeciallythosewholiketohaveahikingtripishowtoensureasteadysupplyofcleanclothes.Now,thankstoagreatinventioncalledScrubbaWashPack,thatworrymaybeathingofthepast.

TheportablewashingmachinewasinventedbyAshNewlandin2010,whileplanningtoclimbMt.Kilimanjaro.Struckbythelimitedpackingspace,hegotinspirationfromtraditionalwashboardstocreateabagthatcouldbeusedtocleanclothes.Thenhegaveuphiscareerasalawyerandfocusedonperfectingthebag'sdesign.By2012,thebagwasreadyforthepublic.Itweighedonly180gramsandrequiredverylittlestoragespace,makingitperfectforanyonewishingtotravellight.

Notsurprisingly,thebagworth55dollarswasaninstanthitwithtravelers,universitystudentsandevenpassengers.However,Newlandwasnotsatisfied.Hestillsawadisadvantagewithhisinvention—dirtyclotheshadtobecarriedaroundinaseparatebag!TherecentlyintroducedScrubbaWashPacksolvesthatproblem.

Inordertomakethepackactive,dirtyclothesareplacedinsidethebagalongwithtwotothreelitersofwater.Thebagisthenshuttightlytoensureallairissqueezedoutandtheclothesaremassaged(揉搓)forafewminutes.Afteraquickwash,theyarecleanandreadytobedried.AccordingtoNewland,thepackcancleananythingfromjeanstosmellysocks!What'sevenmoreamazingisthatwithacapacitytohold13litersofwater,itcanbeusedtowashmoreclothesatatime.

Thebestpartisthatthe99-dollarpackthatwillbeavailableforsalelaterthisyear,onlyweighs300gramsandiscompletelyfoldable,makingiteasytostorewhenit'snotinuse.WiththeScrubbaWashPack,wanderingthroughforeigncitiessearchingforawashingshop,orpayingforwashingmachinesmaysoonbeathingofthepast!1.WhatarousedAshNewland'sdesiretocreatetheScrubbaWashBag?

A.Travelers'requirements. B.Hisownexperience.

C.Hisdreamofinvention. D.Atraditionalwashboard.

2.Whywasn'tAshNewlandsatisfiedwithhisformerinvention?

A.Thebagwasnotconvenientenough.

B.Thebagwasnotpopularwithtravelers.

C.Thebagcouldn'twashmoreclothesatatime.

D.Thebagcouldn'tbefoldedup.

3.Whichwordcanbestreplacetheunderlinedwordinparagraph4?

A.Blown. B.Pushed C.Figured. D.Run.

4.ItcanbeinferredthattheimprovedWashPack______.

A.willlightentheburdenonhousewives

B.willreplacethetraditionalwashingmachines

C.willbewidelyusedbymoretravelersinthefuture

D.canencouragemorepeopletotravelalongdistance四

Thisyearresearchersexpecttheworldtosnap1.35trillionphotographs,orabout3.7billionperday.Allthosepixels(像素)takeupalotofroomiftheyarestoredonpersonalcomputersorphones,whichisonereasonwhymanypeoplestoretheirimagesinthecloud.Butunlikeaharddrive,whichcanbeencryptedtoprotectitsdata,cloudstorageusershavetotrustthatatechplatformwillkeeptheirprivatepicturessafe.NowateamofColumbiaUniversitycomputerscientistshasdevelopedatooltoencrypt(加密)imagesstoredonmanypopularcloudserviceswhileallowingauthorizeduserstobrowseanddisplaytheirphotographsasusual.

Malicious(惡意的)attemptstoaccessorleakcloud-basedphotographscanexposepersonalinformation.InNovember2019,forexample,abuginthepopularphotographstorageappGooglePhotosmistakenlysharedsomeusers'privatevideoswithstrangers.Securityexpertsalsoworryaboutemployeesatcloudstoragecompaniesonpurposeaccessingusers'images.

SotheColumbiaresearcherscameupwithasystemcalledEasySecurePhotos(ESP),whichtheypresentedatarecentconference."Wewantedtoseeifwecouldmakeitpossibletoencryptdatawhileusingexistingservices,"sayscomputerscientistJasonNieh,oneofthedevelopersofESP."EveryonewantstostaywithGooglePhotosandnothavetoregisteronanewencrypted-imagecloudstorageservice."

Toovercomethisproblem,theycreatedatoolthatpreservesblocksofpixelsbutmovesthemaroundtoeffectivelyhidethephotograph.First,ESP'salgorithm(算法)dividesaphotographintothreeseparatefiles,eachonecontainingtheimage'sred,greenorbluecolordata.Thenthesystemhidesthepixelblocksaroundamongthesethreefiles(allowingablockfromtheredfile,forinstance,tohideoutinthegreenorblueones).Buttheprogramdoesnothingwithinthepixelblocks,wherealltheimageprocessinghappens.Asaresult,thefilesremainunchangedimagesbutenduplookinglikegrainyblack-and-whiteonestoanyonewhoaccessesthemwithoutthedecryption(解密)key.1.What'sprobablythemainpurposeforpeopletostoreimagesinthecloud?

A.Tosavestorageroom. B.Tomakephotosbeautiful.

C.Totryanewstorageway. D.Tokeeptheirprivacysafe.

2.Whymightemployeesincloudstoragecompaniesbedistrustedbyexperts?

A.Theysellusers'passwords. B.Theyhaveinventednewtools.

C.Theyoftenletoutpersonalinformation. D.Theymaystealaglanceatusers'images.

3.What'stheadvantageofESP?

A.Itcanprovideclearimages. B.Itcandecreasetheuploadtime.

C.Itcanclassifyimagesautomatically. D.Itcanencryptdataontheoriginalplatform.

4.Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?

A.Methodofdecryption. B.Image-processingtechnique.

C.Separatefilesofimages. D.Dataanalysisofcolors.五

TheUnitedNationspredictsworldwidetemperaturesoverthenextfiveyearsmayattimesrisetomorethan1.5degreesCentigradeabovepre-industriallevels.TheU.N.'sWorldMeteorological(氣象的)Organization,WMO,saidthepredictionsuggestscontinuedwarmingcouldpresentachallengetoclimatechangegoalssetinthe2015ParisAgreement,whichseekstolimitworldtemperaturerisesthroughmajorcutsinhuman-causedgreenhousegases.

TheWMOsaidtherewasa20percentchancethattheyearlyaveragetemperaturewillriseabove1.5Celsiushigherthanthepre-industrialaveragelevelsinatleastoneyear.Thereportidentifies1850-1900asthepre-industrialperiod.Thatdoesnotmeanthattheaveragewouldbecrossingthelong-termtargetof1.SCelsiusthatscientistshavesetasthelimitforavoidingcatastrophic(災(zāi)難性的)climatechange.

Temperaturesoverthelastfiveyearshavebeenthewarmestonrecord,theWMOreported.Temperaturesoverthenextfiveyearsareverylikelytobewithintherangeof0.91to1.59Celsiusabovepre-industriallevels,itpredicted.SouthernAfricaandAustralia,wherefireslastyeardestroyedmillionsofhectares(公頃),willprobablybedrierthanusualthrough2024,thereportsaid.Africa'sSahelregionislikelybewetter,whileEuropeshouldseemorestorms.

MaxxDilley,theWMO'sdirectorofclimateservices,toldtheAssociatedPressthepredictionsareworrisome."Itshowshowclosewe'regettingtowhattheParisAgreementistryingtoprevent,"hesaid.Still,DilleyaddedthatitwouldnotbeimpossibleforcountriestoreachthetargetsetinParis,ofkeepingglobalwarmingwellbelow2degreesCelsius,bytheendofthecentury.PetteriTaalas,theWMOSecretary-General,added,"WhileCOVID-19hascausedasevereinternationalhealthandeconomiccrisis,failuretocopewithclimatechangemaythreatenhumanwell-being,ecosystemsandeconomiesforcenturies."1.AccordingtoWMO,thecontinuedwarmingis_____.

A.inanalarmingtrend. B.Outofcontrol.

C.Naturallydeveloping. D.Farfromworry.

2.WhatdoestheauthortrytotellusinParagraph3?

A.Temperatureswillhaveasuddenrise. B.PeopleinAfricashouldgetmorehelp.

C.FiresinAustraliawilllastover5years. D.Ourlivingenvironmentisgettingworse.

3.WhichwordbestdescribesMaxxDilley'sattitudetocontinuedwarming?

A.Carefree. B.Objective. C.Indifferent. D.Scared.

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.GlobalimpactofClimatechange. B.Themostseriouschallengeweface.

C.UNpredictsmorerisingtemperatures. D.Howdowecopewithcontinuedwarming.六

Britain'smeatindustryonFridaywarnedthatanupcomingshortageofcarbondioxide(CO2)couldcausemassivedisruption(中斷)tofoodsupplieswithintwoweeks.

Thegasisusedtostun(昏迷)animalsbeforebeingkilled,inthevacuumpackingoffoodproductstoextendtheirshelflife,andtoputthefizzintobeer,ciderandsoftdrinks.Itisalsorequiredforsomemedicalproceduresandusedinthenuclearandsemi-conductorindustries.

Britain'sfoodsupplychain,alreadysufferingfromasevereshortageofheavygoodsvehicles(HGV)driversandtheimpactofBrexitandCOVID-19,isheavilyreliantonfertiliserproducersforCO2whichisaby-productoftheirproductionprocess.However,twoofthelargestfertiliserproducers,Norway'sYara

YAR.OL

andrivalCFIndustriesHoldings

CF.N,haverestrainedproductionduetoasuddenincreaseinnaturalgasprices,whichhasinturnstartedtodryupCO2supplies.

NickAllen,chiefexecutiveoftheBritishMeatProcessorsAssociation(BMPA),saidthatoncecurrentstocksofthegasrunout,somemeatcompanieswillhavetostoptakinganimalsandcloseproductionlines,leadingtoalogjamofanimalsbacktothefarms."Wealreadyhavethissituationinthepigindustrywhichisnowfacingthedisruptionprospectofahumanekillingonfarms,"hesaid.TheBMPAispersuadingBusinessMinisterKwasiKwartengtohelpsupportUKCO2productionintheshortterm.

"Wearemonitoringthissituationcloselyandareinregularcontactwiththefoodandfarmingorganizationsandindustry,tohelpthemmanagethecurrentsituation,"saidaUKgovernmentspokesperson."TheUKbenefitsfromhavingaccesstohighlydiversesourcesofgassupplytoensurehouseholds,businessesandheavyindustrygettheenergytheyneedatafairprice."1.What'sthedirectcauseoftheCO2shortagethisyear?

A.Agovernmentpolicy. B.Aninfectiousdisease.

C.Transportationfailure. D.Costrise.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"logjam"meaninparagraph4?

A.Bottleneck. B.Promise. C.Failure. D.Recovery.

3.WhatmeasuremaytheUKgovernmenttake?

A.Tocloseproductionlines. B.Tostopmarketinganimals.

C.Tolimitthedrinkswholesale. D.Toexploremoregassupplies.

4.Whatmaybethesuitabletitleforthepassage?

A.DiverseApplicationsofCO2 B.CO2ShortageHitFoodSupplies

C.EffortsTakentoProduceCO2 D.TheFutureofBritain'sMeatIndustry七

Aspirinwasdiscoveredin1897,andanexplanationofhowitworksfollowedin1995.That,inturn,hasencouragedsomeresearchleadsonmakingbetterpainrelieversthroughsomethingotherthantrialanderror.Thiskindofdiscovery—answersfirst,explanationslater—iscalled"intellectualdebt".Wegainunderstandingofwhatworkswithoutknowingwhyitworks.Wecanputthatunderstandingtouseimmediately,andthentellourselveswe'llfigureoutthedetailslater.Sometimeswepayoffthedebtquickly;sometimes,aswithaspirin,ittakesacentury;andsometimesweneverpayitoffatall.

IntheAgeofIntelligence,whilemachinelearningpresentslotsofproblemsandgetsthingswrong,atleastweknowenoughtobewaryofthepredictionsproducedbythesystemandtoarguethattheyshouldn'tbeblindlyfollowed:butifasystemperformsperfectly(andwedon'tknowwhy),thenwecometorelyonitandforgetaboutitandsufferconsequenceswhenitgoeswrong.

It'sthedifferencebetweenknowingyourcarhasfaultybrakesandnotknowing:botharebad,butifyouknowthereisaproblemwithyourbrakes,youcanincreaseyourfollowingdistance,driveslowlyandgettoamechanicassoonaspossible.Ifyoudon'tknow,you'relikelytofindoutthehardway,at80mphonthehighwaywhenthecarinfrontofyoucametoasuddenstopandyourbrakesgiveout.

Wedon'thavemuchbywayofsolutions.Mostimportant,weshouldn'ttrickourselvesintothinkingthatmachinelearningaloneisallthatmatters.Indeed,withoutlifevalue,machinelearningmaynotbemeaningfulanswersatall.1.Whatisthepurposeofmentioningaspirininthefirstparagraph?

A.Topresenttheresearchprocessofaspirin.

B.Tointroduceasimilarsituationmachinelearningfaces.

C.Toshowthedifficultyinexplaininghowaspirinworks.

D.Toprovewecanusesomethingevenwhenwedon'tunderstand.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"wary"probablymeaninthesecondparagraph?

A.Negative. B.Doubtful. C.Anxious. D.Watchful.

3.Howdoesthewriterprovethatit'spotentiallyworseifasystemperformsperfectly?

A.Bygivingadefinition. B.Bymakingcomparison.

C.Bydoinganexperiment. D.Bytellingastory.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthewriterlikelytoagreewith?

A.It'simpossibletopayoffIntellectualdebt.

B.It'swisenottorelyonmachinelearning.

C.Itmakessensetopreparefordangerintimesofsafety.

D.It'sOKaslongasasystemworkswell.八

IfMarswerethepopularkidinschool,Venus(金星)wouldbetheunwelcomeonesittinginthecorner,largelyignored.VenushasnearlythesamemassandsizeasEarth,butbeingclosertothesun,itgetsnearlytwiceasmuchheatfromthesun.

However,insteadofhavingaclimatethatisjustawarmerversionofEarth's,Venus'ssurfaceandatmosphereareunbearable:cloudsofsulphuricacidblankettheplanet,whileatgroundlevel,itishotenoughtomeltlead.Despitethis,thereisnowasignthatVenusmayharbourlife.

JaneGreavesatCardiffUniversity?UK,andhercolleaguesrecentlydetectedphosphine(磷化氫)inVenus'satmosphere,withonepotentialexplanationthatitistheby-productofbiology.ThatisbecausetheonlywaythisgasismadeonEarthisinlaboratoriesorbymicrobes(微生物).Thoughthisdoesn'tmeanitwasproducedbylifeonVenus,attemptstofindnon-biologicalexplanationsforitspresencehavesofarfailed.

OurbestwayofconfirmingorrejectingthepossibilityoflifeonVenusistogoandhaveaproperlook.WhileMarshasbeenthefocusofinterplanetaryexplorationeffortslately,thephosphinediscoveryletspeoplelookatVenusinanewlight.AsNASAadministratorJimBridenstinetweeted:"It'stimetoprioritizeVenus."

Inthemonthsandyearstocome,computersimulationswillbeusedtofurtherstudythepossiblechemistriesoftheatmosphereonVenus.Morelaboratoryexperimentswillbeconductedtotrytoidentifyotherwaysthephosphinetherecouldbeproduced.However,thereisnoguaranteethattheseeffortswillrevealthetruenatureofthissubstanceonVenus.Anewly-proposedstrategyistodirectlysampletheatmosphereandsurfaceofVenus.Bydoingso,wewouldbeabletotakedirectmeasurementsofphosphine.

ThediscoveryofphosphineinVenus'satmosphereisagreataccomplishment.Thescientificeffortsmaybejustwhatweneedtofinallyrefocusonthisneglectedworld.Possibly,thequietkidinthecornermaygetthelastlaugh.1.Intheory,what'sVenusexpectedtobelike?

A.ItisalmostaslargeasEarth.

B.IthasnearlythesamemassasEarth.

C.IthasawarmerEarth-likeclimate.

D.Ithastheunbearablesurfaceandatmosphere.

2.WhatcanthediscoveryofphosphineonVenusindicate?

A.Theremightexistsignsoflife.

B.Thiskindofgasisverycommon.

C.Manyproductscanbemadewithit.

D.Experimentswereonceconductedthere.

3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Theimportanceofobservations.

B.Thepowerofcomputersimulations.

C.Theapproachestoexploringphosphine.

D.Thenecessitytoanalysephosphine.

4.Whichcanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetotheexplorationofVenus?

A.Casual. B.Supportive. C.Cautious. D.Doubtful.

答案以及解析一答案：1.B;2.C;3.D;4.D

解析：1.主旨題。根據(jù)全文可知,作者根據(jù)專家研究,告訴大家"穿襪子睡覺有助于睡眠",A廣告,B生活方式,C觀點(diǎn)/評(píng)價(jià),D熱點(diǎn)話題,該文章最可能出現(xiàn)在生活方式板塊,因此選擇B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的whatchangedoeswarmfeetbringtothebody把答案定位在第4、5段。根據(jù)第4段warmingthefeetbeforegoingtosleepusingawarmfootbathorbywearingsockspromotesbloodvesselwidening,whichinturnlowersthebody'scoretemperature?？梢耘懦鼴選項(xiàng),并確定選C選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)第5段Thewarm-sensitiveneuronsinthebrainbecomemoreactivewhenthere'satemperaturedifferencebetweenthebody'scoreandthefeet...theseneuronsbecomemoreactiveaswegetsleepyandslowdownaswewakeup,可以排除A選項(xiàng)A。D選項(xiàng)無中生有,原文沒有提到bloodpressure?？芍鸢高xC。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的brain'swarm-sensitiveneurons把答案定位在第5段。根據(jù)theseneuronsbecomemoreactiveaswegetsleepyandslowdownaswewakeup,sothatwarmingupthefeetbeforebedtimemaygivethemanextradrive,makingyoufeelsleepier,可知答案為D。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段,A選項(xiàng)并不是thesmallstudy的結(jié)果。根據(jù)special"sleepingsocks"notonlyspedupthecomingofsleep,butincreasedoverallsleeptimebyanaverageof30minutesandcutnighttimewakingepisodesinhalf,排除B選項(xiàng)、C選項(xiàng)。選擇D選項(xiàng)。二答案：1.A;2.C;3.C;4.B

解析：1.考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的"TheArizonadesert…unlesshehadoneofOmarYaghi'snext-generationwaterharvesters"可知,作者提及亞利桑那州的沙漠是為了引出OmarYaghi的下一代吸水設(shè)備以及下文對(duì)其的介紹。故選A。

2.考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"WhatmakesitworkisaspecialmaterialrailedaMOF"可知,使吸水設(shè)備工作的是一種叫做金屬有機(jī)框架的特殊材料,故金屬有機(jī)框架在該設(shè)備中起了關(guān)鍵作用。

3.考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)畫線短語前的Thesecrystalline(結(jié)晶的)groupsofmetals...canbemadeintomaterialswithanextremelyhighabsorptionability,attractingspecificmoleculestotheirsurfaces"可知,這些由有機(jī)分子連接在一起的金屬結(jié)晶群可被制成吸收能力極高的材料,以吸引特定分子到它們的表面,即金屬有機(jī)框架可以吸附各種液體和氣體,故holdonto"抓緊"和畫線短語clingto的意思最為接近。

4.考查推理判斷。通讀全文可知,本文主要講述了金屬有機(jī)框架可以幫助解決沙漠地區(qū)的缺水問題,再結(jié)合第一段中的"solvesometoughchallenges:producingwaterinthedesert,removinggreenhousegasesfromtheairandstoringdangerousgasesmoresafely"可推知,接下來可能會(huì)介紹金屬有機(jī)框架在清除溫室氣體、安全儲(chǔ)存危險(xiǎn)氣體方面的用途故選B。三答案：1-4BABC解析：1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段TheportablewashingmachinewasinventedbyAshNewlandin2010,whileplanningtoclimbMt.Kilimanjaro.Struckbythelimitedpackingspace,hegotinspirationfromtraditionalwashboardstocreateabagthatcouldbeusedtocleanclothes.Thenhegaveuphiscareerasalawyerandfocusedonperfectingthebag'sdesign.這款便攜式洗衣機(jī)是AshNewland在2010年計(jì)劃攀登乞力馬扎羅山時(shí)發(fā)明的,由于包裝空間有限,他從傳統(tǒng)的洗衣板上獲得靈感,發(fā)明了一款可以用來洗衣服的包,然后放棄了律師生涯,專注于完善包的設(shè)計(jì)?？芍?AshNewland自己外出登山時(shí)不方便洗衣服的經(jīng)歷讓他萌生了發(fā)明便攜式洗衣袋,結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段However,Newlandwasnotsatisfied.Hestillsawadisadvantagewithhisinvention—dirtyclotheshadtobecarriedaroundinaseparatebag!TherecentlyintroducedScrubbaWashPacksolvesthatproblem.然而,Newland并不滿足,他仍然看到了自己發(fā)明的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)—臟衣服必須單獨(dú)裝在袋子里!最近推出的洗滌包解決了這個(gè)問題?？芍?他對(duì)自己之前的洗衣袋不滿意的地方在于臟衣服和干凈衣服要分開放,這樣就顯得極其的不方便,結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選A。

3.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第四段Inordertomakethepackactive,dirtyclothesareplacedinsidethebagalongwithtwotothreelitersofwater.Thebagisthenshuttightlytoensureallairissqueezedoutandtheclothesaremassaged(揉搓)forafewminutes.為了使包裝更方便,臟衣服和兩到三公升的水被一起放在袋子里,然后緊緊地關(guān)上袋子,確保所有的空氣都被擠出,衣服被揉搓幾分鐘。可知,劃線單詞意為:擠壓,結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選B。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Thebestpartisthatthe99-dollarpackthatwillbeavailableforsalelaterthisyear,onlyweighs300gramsandiscompletelyfoldable,makingiteasytostorewhenit'snotinuse.WiththeScrubbaWashPack,wanderingthroughforeigncitiessearchingforawashingshop,orpayingforwashingmachinesmaysoonbeathingofthepast!最棒的是,今年晚些時(shí)候?qū)l(fā)售的99元一包,只重300克,完全可折疊,不使用的時(shí)候很容易存放的洗衣包,有了洗滌包,在國(guó)外城市四處尋找洗衣店,或者花錢買洗衣機(jī),可能很快就會(huì)成為過去!由此可知,被改良的WashPack價(jià)格便宜,攜帶方便,使用方便,將在未來受到更多熱愛旅行的人的喜歡,結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選C。四答案：1-4ADDB

解析：1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的"Allthosepixels(像素)takeupalotofroomiftheyarestoredonpersonalcomputersorphones,whichisonereasonwhymanypeoplestoretheirimagesinthecloud."(所有這些像素如果存儲(chǔ)在個(gè)人電腦或手機(jī)上,會(huì)占用很多空間,這也是為什么很多人會(huì)將圖像進(jìn)行云存儲(chǔ)的原因之一)可知,人們將照片云存儲(chǔ)的主要目的是節(jié)省存儲(chǔ)空間,故選A。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的"Securityexpertsalsoworryaboutemployeesatcloudstoragecompaniesonpurposeaccessingusers'images."(安全專家還擔(dān)心云存儲(chǔ)公司的員工會(huì)故意訪問用戶的圖像)可知,云存儲(chǔ)公司的員工不被專家信任,因?yàn)樗麄兛赡軙?huì)偷看用戶的圖片,故選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的"Wewantedtoseeifwecouldmakeitpossibletoencryptdatawhileusingexistingservices"(我們想看看是否可以在使用現(xiàn)有服務(wù)的同時(shí)加密數(shù)據(jù))和"EveryonewantstostaywithGooglePhotosandnothavetoregisteronanewencrypted-imagecloudstorageservice."(每個(gè)人都想繼續(xù)使用谷歌Photos,而不必注冊(cè)新的加密圖像云存儲(chǔ)服務(wù))可知,ESP的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以在原有平臺(tái)上對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行加密,故選D。

4.主旨大意題。通讀第四段,尤其是"Toovercomethisproblem,theycreatedatoolthatpreservesblocksofpixelsbutmovesthemaroundtoeffectivelyhidethephotograph"(為了克服這個(gè)問題,他們發(fā)明了一種工具,可以保存像素塊,但可以移動(dòng)它們來有效地隱藏照片)可知,本段主要講的是一種圖像處理技術(shù),故選B。五答案：1-4ADDC解析：1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中"TheU.N.'sWorldMeteorological(氣象的)Organization,WMO,saidthepredictionsuggestscontinuedwarmingcouldpresentachallengetoclimatechangegoalssetinthe2015ParisAgreement"(聯(lián)合國(guó)世界氣象組織(WMO)說,這一預(yù)測(cè)表明,持續(xù)變暖可能對(duì)2015年《巴黎協(xié)定》中設(shè)定的氣候變化目標(biāo)構(gòu)成挑戰(zhàn)。)可知,據(jù)世界氣象組織稱,持續(xù)變暖的趨勢(shì)令人擔(dān)憂。故選A。

2.目的意圖題。根據(jù)第三段中"Temperaturesoverthelastfiveyearshavebeenthewarmestonrecord,theWMOreported.Temperaturesoverthenextfiveyearsareverylikelytobewithintherangeof0.91to1.59Celsiusabovepre-industriallevels,itpredicted.SouthernAfricaandAustralia,wherefireslastyeardestroyedmillionsofhectares(公頃),willprobablybedrierthanusualthrough2024,thereportsaid.Africa'sSahelregionislikelybewetter,whileEuropeshouldseemorestorms."(世界氣象組織報(bào)告稱,過去五年的氣溫是有記錄以來最高的。該報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè),未來五年的氣溫很可能會(huì)比工業(yè)化前的水平高出0.91至1.59攝氏度。該報(bào)告稱,非洲南部和澳大利亞可能會(huì)在2024年之前比以往更加干燥,去年的火災(zāi)摧毀了數(shù)百萬公頃的土地。非洲的薩赫勒地區(qū)可能更濕潤(rùn),而歐洲將會(huì)有更多的風(fēng)暴。)可知,作者想告訴我們,我們的生活環(huán)境越來越差了。故選D。

3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題