專題12-上海高考英語概要寫作(二)(原題版)(上海專用)

?專題12上海高考英語概要寫作（二）_________________________________________________________________________________________考點難點精考點難點精講【考情鏈接】

、概要寫作是對原文的高度濃縮，是閱讀者在不改變原文的中心思想、體裁和結構的前提下用簡潔、精煉的語言表述一篇文章的主要內容、基本觀點或事實。它主要包括閱讀和寫作兩個過程。簡潔、全面、準確、連貫、客觀。1)刪除細節(jié)。只保留主要觀點。把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。避免重復。在原文中，為了強調某個主題，可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。4)壓縮長的句子。5）你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。6)使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，7）巧妙使用連接詞。【要點梳理】（一）如何概括主旨大意概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主題句，然后在完整理解文章內容的基礎上進行概括歸納。如前所述，段落的主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首，段末，段落中間，甚至于沒有明顯的主題句。那么針對不同的情況，我們可以有什么不同的方法呢？我們一起來看以下的示例。1、找準主題句概括主旨大意中文段落寫作是螺旋/線型的發(fā)展方式：重鋪墊，講渲染，講究“言歸正傳”。而英文寫作主要體現(xiàn)為直線型發(fā)展方式：第一句話“開門見山，一語破題”，結論句直接重復，扣題。換句話說，英文文章表意較直接，直奔主題。多數段落以主題句開端，在文章的開始部分就會闡明主題。英文寫作是由一般到特殊。先概括后舉例，先講整體輪廓，后說諸多細節(jié)。了解英語寫作特點將有利于把握文章的主題句，請同學們讀以下的段落，根據文本的特點，快速尋找出主題句。A Indevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.First,inmanydevelopingcountries,themajorityofhousesinpoorvillagesandurbanslumsarenotyetservedbyapipedwatersystem.Peoplelivingintheseplacesoftenhavetowalkmanymilestofindwaterandcarryithomeinjugsandplasticcontainers.Second,thesepeopleusuallyhavefewalternativestothepipedwatersupply.Theremaybewatercloserbyinriversorlakes,butthisisoftendangerouslypolluted.Inpoorareas,streetvendorsoftensellwaterbytheliter,buttheyoftenchargeextremelyhighpricesforwaterthatisnotalwayssafetodrink. 本段的主題句是Indevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.這一段落主要是說明在發(fā)展中國家，很多窮人所面臨的一個問題—清潔水源嚴重短缺。隨后在展開部分闡述了造成這一問題的原因。是說明文“現(xiàn)象+原因”的結構。2、提取關鍵詞概括主旨大意 在沒有明確的主題句的情況下，學生需要通過定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的關鍵詞對段落或者篇章進行主旨概括。BGenerally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandourbodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinteractionssuchasfallinginloveorgivingbirth.ButinapreviousexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringnegativesocialinteractionssuchasenvy.這是一段關于人體荷爾蒙的產生和釋放的實驗研究說明文,但是文中沒有明顯的主題句。這時我們就可以利用關鍵詞信息來概括主旨大意。首先通過段落中的銜接詞“Generally”和“but”了解到研究結果涉及到兩個方面；然后在前后兩個句子中又可以找出“thehormoneoxytocin”、“isletout”、“create”、“positive”、“negative”、“socialinteraction”等關鍵詞，通過整合，概括主旨大意為：Experimentsshowourbodycreatesandletouthormoneoxytocinduringbothpositiveandnegativesocialinteractions.CTherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish.First,wecanreadasmanyEnglishbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaspossible.Next,wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglishprogramsonTVeveryday.Besides,itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinandafterclass.Finally,itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish.顯而易見，段落首句就是主題句，其中關鍵詞是“ways”“improveEnglish”。如果將主旨大意概括為提高英語的方法有很多，未免顯得很空泛，所以我們可以從銜接詞“First”、“Next”、“Besides”和“Finally”后的內容中提取一些關鍵詞“read”、“l(fā)isten”、“speaking”and“takingnotes”和“keepingadiary”,進行整合，相對而言能夠更精確地表達主旨大意。這一段落的主旨大意概括為：WecanimproveourEnglishbyreadingandlisteningtomoreEnglishmaterialsandtakechancestospeakandwriteinEnglish.（二）如何提取核心內容支撐主旨大意 區(qū)分核心內容和細節(jié)是概要寫作的一大難點。概要寫作不是篇章內容的簡單羅列和呈現(xiàn)，而是提取主要內容或關鍵信息的一個過程。所以同學們要仔細辨別什么是核心內容，理清信息的主次，避免因為分不清楚主次而包含太多的細節(jié)內容，從而影響概要寫作的簡潔性。1、核心內容和細節(jié)間的區(qū)別核心內容是為了表明作者的寫作目的或論證作者觀點而使用的具體論據，是概要中的必要信息，通常不能省略。而細節(jié)描寫往往為了起到突出和強調的作用，對文本內容進行更細致和深入的描述，通常被省略。一般而言，信息之間的邏輯關系可以幫助區(qū)分信息的主次關系。在一般和具體的關系中，主要內容往往是一般的，較多使用抽象詞；次要內容較多使用具體的詞。我們不妨通過分析下面這個段落來具體了解如何區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息，以便概要寫作時正確取舍。為了方便講解，我們對句子進行編號：①“It’snotjuststudythat’sdifficult.②Youhavetogetusedtoawholenewwayoflife,whichcantakeupallyourconcentrationinthebeginning,”explainedXieLei,whohadlivedallherlifeinthesamecityinChina.③Shetoldmethatshehadhadtolearnalmosteverythingagain.④“SometimesIfeltlikeachild,”shesaid.⑤“Ihadtolearnhowtousethephone,howtopaybusfare,andhowtoaskashopkeeperforthingsIdidn’tknowtheEnglishfor.⑥WhenIgotlostandhadtoaskapasser-byfordirections,Ididn’talwaysunderstand.⑦Theydon’ttalkliketheydoonourlisteningtapes,”shesaid,laughing.第①句是一個過渡句，但difficult一詞是個關鍵詞。第②句是本段的主題句，其中“getusedtoawholenewwayoflife”“takeupallyourconcentration”是關鍵詞。從第③句到文末第⑦句都是關于“l(fā)earneverythingagain”，通過舉例來說明gettingusedtonewwayoflifeisdifficult這樣一個論點。例證一般都是作為細節(jié)來看待，因此概要中可省略。通過對信息的篩選和整合，這段的主旨大意可以概括為：Gettingaccustomedtoacompletelynewlifestyleisnoteasybecausemanythingsaretobelearnedagain.除了前面所提到的利用一般和具體之間的關系來區(qū)分主要和次要內容，因果關系、轉折關系、并列、遞進關系等也能幫助區(qū)分主次要信息。我們再來看一例：XieLeiliveswithahostfamilywhogiveherlotsofgoodadvice.②Althoughsomeforeignstudentsliveinstudentaccommodationorapartments,somechoosetoboardwithEnglishfamilies.③Livingwithhostfamilies,inwhichtheremaybeothercollegestudents,givesherthechancetolearnmoreaboutthenewculture.④“WhenIhearanidiomthatIdon’tunderstand,Icanaskmyhostfamilyforhelp,”explainsXieLei.⑤“Also,whenImissmyfamily,it’sagreatcomforttohaveasubstitutefamilytobewith.”這一段落中沒有明顯的主題句，但是通讀文本后不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作者想要表達的是livingwithhostfamily的益處。第①句中的定語從句是修飾hostfamily，但“giveherlotsofgoodadvice”是本句關鍵詞，提示了第一個益處。第②句是一個讓步狀語從句，前后轉折關系，一般而言Although引導的狀語從句部分是次要信息，而主句部分則是主要信息，在這句中提取關鍵詞“toboardwithEnglishfamilies”。第③句中的hostfamilies就是前面所提到的Englishfamilies,而此句中的關鍵詞“tolearnmoreaboutthenewculture”顯然是主要信息。第④句是通過舉例的方式，進一步證明livingwithhostfamily的好處。第⑤句的Also之后所提到的信息和之前第③句的信息是同等重要的，因此在概要中需要提及，以保證要點齊全。這一段落的主旨大意可以概括為：Livingwithahostfamilycanhelpstudentsgetmuchadvice,understandanewcultureandrelievehomesickness.2、例證重要性的判斷和取舍 分清重要信息和次要信息對于概要寫作很重要，有些同學認為舉例，引入部分和定義等都屬于細節(jié)描寫，因此在概要寫作時一律舍棄，但事實上這有失偏頗，有時為了強調某一觀點或者表明觀點的真實性和可靠性，會使用如舉例論證或者因果論證等方式，所以概要寫作時，看到舉例論證，引入或者定義時，不能一概而論地舍棄。根據行文的需要來考慮例證的必要性和重要性，以此進行取舍?，F(xiàn)在我們從“定義是否需要作為細節(jié)而被刪減”的角度來看之前討論過的一個段落：Plannedobsolescence,apracticeinwhichproductsaredesignedtohavealimitedperiodofusefulness,hasbeenacornerstoneofmanufacturingfocusforthepast80years.Thisapproachincreasessales,butitalsostandsincontrasttoatimewhengoodswereproducedtobedurable.Plannedobsolescencewastesmaterialsaswellasenergyinmakingandshippingnewproducts.Italsostrengthensthebeliefthatitiseasiertoreplacegoodsthantorepairthem.In2009,anenterprisingmovement,the“RepairCafé”,saidnotothiswidelyacceptedbelief.段落的首句，用同位語和定語從句的結構對plannedobsolescence一詞進行了解釋。雖然一般來講，定義是對某一名詞的具體說明和解釋，在概要寫作中被省略。但是plannedobsolescence對于大部分的讀者來說是陌生的詞組，如果不加以一定的釋義，而是直接將這一詞組用于概要之中，許多讀者會因為不理解這個詞義而影響其對后文的理解；另一方面，第一句中的“aredesignedtohavealimitedperiodofusefulness”為后文提到的這一做法的弊端做了鋪墊，進而引出RepairCafé的出現(xiàn)。由于plannedobsolescence的定義畢竟不是主要信息，所以在語言的表達和組織上還是要仔細斟酌。在不超過規(guī)定字數的前提下，盡量以分詞等結構出現(xiàn)，不宜以單句形式表達，以免本末倒置，偏離段落主旨大意。（三）如何使用自己語言表達原文要點 概要寫作強調寫作者用自己的語言言簡意賅地表達原文的主旨大意和重要內容，要避免照搬原文。釋義（Paraphrase）是將聽到或看到的內容用自己的語言進行表達，可以借鑒原文的內容，但是要學會用各種方法來進行改寫，達到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我們就具體來學習怎樣利用paraphrase來進行改寫吧。1、使用不同的詞匯（1）同義替換：這是paraphrase最簡單的方法，就是用近義詞或者同義短語替換原文中相應的部分。通常使用這種方法時，不需對句子的其它部分進行改動。·Itiscommonlybelievedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.→Itiswidelyacceptedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.→Itisgenerallythoughtthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.在這一例句中，同學們既可以對“commonlybelieved”進行同義替換，也可以將“doesgoodtopeople’shealth”進行同義替換，如：Itisgenerallythoughtthattakingregularexercisebenefits/bringsbenefitsto/isbeneficialtopeople’shealth.練習1請利用詞義替換法，對原句進行改寫。①Thanksforyourhelp,wecompletedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.→______________yourhelp,wecompletedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.→______________yourhelp,we_________thedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.→________yourhelp,wefinishedthedifficulttask_______________.②He’striedeverymeanshecanthinkoftodealwiththecurrentfinancialproblems.→He’stried______________________todealwiththecurrentfinancialproblems.→Hehastried______________________to_____________________________.在平時的學習中，同學們應該盡量積累詞匯，尤其對于一些高頻的、常用的同義詞的積累，不僅可以幫助擴大詞匯量，也能使自己在句子改寫中游刃有余。在練習的過程中，同學們要盡量嘗試多用不同的同義詞替換原文內容。部分常見同義替換表達的歸納原義同義詞;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;； (2)改變詞性：這一方法和同義替換較為類似，但是通過詞性轉換的形式替換原文中的相應內容。·Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecausehegotinvolvedinamurder.→Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecauseofhisinvolvementinamurder.在這一例中，用名詞involvement替換了動詞involve。在詞性變化的時候，必要時對句子的結構也要做相應的變化，以免產生句式上的錯誤。又如：·WhattheyhaveachievedisreallyvaluableinpreventingandtreatingHIVinfection.→TheirachievementsarereallyvaluableinpreventingandtreatingHIVinfection.→TheirachievementsaresignificantinthepreventionandtreatmentofHIVinfection.這一例句中，achieve(v.),prevent(v.),treat(v.)都從動詞變成了名詞，在句子或詞組結構上也相應作了一些改變。練習2請利用詞性轉換，對原句進行改寫。①Thenewlybuilthighwaywhichisbeingconstructedwillmakeiteasierforpeopletotravelaround.→Thenewlybuilthighway________________willmakeiteasierforpeopletotravelaround.②Thelocalgovernmentshouldtakeactionimmediatelytostopthediseasefromspreading.→Thelocalgovernmentto______________tostopthediseasefromspreading.(3)使用不同的連接詞。連接詞不僅連接句子，也連接段落，所以掌握一些連接詞的替換，對改寫也有很大的幫助。請看下面的例句：·Hestayeduplateyesterday,asaresult,hefellasleepinclasstoday.→Hewenttobedsolatethathefellasleepinclasstoday.→Hestayeduplateyesterday,sothathefellasleepinclasstoday.練習3請使用不同的連詞，對原句進行改寫。①Thoughhehadbeenwarnedofthedanger,hestucktoexploringthemysteriousforestalone.→__________thewarningofdanger,hestucktoexploringthemysteriousforestalone.→hestucktoexploringthemysteriousforestalone____________thewarningofdanger.②Parentsshouldn’treadchildren’sdiariesiftheyarenotallowedto.→Parentsshouldn’treadchildren’sdiaries__________theyareallowedto.部分常用連接詞的歸納邏輯關系連接詞對比/轉折however;ontheotherhand;despite;inspiteof;though;although;but；onthecontrary;otherwise;yet;insteadof;rather;ratherthan;whereas；nevertheless;nevertheless;eventhough…表遞進What’smore;inaddition;moreover;furthermore;besides…表因果Therefore;so;asaresult;consequently;thus;accordingly;inthisway;dueto;becauseof;owingto;resultfrom;resultin;leadto;cause表總結Inshort;Inbrief;Briefly;Tosumup;Onthewhole;Inaword…(4)對原詞進行逆向表達。對一些形容詞或副詞進行修改，比如采用反義詞，雙重否定即肯定等改寫手段也可以達到用自己語言表達原文的目的,比如：·Thepresentfinancialsituationisnotassimpleashethought.→Thecurrentfinancialsituationismorecomplicatedthanhethought.練習4請利用逆向表達法，對原句進行改寫。①IhaveneverseenabetterfilmthantheoneIsawyesterday.→ThefilmIsawyesterdayis____________Ihaveeverseen.②ItisnotuncommonforAmericanstomovearoundforvariousreasons.→Itis___________forAmericanstomovearoundfordifferentreasons.練習參考答案練習1：①Becauseof;Owingto/finished;With/inadvance②everypossiblemeans;possibleapproaches/addressthepresentfinancialissues練習2：①underconstruction②takeimmediateaction練習3：①Inspiteof/Despite;regardlessof②unless練習4：①thebest②common2、使用不同的句型(1)詞序的改變。例1Janestaredatthesunsetassheateapples.—Janeateappleswhenshestaredatthesunset.例2Theygotupat5inthemorningsoastocatchtheearliestbus.Tocatchtheearliestbus,theygotupat5a.m.(2)主被動語態(tài)的轉換。例3Thegovernmentencouragescitizenstotakepublictransportationwhentheytravelaround.→Citizensareencouragedtotakepublictransporttotravelaround.例4 Theyhavetriedeverymeanstosavethedrowningboybutfailed.→Everymeanshasbeenusedtosavethedrowningboybutfailed.例5 Theconstructionofthenewtunnelbenefitspeoplelivingonbothsidesoftheriver.→Peoplelivingonbothsidesoftheriverbenefitfromtheconstructionofthenewtunnel.例6 Theheavyrainresultedinthelandslide,whichkilledover100villagers.→Thelandslide,whichkilledover100villagers,resultedfromtheheavyrain.主動和被動語態(tài)之間的轉換，除了動詞結構的變化之外，還有詞組之間的轉換，比如resultfrom和resultin;benefit和benefitfrom;basesth.onsth.和bebasedon等，同學們要學會靈活轉換。(3)從句和非謂語動詞結構的轉換。例7 TheyhavelivedinShanghaifornearly10years,sotheyarequitefamiliarwiththecity.→HavinglivedinShanghaifornearlyonedecade,they’requitefamiliarwithit.例8 Manyofthestudentsarenowintheclassroomandtheyaretakingalunchbreak.→Manystudentsarenowintheclassroomtakingalunchbreak.例9 Theactivitywhichisdesignedtoraisepeople’sawarenessofanimalprotectionispopularwiththeresidents.→Theactivitydesignedtoraisetheawarenessofanimalprotectioniswell-receivedbytheresidents.→Theactivitywhoseaimistomakepeopleawareofanimalprotectiongainsgreatpopularityamongtheresidents.例10Theapartmentbuildingcollapsedandmanypeoplelosttheirhomes.→Theapartmentbuildingcollapsed,leavingmanypeoplehomeless.→Manypeoplelosttheirhomeswiththecollapseofthebuilding.例11TomwasadmittedtoCambridgeUniversityandheisthefirstinhishometowntostudyabroad.→Tom’sbeingadmittedtoCambridgeUniversitymakeshimthefirstinhishometowntostudyabroad.(4)概括性的詞代替具體的詞。例12Somepeoplegotocollegetolearnatrade，somegotoenteraprofession，andothers，havingnoimmediatecareergoals,gofortheloveoflearning.→Peoplegotocollegeforvariousreasons.例13ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimesandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringherholiday.→Shebroughthomeavarietyofreadingmaterialstoenjoyinhervocation._____真題優(yōu)選操真題優(yōu)選操練2020年秋考Arepeopleunique?Itishumanbeings’pridethatwearetheonlyspeciesonthePlanetthatcanspeakandthink.However,recentresearchcastsdoubtonthatcommonbelief.Zuberbuhler,apsychologistatSt.AndrewsUniversity,andhiscolleaguesrecordedthousandsofcallsmadebyDianamonkeysandnoticedthatthemonkeysadaptedtheircallstochangethemeaningtowarnoneanotheraboutdifferentsituations.Forexample,theymadea‘krack’alarmcallatthesightoftiger.However,whentheymerelyrepeatedcallsmadebyothermonkeystheyaddedan‘oo’.Theresearchersfoundthatthesamecallswouldberecognisedbyotherspecies,likeCampbell’smonkeys.Sotheyarecommunicatingacrossspecies.‘Andsincethenwehavefoundthathornbillbirdscanunderstandthesecallsandtheytoocanunderstandallthedifferentmeanings’,saidZuberbuhler.Whatisalsosurprisingisthatsignsofintelligencehavebeenfoundinbirds,whosesmallbrainswerelongassumedtobeacompletebarriertointelligence.However,allthatischangingfast.AfewyearsagoIrenePepperbergoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologytaughtaparrottorecogniseandcountuptosixobjects,whichcouldn’thavebeenachievedifbirdswereunabletomemorize.Lastyear,thatwastoppedbyAlexKacelnik,aprofessorofbehavioralecologyatOxford,whodiscoveredthatcrows(烏鴉)arecapableofusingtoolsincomplexorders,thefirsttimesuchbehaviourhasbeenobservedinnon-humans.Inanexperimentsevencrowssuccessfullygrabbedapieceoffoodplacedoutofreachusingthreedifferentlengthsofstick.Crucially,theywereabletocompletethetaskwithoutanyspecialtraining,suggestingthebirdswerecapableofalevelofabstractreasoningnormallyassociatedonlywithhumans.Allthisispowerfulevidenceagainsttheideathatpeopleareunique.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2020年春考GlobalCooperationInthe21stcentury,we’veseenanewtrendthatispushingtheboundaries(邊界)ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scientificandtechnicalresearchanddevelopmentisnowsocomplicatedthatnoonescientistcanknowitall.So,increasingly,innovationiscomingfromthecombiningofcutting-edgeexpertise(專業(yè)知識)fromdifferentscientificfields.Therearenowover8,000scientificjournalsworldwideanditisimpossibletobeanexpertinallareas.Therefore,inthishighlyspecializedworld,scientists,medicsandengineershavetocooperateinordertoinnovate.ProfessorBobLangeratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)hasmadesignificantbreakthroughsinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Buthehasn’tdoneitonhisown.Hehasinvitedexpertsfromaroundtheworldindifferentfieldstoformaglobalteamtodesignnewsubstanceswhichcangoinsidethebody,delivermedicinesandthendissolve.AlsoatMIT,whenCesarHaradaheardabouttheoilspillintheGulfofMexicoin2010,hequithisdreamjobthereandtriedtodevelopamoreefficientwaytoremovetheoil.Butratherthanfocusingonprofit,hedecidedto‘open-source’thedesign.Hesharedhisownideasonthewebforfreeandthengotexpertsfromallaroundtheworldtocontributeideasandevendonations.Thankstothisfree,not-for-profitwayofsharingideasandintellectualpropertyontheinternet,aboatcapableofcleaningoilquicklycameintobeing.Obviously,internationalcooperationbasedonsharinginformationfreelyhasproducedinnovativeapproachestosolvingproblems.Itappearsthatthedaysofbrilliantindividualsworkingintheirgaragesontheirownareover.Globalteamswithaunitedpurposebuildingoneveryone’sexpertisecancollectivelydofarmorethanonebrilliantindividual.Today’sworldcallsforglobalcooperators,sharers,andnotprotectorsofideas.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2019年秋考Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Beingamongthefirsttotryoutanewpieceoftechnologyiscool.Whenyou’retheonlymemberofyoursocialcirclewiththelatesthotdevice,peoplestareinfascination.However,peopletendtounderestimatethecostsofthistemporarycoolness,whichtheypayinmorewaysthanone.Franklyspeaking,earlyadoptionisabadinvestment.Theearliestversionsofdevicesarenotonlyexpensive,theyarealsothemostexpensivethatthosedeviceswilleverbe.Companiesareattemptingtorecoverthecostofproductionasfastastheycan,andoncetheprofitsfromearlyadopters’purchasesaresafelyintheirhands,theycancutthepriceandshifttothenextmarketingphase:sellingtheproducttoeveryoneelse.ThisiswhythecostoftheoriginaliPhonedroppedabout$200onlyeightmonthsafteritsrelease.Thosewhoarefirsttoleapintoanewtechnologyalsoriskwastingmoneyandtimeonsomethingthatwillnevercatchon.In2006,HDDVDs,anewformat（制式）forvideo,enteredthemarket.AfeweagerconsumersboughtHDDVDplayersthatwerediscontinuedinearly2008.Theearlyadopterswerethenstuckwithpriceydevicesthatjustsatontheirshelvescollectingdust.Anothergoodreasontoresisttheearlyadoptiontemptationisthatthefirstversionofaproducttypicallyhasimperfections.Forexample,whenMicrosoft’sgamemachine,XboxOne,wasfirstreleasedin2013,usersimmediatelybegantocomplainofproblems.Devotedgamersworkedtofindandsharesolutionstotheseissues.Suchproblemsaresocommonwithnewtechnologythatearlyadoptersarebasicallyunpaidtesters.Sodon’tjointhefirstwaveofconsumerswhoinvestinthelatestversionofdevice;instead,waitandsee.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2019年春考Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wherearethebees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinate（給...授花粉）largeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive（蜂巢）.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesofthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticides（殺蟲劑）andlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepersgetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravelingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhatusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Nooneknowsforsurewhatcausesbeestodisappear,butlosingbeesisverycostlyfortheeconomy.Beepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldaffectthequalityoffoodandincreasefoodprices.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelossofthattinyflyinginsect.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2018年秋考BecominganattractiveemployeeThe2008financialcrisiscreatedanunstablejobmarket.Fast-forwardtothepresent,andtheeconomyhasnotfullyrecovered.Thus,it’sofvitalimportanceforjobseekerstocarefullystrategizetheirapproachtojobapplication.Anditisespeciallyimportantforthosenewtotheworkforce.Theyshouldlookatmakingthemselvesasattractiveaspossibletoemployers.Foryoungpeople,informationtechnologyskillswillplayanincreasingroleinthefuture.AsthegenerationtohavegrownupintheInformationAge,theyarequiteconfidentwhenitcomestoshowingofftheirinterestsandskillsinthisfield.Thismakesthemanaturalfitforcompaniesseekingexpertiseintechnology,marketing,andnetworking.Theyshouldemphasizetheseskillswhenapplyingforjobsthatrequiretheabilitytomultitask.Anotherattractivequalityisexperience.Itisimportantthatanapplicant’sresumelistanyactivitiesthatinvolvedteamworkandgoal-drivenresponsibilities.Membershipinasportsorsocialclubandparticipationasavolunteeraregoodexamplesofthis.Theseactivitiesinvolvegoalmanagementandplanning,alongwiththeabilitytofocuswhilecompetingonateam.Whenhiringcommitteesseethis,theyseeacandidatewhoiscapableofworkinginavarietyofenvironments.Finally,anattractivequalitywhenjob-huntingisagreatattitudetowardapotentialjob.Youngjobseekersareknowntobeoverconfidentbecausetheyhavebeenpraisedforeverythingtheyhavedone.Buttheymustrealizethattheemploymentmarketisabouthowanemployeewillbeagoodfitforacompany,nottheotherwayaround.Infact,inaninterview,animportantquestiontoaskis:“Whatwouldbeexpectedofmeasanemployee?”Intoday’stoughjobmarket.youngjobseekersneedtoprovideapotentialemployerwithgoodreasonstohirethem._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________名校好題必名校好題必測1.2022年上海中學東校高三英語階段測試ThePowerofiPhoneThoughApplereleaseddatalastweekindicatingiPhonesalesmay,atlast,beslowing,oneCEOrecentlyexplainedwhyhethinksthesmartphonehasoverturnedourexpectationsofbasicallyeverything.HarryWestistheCEOoftheglobaldesignandstrategyfirmFrog,whichworkswithitsclients“toanticipatethefuture”.InaconversationwithTheHuffingtonPostattheWorldEconomicForuminDavos,Switzerland,WestcreditedApplewithtransformingthewaycompaniesapproachconsumersandtheirownemployees.“Waybackintheday,”Westsaid,companiesmarketedtheirproductsas“militaryspec”and“industrial”totakeadvantageoftheimpressionthattheseseeminglyspecializedproductswereofhigherqualitythanconsumerversions.Inthe70s,80sand90s,thisslowlygavewaytotheriseof“professional”productsadaptedtobusinessesandbusinesspeople.“ThatallchangedafterthecomingoftheiPhonein2007,”hesaid.“Consumersbegantousethisamazingdigitalinterface,andtheylikedit.Theyuseditintheirpersonallifeandathome,andwhentheywentbacktowork,theyencounteredthisterrible‘professional’or‘industrial’,or‘enterprise’product,andtheyrealizedhowold-fashionedandinconvenientitwas.Theydemandedchange.”ThatmassiveshiftforeshadowedthedownfallofBlackBerryandtheweakeningofthepowerofitdepartments—anditalsoforcedcompaniestoupdatetheworkexperienceoftheiremployees,accordingtoWest.“Companiesneedtohiremillennials,andmillennialsrefusetoworkintheseoutdated,backwardsystems,”hesaid.“Notonlyisituncomfortable,butitalsoindicatessomethingwrongaboutthecompany.Ifyourworkexperienceisthatold-fashioned,thenwhatelseiswronginthecompany?”