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\h\h\h一\h1\h2\h\h二\h1\h2\h\h四一\h\h\hVMD:amolecularvisualizationprogramfordisplaying,animating,andanalyzinglargebiomolecularsystemsusing3-Dgraphicsandbuilt-inscripting.\hXCrySDen:acrystallineandmolecularstructurevisualisationprogramaimingatdisplayofisosurfacesandcontours,whichcanbesuperimposedoncrystallinestructuresandinteractivelyrotatedandmanipulated.ItcanrunonmostUNIXplatforms,withoutanyspecialhardwarerequirements.MD&\hLAMMPS:Apowerful,efficient,parallelized,welldocumented,easyextendableandopensourceMDcode.\hGromacs:AnothernicefreeMD\hDL-POLY:ageneralpurposeclassicalmoleculardynamics(MD)simulationsoftware.opensource.\hNAMD:aparallelmoleculardynamicscodedesignedforhigh-performancesimulationoflargebiomolecularsystems.Abinitio\h:\hQuantum-Espresso:Anice,freeDFT\hAbinit:AnotherpopularopensourceDFT\hSIESTA:alinearscalingDFT\h二\hxyz\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h三\h\h\h\h\h四\hPotentials:AcollectionofEAMpotentialsforsomemetaland\hPotfit:Acodetofitatomicpotentialsfromabinitio\h\h\h2012515日||3,050LAMMPSLAMMPS相關(guān)的文件及LAMMPS相關(guān)的文件可以分為用于LAMMPS的文件和LAMMPS輸出的文件,下面分別介紹。\h\h\h\h1\h2\h3\h\h1\h2\h3\h輸入到LAMMPS主要包括三類,分別是輸入腳本(inputscript),數(shù)據(jù)文件(datafile)inputscript腳本”in作為這個(gè)文件的前綴,所以也常常被稱作“in文件”scriptLAMMPS的命令。LAMMPS運(yùn)LAMMPS進(jìn)行計(jì)算模擬的時(shí)候,一個(gè)很重(雖然不是很多)datafile我們知道要進(jìn)行一個(gè)模擬計(jì)算,必須有一個(gè)初始構(gòu)型,那么這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件(datafile)就是用來存放要模擬體系的初始構(gòu)型的。簡單一點(diǎn)的,里面就包含原子的坐FCC等,可以直接LAMMPS提供的命令進(jìn)行創(chuàng)建。一般,只有當(dāng)模型比較復(fù)雜時(shí),才會(huì)使用這A-B-C三段組成的計(jì)算任務(wù),BA最終狀態(tài)為初態(tài)開始,CBArestart文BBrestartC的時(shí)BA;重CA-B。從LAMMPSlog:LAMMPS在運(yùn)行過程中,默認(rèn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生日志文件,用于記錄命令執(zhí)行的情況。log.lammps。LAMMPSsnapshot,即“快照”),dump命令輸出。cfg格式,xyz格式,lammps格式,圖像格式等。restartrestart文LAMMPS中有幾個(gè)命令可以實(shí)現(xiàn)將模擬中定義的某些變量以一定的格式輸出到文\h\h2012516日||5,327LAMMPS常用的建模方法進(jìn)行總結(jié)(我平\h\h\h\h\hdatafile\hdatafileLAMMPS提供的命令建立模型。這種方法主要用于構(gòu)建比較簡4LAMMPS的內(nèi)置命令,就建立了很復(fù)雜的#modelofFCC-Cu, #modelofFCC-Cu, pp fccboxblock06060 1 1box **1allcfg1a*.cfgidtypexsys 1element08~11行即為建模部分。這里使用的命令參數(shù)很簡單,不做過多介紹。datafiledatafileLAMMPS讀入,而建立模型。datafileread_data命令完成datafiledatafile最基本的格式,只包含原子坐標(biāo),而不包含鍵datafiledatafile的格式類似于上面(不包括注釋),就可以LAMMPS讀入,而不管你是采用什么途徑。datafile的文件格datafile文件格式還比較簡單,所以還是比較容易獲得的。MaterialStudio,具有強(qiáng)大的建模功能,而且支持很多種文件格式datafile格式。使用建模軟件完成建模后,導(dǎo)出xyz文件格式(xyzdatafile格式比較相近,比較容易修改);datafilexyz文件,主要matlab腳本,可以完成這種格式轉(zhuǎn)換:【\hxyz2lmpxyz格式轉(zhuǎn)成\hlammpsdatafile】夠在網(wǎng)上找到現(xiàn)成的代碼,Youarelucky!)。xyz2lmpxyzlammpsdataxyzlammps目前,程序只適用于合金體系,即不考慮力場參數(shù)(我的體系都屬于這方面)xyzlammpsdatafile文件是需要晶胞信息xyz文件的注釋行,也就是第二行,才可以完成轉(zhuǎn)換,不然程序會(huì)system_namexloxhiyloyhizloxyztest.xyz只是為了測試程序,結(jié)構(gòu)沒有實(shí)際意義Cu010001000Cu Cu Fe Cu Fe Cu Cu Au Cu Au Cu >>lmpConvertedfrom.xyzto.lmp@04-May-2012 atom0.000000 xlo0.000000 ylo0.000000 zlo xyz2lmp%Thisscriptconverts.xyzfiletolammpsdata% f_xyz:nameoftheinput.xyz% %NOTE:Thesecondlinemustbeinspecifiedformat PdAuxloxhiyloyhizlo%PoweedbyXianbao%Email:\h%Website:\h%openthe.xyzfilefidin=fopen(f_xyz,'r');iffidin==-1error('Failedtoopenthefile.Please%numberofalltheatomsatom_num_a=fscanf(fidin,'%d');%comment=textscan(fidin,'%s%f%f%f%f%f%f',1);xlo=comment{2};xhi=comment{3};ylo=comment{4};yhi=comment{5};zlo=comment{6};zhi=comment{7};%coordinatesoftheatoms=textscan(fidin,'%s%f%f%f',atom_num_a);%type_name= %namesof atom_num(1)= %atomnumberofeach%sorttheatomsaccordingtotheirfori=2:flag=forj=ifstrcmp(atoms{1}(i),type_name(j))==atom_num(j)=atom_num(j)+flag=ifflag==type_name(end+1)=atom_num(end+1)=type_num=%writethelammpsoutfilename=strrep(f_xyz,'.xyz','.lmp');fidout=fopen(outfilename,'w');new_comment=['Convertedfrom.xyzto.lmp@',datestr(now)];fprintf(fidout,'%d\t%s\n',atom_num_a,'atoms');fprintf(fidout,'%d\t%s\n',type_num,'atomtypes');fprintf(fidout,'%f%f\t%s\n',xlo,xhi,'xloxhi');fprintf(fidout,'%f%f\t%s\n',ylo,yhi,'yloyhi');fprintf(fidout,'%f%f\t%s\n\n',zlo,zhi,'zlozhi');%thefori=1:length(atoms{1})forj=1:type_numifstrcmp(atoms{1}(i),type_name(j))==1fprintf(fidout,'%d\t%d\t%f\t%f\t%f\n',...程序創(chuàng)建datafiledatafiledatafiledatafile的格式,并lammpslammps提供的命令也能很方便的創(chuàng)建合金結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)然可能僅限于一些比較規(guī)則的latticecreate_box,create_atoms,這里只是強(qiáng)調(diào)在合金體 custom$xa11.00.00.0a20.01.00.0a30.00.01.0 0.00.00.0basisbasis0.50.0 basis0.00.00.5basis0.00.5 boxblock03030 2 2boxbasis11basis21basis31basis41 52basis62basis72basis8lattice第一行為晶格矢量,其中$xB184Na,4Clregioncreate_box2create_atomslatticebasis有兩個(gè)參數(shù),12.lattice:\h\h\h\h\h2013428日||2,645MS(materialsstudio)lammps中。參考:\hMaterialsStudiolammps?lammpsMSlammpsdump命令輸出的數(shù)據(jù)文件格式有三種:dump格式、xyzcfgdumplammps自己定義的,并不具有通用性,是很難轉(zhuǎn)換成其他通用格式cfg格式也不是一種通用格式,但因?yàn)橛幸恍┈F(xiàn)成的程序可以幫助轉(zhuǎn)換,所以使用起cfg格式作為橋梁,進(jìn)行格式轉(zhuǎn)換的??偟乃悸肥牵簂ammpscfgpdbms建模\h\h\h\h\h\h一lammpscfgdumpdump1allcfg100dump.snap.*.cfgidtypexsys二pdbcfgcfgpdb的腳本(非開源)linux版下載地址:\hcfg2pdb|\h$$cfg2pdbinput.cfg三導(dǎo)入MSpdbMS打開即可完成建模。如果看到模型有點(diǎn)不對,可能buildcrystal操作,如下圖所示。lammpsMS\h\h2013423日||4,031“MSlammps?”等等。以前也沒有很好的辦法,分子模擬論壇msi2lmp的小程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn),但我自己沒有搞成功。不過我自己\h\h\h1.\h\h\hMS(MaterialsStudio)完成模型的建立。需要特別注意,模型中必須包括cifbuild–crsytals–buildcrystals命令為沒有晶胞的模型創(chuàng)建晶胞。導(dǎo)出cif選擇菜單【File】–【Exportcif格式,導(dǎo)出。如下圖所vaspVESTAcif格式的文件,選擇菜單【File】–【ExportDatavasp格式,導(dǎo)出。如下圖所示。\hlammpsvasplinuxposcar2lammps腳本lammps格式。\h\h\h2012816日||2,757瀏LAMMPSHCP的原胞已經(jīng)latticehcpStylehcphasa1=100,a2=0sqrt(3)0,anda3=00sqrt(8/3)…Ahcplatticehas4basisatoms,twointhez=0planeand2inthez=0.5plane.x-yx-y2個(gè)原子,整4個(gè)原子。這樣的盒子的周期性是很容易理解的。另外,有些人可能會(huì)有疑問:HCP的晶格常數(shù)有兩個(gè):ac,為什么這里提到了a?\h\h201253日||6,045\h\h\hrestart\hrestart\hrestart\h\h\hrestartrestartlammpslammps計(jì)算。這樣可以省restartrestartrestart文件,在這個(gè)文件中記錄某個(gè)狀態(tài)restart文件是二進(jìn)制文件。restartrestart相關(guān)的命令有三個(gè):restart,write_restart,read_restart。還有一個(gè)相關(guān)的datafileread_data讀入。restartwrite_restart命令是用來寫重啟動(dòng)文件的,區(qū)別是前者用來周期性restart文件,而后者則是寫出該命令使用前的系統(tǒng)狀toolsrestart2datacpp#FENEbeadspringunitsljatom_stylebondspecial_bondsfeneread_dataneighbor0.4neigh_modifyevery1delaybond_stylebond_coeff130.01.51.0pair_stylelj/cut1.12pair_modifyshiftyespair_coeff111.01.01.12fix1allfix2alllangevin1.01.010.0thermotimesteprestart50tmp.restart#writerestartfileperiodicllyrun100#write_restarttmp*.restart#writerestartfileofthecurrentrestartwrite_restartrestart命令,tmp.restart.50,tmp.restart.100.restart$g++restart2data.cpp-orestart2data文件,cpbench目錄下,轉(zhuǎn)tmp50.restart文件。restart2datatmp50.restartbenchdata.tmp50restartin.chainin.chain.restartrestartrestart文件 0.4 every1delay 1all 2alllangevin1.01.010.0 timestep50參考:\hrestart\hwrite_restart\hread_restart\hrestart2data\hRestartinga【格式轉(zhuǎn)換】vaspposcarlammps\h\h2013222日||2,638VASPPOSCAR/CONTCARlammpsdatafile文件的轉(zhuǎn)換。\h\h\h\h\h\h)VASP-poscar2lammps.awk下載下來,拷貝到你的當(dāng)前目錄(或者添加到系統(tǒng)路徑中),修改權(quán)限為可執(zhí)行(chmod+x)VASP-poscar2lammps.awkVASP-poscar2lammps.awkf.POSCAR>其中,VASP-poscar2lammps.awk為轉(zhuǎn)換腳本名稱,f.POSCARVASPPOSCAR結(jié)構(gòu)的文件的文件名,f.lammpsLAMMPS結(jié)構(gòu)文件的文件地址:\hawkawk必須先在目錄/bin下,如果在其他目錄下,需要修\hatomeyelammps的模擬結(jié)果做成視頻動(dòng)\h\h2013923日||1,937lammps分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬的過程制作成動(dòng)畫,這樣展示起來atomeyelammps的模擬結(jié)果做成視頻atomeye軟件,這里就不做過多介紹,不了解的可以翻看我之前寫過的博\h\h\h\h\h\h輸出cfglammpsdumpcfgcfgdump2innercfg10dump.snap.*.cfgidtypexsyscfg文件轉(zhuǎn)jpgatomeyecfg文件中的第一個(gè),調(diào)整構(gòu)型到一個(gè)合適的姿態(tài),然后按‘y’,atomeye就會(huì)以相同的姿態(tài),依次輸出各個(gè)構(gòu)型的jpg圖片。將jpgmovgeargif動(dòng)態(tài)圖片。網(wǎng)上很容\h\h2012528日||3,552瀏平衡晶格常數(shù)(equilibriumlatticeconstant)對應(yīng)的體系能量是最低的,因此只#Thisinputscriptisusedtocalculate#thelatticeconstantofdiamond#PoweredbyXianbao#Email:\h#Website:\h ppp iloop xequal xequal#buildthe diamond boxblock0100100 1 1#specifythepotential **SiC.tersoffC 112 nequal Pequal vequal #minimizethetotal 1.0e-121.0e-121000 "@$x#loop loglog$grep^@log.lammps>greplinuxlog.lammps文件中以@開始的行輸出lat.vs.Ecoh.step1文件中。3.51-3.52-3.53-3.54-3.55-3.56-3.57-3.58-3.59-3.6-3.61-3.62-3.63-3.64-3.65-3.66-3.67-3.68-3.69-3.7-\hMATLAB計(jì)算平衡晶格常數(shù)晶格常數(shù)表可以參考:\h所有元素的晶格常數(shù)查詢表\h\h2012528日||4,029\h體積模量(BulkModulus)是材料很常用的一個(gè)屬性,下面是維基百科里的解Thebulkmodulus(K)ofasubstancemeasuresthesubstance’sresistancetouniformcompression.Itisdefinedasthepressureincreaseneededtodecreasethevolumebyafactorof1/e. (Fromwikipedia:\hBulkModulus)上式中,E是晶胞總能量,M是晶胞中的原子數(shù),a是晶格常數(shù)。a0M很容易得到,平衡晶格常數(shù)在前面的文章已d2E/da2|a0只是在計(jì)算平衡晶格常數(shù)時(shí)進(jìn)一步求二次導(dǎo)數(shù)就下面接著\h計(jì)算平衡晶格常數(shù)的計(jì)算,進(jìn)一步計(jì)算體積模量,仍然以金剛石為例。daod8=。仍然使用\h\h格常數(shù)中的晶格常數(shù)-結(jié)合能數(shù)據(jù)。MATLAB%%calcuatethebulkmodulusaccordingto"lat_constcohesive%%%N:.orderofthepolynomial%M:numberofatomsintheunit%sc: bcc:M=2;fcc:M=4;dc:%inFileNmae:ofthefilestoring"lat_constcohesive%%%%%Create:2012-1- Complete:2012-1-%PoweedbyXianbaoDuan@Lab.ofAdvancedMaterial%Email:Xianbao.dat%functionfunctioncvt_factor=%convertthemodulusfromeV/A^2todata=load(inFileName,'-%readindatafromthex=data(:,1);y=%[xy]=textread(inFileName,'%f%f');bindEnergy=polyfit(x,y,N); %polynomialfittingdbindEnergy=polyder(bindEnergy);%derivationofthepolynomialequationzero_points=roots(dbindEnergy); %solvethezeropointsfori=1:length(zero_points)ifisreal(zero_points(i))ifzero_points(i)>ifzero_points(i)<x(end)lat_const=zero_points(i)coh_energy=spline(x,y,lat_const)d2=polyder(dbindEnergy);d2_da=polyval(d2,lat_const);bulk_modulus=4階擬合(N=4),得到金剛石的體積模量為:425.7265GPa,實(shí)驗(yàn)442GPa。\h\h2012530日||3,582熱容(HeatCapacityorthermalcapacity),單位質(zhì)量或體積的物質(zhì)溫度升高或降低1K時(shí)吸收或放出的熱量。Wikipedia里熱容的定義:Heatcapacity(usuallydenotedbyacapitalC,oftenwithsubscripts),orthermalcapacity,isthemeasurablephysicalquantitythatcharacterizestheamountofheatrequiredtochangeasubstance’stemperaturebyagivenamount.(link:\hHeatcapacity)(SpecificHeat)和體積熱容(VolumetricHeatCapacity,分別是以單位質(zhì)量和單位體積的物質(zhì)定義的。這里Wikipedia里體積熱容的定義:Volumetricheatcapacity(VHC),alsotermedvolume-specificheatcapacity,describestheabilityofagivenvolumeofasubstancetostoreinternalenergywhileundergoingagiventemperaturechange,butwithoutundergoingaphasechange.(link:\hVolumetricheatcapacity)NVT系綜。能。E-T曲線的斜率應(yīng)該就與體積熱容有一個(gè)直接的對應(yīng)關(guān)系了。#Thisinputscriptisusedtocalculate#thespecificheatofcopper.#PoweredbyXianbao#Email:\h#Website:\h ppp xequal fcc boxblock08080create_box1 1 11 Nequal Etotalequal Tequal Vequal allcreate$x825577dist extraallprint100"${N}${V}${T}${Etotal}"file 1allnvttemp$x2000 34~35NVT2.5K一直升2000K120000步。dataorigin0.53975ΔE/ΔT=0.53975eV/K。計(jì)算過程中保持恒定V=24288.21914A3。Cv=3.56J/(cm3K。實(shí)驗(yàn)值為:3.45J/(cm3K)。(其中用到了單位換算:1eV=1.60217646×10-19J,1A=10-8cm)體積熱容表可以參考:\h\h\h201268日||5,136熱膨脹系數(shù)(thermalexpansioncoefficent)是物質(zhì)因溫度改變時(shí),體積發(fā)生變化維基百科的定義:Thermalexpansionisthetendencyofmattertochangeinvolumeinresponsetoachangeintemperature.(Link:\hthermalexpansion)β=ΔV/(V*ΔT)α=ΔL/(L*ΔT)ΔL/ΔT了。所以,在模擬NPTNPT系綜之NVT系綜進(jìn)行平衡一定的步數(shù)。#Thisinputscriptis#Thisinputscriptisusedtocalculate#thethermalexpansionofcopper.#PoweredbyXianbao#Email:\h#Website:\hpp variableiloopxequalfccboxblock080801 1 11 Nequalstep poteequalpe Etotalequaletotal Tequaltemp Pressequalpress Vequalvol allcreate2.5825577disttimestep 1allnvttemp2.52.5 2allnpttemp2.5$x0.2iso00 extraallprint100"${N}${T}${V}${pote}${Etotal}${Press}"append3allnvttemp$x$x3i12x34-352.5KNVTNPT39-40NPT44appendfile,46-47NVT下進(jìn)行適當(dāng)平衡,在這個(gè)過程中輸出了有關(guān)data文件即為結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)。將其中的溫度和體積復(fù)制出來列表,繪圖,如下6.89444e-5ΔL/ΔT6.89444e-5A/K。又初始的晶格常數(shù)3.6346Aα=ΔL/(L*ΔT)=18.9710-6K-1。17.510-6K-1材料的熱膨脹系數(shù)可以參考:\h\hatom_style,\hboundary,\hdimension,\hnewton,processors,\h\hcreate_atoms,create_box,lattice,read_data,read_dump,\hread_restart,\hregion,pair_coeff,pair_modify,pair_style,\hcommunicate,group,\hmass,min_modify,\hmin_style,neigh_modify,neighbor,\hreset_timestep,run_style,set,\htimestep,velocity\hfix,\hfix_modify,\h\hcompute,\hcompute_modify,\hdump,dumpimage,dump_modify,\hrestart,\hthermo,thermo_modify,thermo_style,undump,write_data,\hwrite_restart\hdelete_atoms,delete_bonds,displace_atoms,change_box,\hminimize,neb,prd,rerun,run,temper\hclear,\hecho,\hif,\hinclude,\hjump,\hlabel,\hlog,\hnext,\hprint,\hshell,\h\h2012527日||3,233瀏以下是元素的熱膨脹系數(shù),來自維基百科:\hthermalexpansioncoefficientsCRCLNGWEL等代表不同的數(shù)據(jù)來源,一般沒有區(qū)別,或區(qū)別很小。(發(fā)×10?6m·m?1·3Li\h4Be\h5B\h66C\h11Na\h12Mg\h13Al\h14Si\h19K\h20Ca\h21Sc\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)22Ti\h23V\h24Cr\h25Mn\h26Fe\h27Co\h28Ni\h29Cu\h30Zn\h31Ga\h\h(>30C)(liquid)(>30C)(liquid)32Ge\h634Se\h(amorphous)(amorphous)38Sr\h39Y\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)40Zr\h41Nb\h42Mo\h44Ru\h45Rh\h46Pd\h47Ag\h48Cd\h49In\h50Sn\h51Sb\h55Cs\h56Ba\h57La\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)58Ce\h(roomtemperature)(gamma,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(gamma,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(gamma,polycrystalline)59Pr\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)60Nd\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)61Pm\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)est.est.(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)est.(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)est.(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)est.est.62Sm\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)63Eu\h(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(amorphous)(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)64Gd\h(100°C)(alpha,polycrystalline)(100°C)(100°C)(alpha,amorphous)(100°C)(alpha,crystalline)(100°C)(alpha,polycrystalline)(100°C)65Tb\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)66Dy\h(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(alpha,crystalline)(roomtemperature)(alpha,polycrystalline)67Ho\h(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(amorphous)(roomtemperature)(crystalline)(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)68Er\h(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(amorphous)(roomtemperature)(crystalline)(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)69Tm\h(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(amorphous)(roomtemperature)(crystalline)(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)70Yb\h(roomtemperature)(beta,polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(beta,amorphous)(roomtemperature)(beta,polycrystalline)71Lu\h(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)(roomtemperature)(amorphous)(roomtemperature)(crystalline)(roomtemperature)(polycrystalline)72Hf\h73Ta\h74W\h75Re\h76Os\h77Ir\h78Pt\h79Au\h80Hg\h81Tl\h82Pb\h83Bi\h84Po\h90Th\h92U\h94Pu\h\h\h2012526日||5,449瀏Volumetricheatcapacity一列為體積熱容量。數(shù)據(jù)來自維基百科:\hheatcapacity。Tableofspecific\hincapacitiesat25\hof\h(298K)\hotherwisecpor\h\hAir(Sealevel,0°C(273.15~1.25Airroom~1.25\h2.91\h3.21\hAnimal\h(incl.\h\h3.03\h1.50\h2.96\h1.97Tableofspecific\hincapacitiesat25\hof\h(298K)\hotherwisecpor\h\h\h3.09\h3.13\hCarbon\h1.14\h2.81\h2.94\h0.74\h1.50\h1.05\h\h\h3.05\h\hTableofspecific\hincapacitiesat25\hof\h(298K)\hotherwisecpor\h\h1.03\h1.50\h1.23\h\h\h1.05\h3.02\h3.18\h2.98\hLithiumat181\h3.65\h2.99\h3.36Tableofspecific\hincapacitiesat25\hof\h(298K)\hotherwisecpor\h\hMethaneat20.66\hMethanol(298\h1.38\h1.25\h1.50\h1.26\hParaffin1.41\h\h\h\h\hSilica1.69Tableofspecific\hincapacitiesat25\hof\h(298K)\hotherwisecpor\h\h\h2.99\h3.39\h3.26\h3.13\h\h2.98\h3.33\hWaterat1001.12\hWaterat253.02\hWaterat1003.02\hWaterat?10\h1.53Tableofspecific\hincapacitiesat25\hof\h(298K)\hotherwisecpor\h\h\h3.03Notableminimaandmaximaareshownin\h\h2012514日||3,223瀏\hPerPer4103272642657.74285.3183320210 11811217871141777.613539542433638529431717981.0400271372368621302243107 ',亨亨亨亨亨亨4.253.392.732.75三0.0802.961.903.322.18三5.811.221.161.847.374.320.8041.404.10嚴(yán)4.393.493.99D,ts「3.043.291.860.844.142.813.85竺3.816.443.14血2.52迎1.11血,6.94An- CohesiveEnergyClick.,tosee 亨亨曹,亨亨曹,亨另外一種格式的表格(點(diǎn)擊看大圖\h\h2012514日||11,462瀏WebElements:\h/copper/crystal_structure.htmlPeriodicTable:\h/Properties/A/LatticeConstants.\h\h\h2012825日||1,591瀏體積模量,bulkThebulkmodulus(K)ofasubstancemeasuresthesubstance’sresistancetouniformcompression.Itisdefinedasthepressureincreaseneededtodecreasethevolumebyafactorof1/e.(Fromwikipedia:BulkModulus)\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLAMMPS下常用體系的原子間勢函數(shù)的下載。持續(xù)更新。\h\h\h一\h\h\h四\h五一Ag:\heam/alloy|\hAl:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-2|\heam|\hAu:\heam/alloy|\h\hCu:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-2|\heam/fs-3|\heam/alloy-1|\heam/alloy-\hmishin1|\heam/alloy-zhou|\heam-smf7|\heam-u3|\heam-u6Fe:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-2|\heam/fs-3|\heam/fs-Mg:\heam/fs|\heam/fs-\h\hNi:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-2|\heam/alloy|\heam-smf7|\heam-\h\h\hSi:\hsw|\h\h\h\hW:\heam/fs|\hZr:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-2|\heam/fs-3|\heam/fs-二Ag-Cu:\heam/alloy-1|\heam/alloy-\hAl-Cu:\heam/alloy-1|\heam/alloy-Al-Fe:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-\hAl-Mg:\heam/fs|\hAl-Ni:\heam/alloy-1|\heam/alloy-2|\heam/alloy-3|\heam/alloy|\heam/fs-\h\h\h\hC-Si:\htersoff|\htersoff-zbl|\h\h\h\h\hCu-Zr:\heam/fs-1|\heam/fs-2|\heam/fs-\hFe-P:\heam/fs|\hFe-V:\heam/fs|\heam/fs-Ga-N:\hsw|\h\h\h\h三\hAl-Ni-H:\heam/alloy-1|\heam/alloy-2|\heam/fs-\h\h四pair_coeff時(shí)選擇Cu-Fe-NiCu-FeFe-Ni等。五\h:\h\h\h\h2012915日||5,376\h\h\h1VESTA\h2VESTA\h3VESTA\h4VESTA\h5VESTAVESTAVESTAVisualizationforElectronicandSTructuralAnalysis的簡稱,直接翻譯,VESTA官網(wǎng):\h/vesta/en/VESTADealwithmultiplestructuralmodels,volumetricdata,andcrystalmorphologiesinthesamewindow.SupportmultipletabscorrespondingtoSupportmultiplewindowswithmorethantwotabsinthesameDealwithvirtuallyunlimitednumberofobjectssuchasatoms,bondspolyhedra,andpolygonsonisosurfaces(theoreticallimiton32bitoperatingsystemisSupportlatticetransformationfromconventionaltonon-conventionallatticebyusingmatrix.ThetransformationmatrixisalsousedtocreatesuperlatticeandVisualizeinteratomicdistancesandbondanglesthatarerestrainedinRietveldanalysiswithRIETAN-FP.TransparentisosurfacescanbeoverlapwithstructuralIsosurfacecanbecoloredonthebasisofanotherphysicalArithmeticoperationsamongmultiplevolumetricdataHighqualitysmoothrenderingofisosurfacesandExporthigh-resolutiongraphicimagesexceedingVideocardVESTAVASPPOSCAR,電荷密度等,VASP使用者的福音。VESTAVESTA提供了一個(gè)很詳細(xì)的文檔,具體介紹如何使用,但是在我看來完全沒有必VESTA\hwindows\h32位|\h64linux\h32位|\h64\h\h201253日||9,788atomeye(據(jù)說是其博士期\h\h\h1atomeye\h2atomeye\h3atomeye\h4atomeye\h5atomeyeatomeyeatomeyeatomeye目前只支持兩種文件格式:CFG格式(CFGCFG格式)PDB格式。CFGCFGatomeye\h\hi686\hAlphaLinux\hSgi\hSgi\hSun\hHP\hWindowswith\hCygwin/\hX\h\hAlphaTru64MacOSX(\hv10.4andbefore,\hv10.5“Leopard”)with\hDarwin(see\hA,\hB,\hCforbuttonatomeyeatomeyeA.i686atomeye,更直觀:atomeye可執(zhí)行屬性。$$mvA.i686$chmod+xatomeye添加到系統(tǒng)路徑,這樣就可以在任意目錄下均可以直接使atomeye命令調(diào)用。linux系統(tǒng)(linux終端),atomeye裝-Yssh,那么你可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在終端上atomeye。$ssh$ssh-Y$atomeyeatomeyeBDFIJjpgKLOPpngQUY,\h建模:MSlammps建模(msi2lmp轉(zhuǎn)換MSlammpslammps以及很多其他開源的模擬軟件在易用性上做得modelbuildervisualizer。即使可以聯(lián)用VMD,由于軟件間的接口設(shè)計(jì)或者模擬軟件輸出格式等問題,也是極為不方便(VMDlammps輸出的朋友都有體會(huì)吧)。這只是牢騷話,下MSbuilder沒得說,lammps也有附加工具“msi2lmpMS支持的文件格式轉(zhuǎn)car/mdf組合。*.car文件記錄了原子坐標(biāo),mdf文件記錄了鍵接方式。使MSlammps建模的工作流程是:MSmsi2lmpcvffcff91MS中一定要為原子discoversetup對話框,energycvffcff91typing選項(xiàng)卡,type即可。如果你不對于某些力場不支持的原子類型(有的時(shí)候支持的也會(huì)分析錯(cuò),哈哈),typying過程中carexportmsi2lmp.execvff.frccff91.frccar/mdf文件的目錄中,執(zhí)行msi2lmplammps可以使用的數(shù)據(jù)文件了(×××就是你的×××.car文件沒有后綴的名稱)。msi2lmpcvffcff91msi2lmp的幫助信息。最后說明一下,msi2lmp對有些模型會(huì)報(bào)告不能為某些鍵角或者兩面角找到相關(guān)的力場sp23個(gè)原子所形成的平面improper都需要顯示表達(dá)的。如果遇到這些警告,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)lammps0.000。你要注意檢查并確認(rèn)這些項(xiàng)的確是無關(guān)緊要的。最后你運(yùn)行你的模擬時(shí),你還有可能遇到“Incorrectsignargfordihedralcoefficientsmsi2lmp為上述零參數(shù)相互作用項(xiàng)生成的數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)。你只要在lammps10,符號項(xiàng)MaterialStudioMS3D結(jié)構(gòu),但是絕對不會(huì)糾正嚴(yán)重的結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤。看結(jié)構(gòu)畫得好ICSD\hSpaceGroupFd3mSMSMS中是UnitCell8.458.458.4590.90.90.BUILDCrystalLattice第二頁要填寫的對應(yīng)Atom#OXxyzHNi1+28a000Mn1+316d O1-232e AtomMSAddAtom操作中為建好的格子里面加原子的,這些參數(shù)依次Vol603.35properties瀏覽窗中看到的。Typing0。 中,將會(huì)顯示這個(gè)原子的相關(guān)屬性,并告訴你這個(gè)原子的元素種類(Al吧),然Al,將出現(xiàn)一個(gè)元素周期表,選擇你要摻雜得原子,確定就可以了!MS-CASTEP模塊下做模擬計(jì)算的,這個(gè)問題最后是這樣解決的:建立完沒有摻雜的晶胞后,supercell,然后再選擇要替換的原子,進(jìn)行摻雜.supercellP1吧,supercell不是晶胞的對稱性。)Dmol3做反應(yīng)歷程探尋,如果是為了考察amorphouscell。后者要加一個(gè)盒子,那個(gè)盒子叫周期性邊界條MS不是虛擬化學(xué)反應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M,所以我只能給你講述到這里。MS的主要功用還是服務(wù)于計(jì)算化學(xué)的。(Gaussian軟件)MS中二者是截然不同的。畫苯環(huán)最簡單的方法是:Alt+六元環(huán)畫筆。第二種方法就是先畫Shiftpartialdoublebond。Modifychargecalculate按鈕。這help。ForsiteToolsGeometryOptimizationDiscoverSETUP的參數(shù)設(shè)置。很多動(dòng)力學(xué)相關(guān)模塊都仰仗DiscoverSETUPTYPING!我這里只是告訴大家一個(gè)糾錯(cuò)的fragmentbuildpolymerframent優(yōu)化一buildpolymerfragment建了長鏈,能量有可能高的離譜,那COMPASSPCFFCVFFDREIDINGCOMPASS力場:COMPASS力場。其他的力場用在純有機(jī)物研究,或生命藥物研究方COMPASS力場結(jié)合的最好(最廣的覆蓋度和較為準(zhǔn)確的價(jià)態(tài)元素定義)。其它的力場在DNA方面有著很高的準(zhǔn)確性,但是元素覆蓋較少。這里我就不具體介紹其他universalCOMPASSDISCOVER里看看有答:buildcharges-calculatediscovermd時(shí)間足夠長電荷自動(dòng)就XYZ方向上自由?Build->Surfaces->Cleavesurface,切割晶體,得到一個(gè)二維(u,v)的平面——只有二維周Build->Crystals->BuildVacuumSlab,在表面上方建立一個(gè)真空層。\h\h2013102日||2,305\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hatom_styleatom_stylestyleangleoratomicorbodyorbondorchargeordipoleorelectronorellipsoidorfullorlinemesoormolecularorperiorsphereortrioratom_styleatom_styleatomicatom_stylebondatom_stylefullatom_stylebodynparticle210atom_stylehybridchargeatom_stylehybridchargebodynparticle2盒子(\hread_data\hread_restart\hcreate_box)之前使用。bond類型,原子沒有\(zhòng)hread_data讀入的性質(zhì)。bondsandbead-springpolymerswithonlythedefaultcoarse-grainliquids,bondsandbead-springpolymerswithonlythedefaultcoarse-grainliquids,solids,mass,inertiamoments,quaternion,angularmomentumarbitraryatomicsystemwithchargeanddipolesystemwithdipolarchargeandspinandelectronicforceshape,quaternion,angularmolecular+endpoints,angularrigidrho,e,SPHbonds,angles,dihedrals,mass,mesocopicPeridynamicdiameter,mass,angulargranularcornerpoints,angularrigidcharge,spin,eradius,etag,cs_re,fixproperty/atom,了解更多細(xì)節(jié)和例子。sphereellipsoidelectronperiwavepacketlinetri,andbody定義的是有限尺寸粒子,其他的類型定義的都是點(diǎn)粒子。0,它是一個(gè)點(diǎn)粒子(pointparticle)。lipoi:粒子是橢球體,每個(gè)粒子存有一個(gè)標(biāo)記,用來區(qū)分該粒子是有限尺寸的橢球還是點(diǎn)粒子。如果是橢球,那么每個(gè)粒子就存有形狀矢量,這個(gè)矢量包括橢球體的三個(gè)直徑和一個(gè)代表其方位的四維矢量。electron:theparticlesrepresentingelectronsare3dGaussianswithaspecifiedpositionandbandwidthoruncertaintyinposition,whichisrepresentedbytheeradius=electronsize.wavepacketelectron類似,buttheelectronsmayconsistofseveralGaussianwavepacketssummedupwithcoefficientscscs_re,cs_imEachofthewavepacketsistreatedasaseparateparticleinLAMMPS,wavepacketsbelongingtothesameelectronmusthaveidenticaletagvalues.line:theparticlesareidealizedlinesegmentsandeachstoresaper-particleandlengthandorientation(i.e.theendpointsofthelinetri:theparticlesareplanartrianglesandeachstoresaper-particlemassandsizeandorientation(i.e.thecornerpointsofthetriangle).body:theparticlesarearbitrarybodieswithinternalattributesdefinedby“style”ofthebodies,whichisspecifiedbythebstyleargument.Bodyparticlescanrepresentcomplexentities,suchassurfacemeshesofdiscretepoints,collectionsofsub-particles,deformableobjects,etc.charge;如bond。hybrid的情況是沒有任何一種類型包括了所有需要的性質(zhì)。比atom_stylehybridspheredipolehybrid,那么原子就會(huì)儲存由這\h\hangle/bond/full/molecularMOLECULARline/tri是ASPHEREbodyBODYdipoleDIPOLEperiPERIelectronUSER-EFF包的一mesoUSER-SPH包的一部分;wavepacketUSER-AWPMD包LAMMPS編譯的時(shí)候把相應(yīng)的包編譯進(jìn)去了,這些類型才可以\h\hatom_styleatom_style\h\h20131028日||3,480\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hboundaryboundaryxyx,y,zp/s/f/mboundaryppfboundaryboundaryppfboundarypfspboundarysf\h\h\hp代表周期性邊界條件,就是說原子在跨越模擬盒子的邊界時(shí),會(huì)從盒子的另外一\h\hf/s/m都將模擬盒子定義為非周期邊界條件,就是說原子在穿越邊界時(shí)不會(huì)再從盒f是將所對應(yīng)的面設(shè)置為固定的。如果原子從這個(gè)面移動(dòng)出去了,那么這個(gè)原子就丟s是將所對應(yīng)的面設(shè)置為浮動(dòng)的,不論原子在那個(gè)方向上移動(dòng)到哪里,都會(huì)通過調(diào)整ms的基礎(chǔ)上定義的,雖然包覆原子的行為會(huì)發(fā)生,但卻被限制在一定的范圍\hcreate_box設(shè)置的。舉例說z50.0z的正方向50.0小,z50.0或者其上的位置上。對于非正交模擬盒子,如果傾斜因子的第二個(gè)維度(xyy方向)型的(sm),xyxloxhi面就是沿著+y方向進(jìn)行傾斜的面。這些傾斜x方向的范圍,原子也是被包覆在這些傾斜面內(nèi)。[譯注:本\h\h\h\h\hchange_box介紹如何改變模擬盒子的邊界條件。對于二維模擬來說,z必須設(shè)置為周期性。\hboundaryboundarypp\h\h2013103日||790\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hdimensiondimensionN:2ordimensiondimension該命令用來定義模擬的維度。默認(rèn)情況下,LAMMPS運(yùn)行三維模擬。如果要運(yùn)行二維的模擬,需要在建立模擬盒子(\hcreate_box\hread_data)之前,howto注意:LAMMPS中的有些模型將粒子作為有限尺寸的球體或橢球體對待,而不是\h\hfixdimensiondimension\h\h20131029日||918newton\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hnewtonflagnewtonnewtonflagnewtonflag1flag2newtonoffnewtonnewtonoffnewtononoff2倍及以上計(jì)算量的做法。具體flagoff,那么如果相互作用的兩個(gè)原子在不同的處理器flagoff,那么如果鍵、角、二面角或不2個(gè)或更多的處理器上,這些相互作用會(huì)被每個(gè)處理器分別計(jì)newtonflag設(shè)置成什么,LAMMPS計(jì)算出來的結(jié)果都是一樣\hrun_stylerespa,如果最內(nèi)層時(shí)間步只計(jì)算鍵相互作用,那么將鍵相互作用\h模擬盒子定義(\hread_data\hcreate_box)以后,newton鍵設(shè)置就不能再改\hrun_stylenewtonnewton\h\h2013101日||2,007units命令用來定義模擬過程中使用的單位類型,它決定了所有輸入腳本、數(shù)據(jù)文dump文件中物理量的單位。\h\h\h\h\h\hLJ\hreal\hmetal\hsi\hcgs\h\h\hunitsunitsunitsunitsmetalunitsljdump文件中物理量的單位。一般來說,該命令用在lj\hLJlj類型,所有的物理量都是沒有單位的。不失一般性,LAMMPS將基本量mass、sigma、epsilon1。你所指定的質(zhì)量、距離、能量就是lj模擬無單位量轉(zhuǎn)換為正常的物理量。mass=massordistance=sigma,wherex*=x/time=tau,wheretau=t*=t(epsilon/m/energy=epsilon,whereE*=E/velocity=sigma/tau,wherev*=vtau/for

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