2019屆新課標(biāo)天津市高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)第二部分完形填空專題十三說(shuō)明文講義

專題十三說(shuō)明文-2-考情概覽在英語(yǔ)中,天文地理、人情世故、客觀事物、主觀意識(shí)等宇宙間的一切都可以通過(guò)說(shuō)明文加以闡述說(shuō)明,如the

importance

of

being

on

time(準(zhǔn)時(shí)的重要性)和the

happiness

of

reading

books(讀書(shū)之樂(lè))之類的話題,在漢語(yǔ)中似乎應(yīng)該屬于議論文的范圍,但在英語(yǔ)中卻一般列在說(shuō)明文中。其語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)是:-3-1.多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。因?yàn)檎f(shuō)明文通常是對(duì)客觀事物或事理的一種介紹與解釋,而這種客觀介紹與解釋一般是不隨時(shí)間和空間的變化而改變的。2.采用客觀描述。說(shuō)明文一般是對(duì)客觀存在的事物等的說(shuō)明與介紹,因此,語(yǔ)言的表述也應(yīng)該盡可能地給人以客觀可信的感覺(jué)。在英語(yǔ)中,使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(如用It

is

said

that...替代I

think

that...)、引用權(quán)威的信息來(lái)源(如用according

to

sb.

替代in

my

opinion)、選用委婉語(yǔ)是使說(shuō)明文增加客觀性、從而更易被讀者接受的重要語(yǔ)言手段。3.遣詞用字簡(jiǎn)練、平實(shí)、確切。說(shuō)明文的主要目的是幫助讀者認(rèn)清事物,明白事理,故其語(yǔ)言通常較為淺顯、通俗,比較易于讀者理解。其內(nèi)容也很客觀真實(shí)。它的用詞總是貼近事物的本來(lái)面目,不會(huì)使用華麗的辭藻和夸張的寫(xiě)作手法,一般也不加描述和議論。-4-另外,說(shuō)明性完形填空選材難度一般低于試卷中的閱讀理解題。在設(shè)空與選項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)方面充分體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用題的要求:以實(shí)詞為主,名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等約占全部小題數(shù)的90%,絕大多數(shù)小題都要從全文角度進(jìn)行判斷。這一命題思路體現(xiàn)了“語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)”。-5-1.確認(rèn)說(shuō)明對(duì)象,了解文章大意。文章的首句一般就明確了說(shuō)明對(duì)象。對(duì)文章先要進(jìn)行粗讀或略讀,以對(duì)文章的大意有一個(gè)大體的了解。例Howlongcanhumanbeingslive?Mostscientistswhostudyoldagethinkthatthehumanbodyis

1

tolivenolongerthan120years.However,110yearsisprobablythelongestthatanyonecouldhopetolive—ifheorsheis

2

healthyandlucky.Somescientistsevensaywecanliveaslongas130years!Yet,ourcellssimplycannotcontinuetoreproduce

3

.Theywearout,andasaresult,wegetoldand

4

die.

...分析:在文章的開(kāi)頭,作者就提出了文章需要探討的話題:人的壽命有多長(zhǎng)?在此基礎(chǔ)上,考生再對(duì)文章進(jìn)行略讀即可把握文章主題。-6-2.用好語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志,理順行文邏輯。說(shuō)明文的首段往往是文章的主題段,每段的首句也是主題句,一定把握好主題段和主題句,這是做好這類完形填空題的前提。語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ),這些詞語(yǔ)被稱為“語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)”。如表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally等;表示因果關(guān)系的thus,therefore,so等;表示改變?cè)掝}的bytheway等;表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的also,besides,what’s

more,further等;表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的before,so

far,yet,meanwhile,later等;表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,while,ontheotherhand等。做題時(shí)如果能充分利用這些語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ),就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò),弄清上下文的關(guān)系。-7-例...NorthernEuropeansusuallydonotlikehaving(bodily)contact(接觸)evenwithfriends,andcertainlynotwith(strangers).PeoplefromLatinAmericancountries,(ontheotherhand),toucheachotherquitealot.Therefore,it’spossiblethatin

,itmaylooklikeaLatinois

aNorwegianallovertheroom.The

Latino,tryingtoexpressfriendship,willkeepmoving

.TheNorwegian,veryprobablyseeingthisaspushiness,willkeep

—whichtheLatinowillinreturnregardas

.

分析:從第一句中,我們可以看出北歐人不喜歡與人(尤其是陌生人)有身體上的接觸。下一句話的信息告訴我們,在拉丁美洲人與人身體的接觸卻比較多。接下來(lái),作者用到了語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞therefore,由此可以推知這兩種不同文化碰撞的結(jié)果,即一個(gè)拉丁美洲人在談話中追著一個(gè)挪威人在屋里到處走。-8-3.細(xì)讀行文內(nèi)容,理清事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。在閱讀這類文章時(shí),我們一定要仔細(xì)研讀文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾,從主題句著手,找出支持句,然后尋找文章的結(jié)論。這時(shí),我們還要特別注意,不要被表面的一些細(xì)節(jié)所迷惑,我們?cè)诶斫饧?xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義,從而對(duì)文章進(jìn)行深層次的理解。-9-例Bodylanguageisthequiet,secretandmostpowerfullanguageofall!Itspeaks

thanwords.Accordingtospecialists,ourbodiessendoutmore

thanwerealize.In

fact,non-verbalcommunication(非語(yǔ)言交際)takesupabout50%ofwhatwereally

.Andbodylanguageisparticularly

whenweattempttocommunicateacrosscultures.Indeed,whatiscalledbodylanguageisso

apartofusthatit’sactuallyoftenunnoticed.Andmisunderstandingsoccurasaresultofit...

...Clearly,agreatdealisgoingonwhenpeople

.Andonlyapartofitisinthewordsthemselves.Andwhenpartiesarefrom

cultures,there’sastrongpossibilityof

.Butwhateverthesituation,thebest

istoobeytheGoldenRule:treatothersasyouwouldliketobe(treated).

-10-分析:文章開(kāi)頭的論據(jù)中說(shuō)到不同國(guó)家的身勢(shì)語(yǔ)不同,如果不注意,經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生誤解。作者在文章的最后提出一條“黃金法則”,即:要像自己希望被對(duì)待的方式一樣對(duì)待他人。前后照應(yīng)緊密。-11-4.注重上下文語(yǔ)境,克服思維定式。應(yīng)逐句精讀短文,逐題分析選項(xiàng),對(duì)特定的語(yǔ)境做深入的理解,克服思維定式,依據(jù)全文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐空填寫(xiě)。-12-例...For

example,the

moment

you

get

on

the

airplane,start

(adjusting)

your

biological

clock

to

the

destination’s

time.If

it’s

daytime

in

your

destination,try

to

stay

.Walking

around

the

cabin(客艙)can

be

of

help.

A.awake

B.aloneC.hungry

D.calm分析:要仔細(xì)分析語(yǔ)境,完形填空題絕不可以脫離語(yǔ)境填空。由前面的daytime提示可知,白天應(yīng)該醒著。下文“Walking

around

the

cabincan

be

of

help.”也是提示,所以該空應(yīng)選awake。-13-ABMaybeyou’velostyourjob.Maybeyoudidn’tgetthe

1

inyourjob.Maybeyoursweetheart

2

withyou.Peoplesay“Don’ttakeitpersonally”and“Don’tletitgettoyou”,butthat’svery

3

todo.

Ifyou’refeelingdiscouraged,

4

aresomestrategies(策略)formakingyourselffeelbetter?It’sprettyclearthat

5

“I’mthegreatest!”orwinningaprizealongwitheveryothersecond-gradesoccerplayerisn’tagoodwayto

6

healthyself-respect.

Thenwhatcanyoudotofeelbetter?Herearesome

7

tofollow.

-14-ABDoagooddeed.Thisisasselfishasitisselfless;you’ll

8

asmuchasthepersonyou’rehelping.Ihadafriendwho

9

aperiodofvastrejection:shewasfiredfromher

10

,shedidn’tgetintothegraduateprogramtowhichshe’d

11

,andherboyfriendsplitupwithher.Everythingworkedoutfine

12

,andIaskedherhowshegotthroughsucha(n)

13

time.She

said,“Iwas

14

addictedtodoinggooddeedsforotherpeople.ItwastheonlywayIcouldmakemyselffeellikeIwasn’tatotalloser.”

Keeparesolution(決心).Notonlywillyoubenefitfromexercisingor

15

outyourgarage,butyou’llalsogetaboost(激勵(lì))fromthemerefactthatyoumadea

16

andstucktoit.

-15-ABBoostyour

17

.Studiesshowthatwhenyou’refeelingenergetic,you’remuchmorelikelytofeelgoodaboutyourself.Most

important:getenoughsleep.

Challengeyourself

18

.Thisstrategydoesn’tworkforme,butIknowthatmanypeoplefeelgreat

19

white-waterrafting,bungee

jumping,orroller-coasterriding.Forthelessdaring,agreatrun,orbikeridecandothe

20

.

-16-AB1.A.promotion

B.gift

C.match

D.break2.A.keptup B.putup C.brokeup D.madeup3.A.easy B.hard

C.dangerous

D.pleasant4.A.which B.how

C.where

D.what5.A.hearing B.praising

C.knowing

D.repeating6.A.have B.lose

C.build

D.hurt7.A.ideas B.tips

C.plans

D.methods8.A.benefit B.repay

C.reject

D.demand9.A.wentthrough B.cameacrossC.lookedfor D.waitedfor10.A.house B.incident

C.job

D.boss11.A.appealed B.listened

C.reacted

D.applied-17-AB12.A.inthebeginning B.intheendC.inamoment D.inasense13.A.wonderful B.toughC.unforgettable

D.busy14.A.practically B.hardlyC.carefully

D.unwillingly15.A.working B.leaving

C.finding

D.cleaning16.A.bet B.difference

C.promise

D.record17.A.energy B.confidence

C.courage

D.ability18.A.mentally B.physicallyC.successfully

D.naturally19.A.before B.upon

C.until

D.after20.A.service B.business

C.trick

D.favour-18-AB【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。當(dāng)挫折和失敗讓自己感到心灰意冷、自我懷疑的時(shí)候,怎樣做才能恢復(fù)自尊、自信呢?1.A

解析根據(jù)上下文可知,作者在列舉一些讓人感到不開(kāi)心的事情。在職場(chǎng)中,沒(méi)能獲得晉升就是其中之一。A項(xiàng)“晉升”;B項(xiàng)“禮物”;C項(xiàng)“比賽”;D項(xiàng)“休息”。2.C

解析句意:或許你的心上人和你分手了。break

up

with

sb.“與某人分手”;keep

up

with

sb.“跟上某人”;put

up

with

sb.“容忍某人”;make

up

with

sb.“同某人言歸于好”。3.B

解析句意:人們說(shuō)“你別往心里去”“不要讓它對(duì)你產(chǎn)生影響”,但是那做起來(lái)卻很難?！癰ut”提示上下文存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,說(shuō)明事情是說(shuō)起來(lái)容易,但是做起來(lái)難(hard)。4.D

解析句意:如果你覺(jué)得心灰意冷,有什么策略能讓你感覺(jué)好點(diǎn)呢?-19-AB5.D

解析根據(jù)下文“I’mthegreatest!”以及常理推斷,在遭受挫敗的時(shí)候,人們往往對(duì)自己重復(fù)(repeating)說(shuō)一些鼓勵(lì)的話,讓自己心情好起來(lái)。6.C

解析句意:重復(fù)“我是最棒的!”或者在和其他二流足球隊(duì)員比賽時(shí)獲勝都不是建立健全的自尊的好方法。build此處意思是“建立”。7.B

解析根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知,這是作者提出的幾點(diǎn)建議。tip常用來(lái)表示一些有用的小建議。A項(xiàng)“主意,想法”;

C項(xiàng)“計(jì)劃”;

D項(xiàng)“(系統(tǒng)的)方法”。8.A

解析句意:你會(huì)和你所幫助的人受益同樣多。A項(xiàng)“得益于”;B項(xiàng)“償還”;C項(xiàng)“拒絕接受”;D項(xiàng)“要求”。9.A

解析這里指經(jīng)歷了一系列嚴(yán)重的挫敗。A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)歷”;B項(xiàng)“偶然碰到”;

C項(xiàng)“尋找”;D項(xiàng)“等候”。-20-AB10.C

解析此處意為“在工作中被解雇”。11.D

解析此處意為“她申請(qǐng)讀研失敗”。D項(xiàng)applied符合題意。12.B

解析句意:一切最終都順利了。B項(xiàng)“最后,結(jié)果”;A項(xiàng)“起初”;C項(xiàng)“立刻,馬上”;

D項(xiàng)“從某種意義上說(shuō)”。13.B

解析根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,她度過(guò)的是一段艱難的時(shí)期。14.A

解析此處副詞practically相當(dāng)于almost,意思是“幾乎,差不多”。B項(xiàng)“幾乎不”;C項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)地”;D項(xiàng)“不情愿地”。15.D

解析此處意為“鍛煉或者打掃車(chē)庫(kù)會(huì)讓你受益”。clean

out

“把……徹底打掃干凈”;work

out

“計(jì)算出,解決”;leave

out

“遺漏;略去”;find

out

“找出,查明”。16.C

解析根據(jù)“Keep

a

resolution.”可知C項(xiàng)意義接近,即做出承諾并且信守承諾。make

a

promise

“許諾”;make

a

bet

“打賭”;make

a

difference

“有影響;起作用”;make

a

record

“錄制唱片”。-21-AB17.A

解析根據(jù)下文語(yǔ)境以及“energetic”一詞的提示可知該段小標(biāo)題是Boost

your

energy.(養(yǎng)精蓄銳)。18.B

解析根據(jù)下文提到的極限運(yùn)動(dòng)可知,這里指Challenge

yourself

physically.(挑戰(zhàn)體能)。19.D

解析此處意為很多人在進(jìn)行了激流皮劃艇運(yùn)動(dòng)、蹦極或乘坐過(guò)山車(chē)后感覺(jué)很好。20.C

解析do

the

trick是固定短語(yǔ),意思是“起作用;奏效;達(dá)到目的”。-22-ABInBritain,peoplehavedifferentattitudestothepolice.Mostpeoplegenerally

1

themandthejobtheydo—althoughtherearecertainpeoplewhodonotbelievethatthepolice

2

havethepowerthattheydo.

Whatdoesapolicemanactuallydo?Itisnota(n)

3

jobtodescribe.After

all,apolicemanhasanumberofjobsin

4

.Apolicemanoftenhastocontroltraffic,either

5

footinthecentreofatown,orinapolicecarontheroads.Indeed,in

Britain,hemightbeintheTrafficPoliceandspendall,oralotof,histime

6

upanddownmainroadsandmotorways(高速公路).Atrafficpolicemanhastohelpkeepthetrafficmoving,stop

7

driversandhelpwhenthereisanaccident.

-23-ABApolicemanhastohelpkeepthe

8

,too.Ifthereisafightorsomeotherdisturbance,we

9

thepolicetocomeandrestore(恢復(fù))order.Andtheyoftenhaveto

10

situationatgreatrisktotheirown

11

.

Weexpectthepolicetosolvecrimes,of

course.Soanordinarypoliceman,

12

heisnotadetective,willoftenhavetohelp

13

andarrestcriminals.

And

14

dowecallwhenthereisanemergency—anaircrash,a

15

,aroadaccident,orarobbery?Wecallthepolice.

16

apolicemanhastobe

17

tofaceanyunpleasantemergencythatmayhappeninthe

18

world.

Thepolicedoanabsolutelynecessaryjob;theydoit

19

wellandIsupportthem,butIdonotenvypolicemen.IdonotthinkthatIcould

20

dothejobofapoliceman.

-24-AB1.A.dislike B.join

C.appreciate

D.admire2.A.should B.would

C.could

D.must3.A.funny B.pleasant

C.interesting

D.easy4.A.it B.one

C.his

D.them5.A.on B.by

C.under

D.with6.A.walking B.driving

C.wandering

D.running7.A.rested B.tiring

C.speeding

D.awake8.A.peace B.silence

C.situation

D.condition9.A.waitfor B.see

C.thinkof D.expect10.A.turnto B.avoid

C.dealwith D.treat11.A.safety B.families

C.future

D.friends12.A.also B.asif C.however

D.evenif-25-AB13.A.getridof B.question

C.lookfor D.sentence14.A.how B.where

C.what

D.who15.A.power-failure B.fireC.thunderstorm

D.thief16.A.Yet B.Then

C.As

D.So17.A.provided B.promised

C.prepared

D.presented18.A.future B.modern

C.real

D.past19.A.extremely B.speciallyC.surprisingly

D.particularly20.A.hardly B.foreverC.ever

D.never-26-AB【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文,主要介紹了英國(guó)警察職責(zé)之所在。1.C

解析根據(jù)最后一段的第一句可知,大部分人都還是欣賞警察這個(gè)職業(yè)和他們所做的工作的。故選C項(xiàng)。2.A

解析根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和上文“In

Britain,people

have

different

attitudes

to

the

police.”可推知,此處有人持反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為警察不應(yīng)該擁有那些他們現(xiàn)在所擁有的權(quán)力。故選A項(xiàng)。3.D

解析根據(jù)下文“After

all,a

policeman

has

a

number

of

jobs...”可推知,警察的工作不是一句兩句可以說(shuō)清楚的。故選D項(xiàng)。4.B

解析根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,警察的工作是融許多工作為一體的。故選B項(xiàng)。5.A

解析固定搭配on

foot意為“徒步”,與“in

a

police

car”呼應(yīng)。故選A項(xiàng)。-27-AB6.B

解析根據(jù)上文“inapolicecarontheroads”可知,交警大部分時(shí)間驅(qū)車(chē)在路上巡查。故選B項(xiàng)。7.C

解析根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“A

traffic

policeman

has