浙江省臺(tái)州市2024屆高三下學(xué)期二模英語(yǔ)試題

浙江省臺(tái)州市2024屆高三下學(xué)期二模英語(yǔ)試題姓名：__________班級(jí)：__________考號(hào)：__________題號(hào)一二三四五總分評(píng)分一、閱讀，第一節(jié)，閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。(共15小題;每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分37.5分)閱讀理解StudentstoCompetein34thNationalScienceBowlThousandsofstudentsfrommiddleandhighschoolsacrossthecountryhavecommittedthemselvestoextrastudyhoursastheypreparetocompeteintheDepartmentofEnergy's(DOE's)34thNationalScienceBowl(NSB).Thesestudentsarehardatworknowtowintheirregionalcompetitions,hopingtoadvancetothefinalcompetition.ThefirstregionaleventwilltakeplaceonJanuary13thwithhighschoolsfromtheD.C./Marylandarea.Teamswillfaceoffinafast-paced,question-and-answerformat,andtheirknowledgeinallareasofscienceandmathematicswillbetested.Regionalswillcontinueweeklyuntilmid-March.ThewinningteamfromeachqualifyingregionalcompetitionwillbequalifiedtocompeteintheNationalFinalstobeheldinWashington,D.C.,fromApril25-29,2024,withallexpensespaidbyDOE.Thenationaleventconsistsofseveraldaysofscienceactivitiesandsightseeing,alongwiththecompetitions.IntheNationalFinals,thetoptwoteamswillearn$5,000fortheirschools'mathandsciencedepartments.Schoolsrankinginthetop16willreceive$1,000fortheirsciencedepartments.Buttomany,theultimateprizeissimplythehonorofwinningtheNationalChampionship.Today,theNSBannuallydrawsmorethan10,000middleandhighschoolcompetitors.Sincethefirstcompetitionin1991,approximately344,000studentshavefacedoffintheNSBFinals.The2024competitorswillfollowinthefootstepsofpreviousNSBcontestantsandwillblazeatrailforstudentsinscience,math,andengineering.Formoreinformation,pleasevisittheOfficeofSciencewebsite.1．Whichwordcanbestdescribetheregionalcompetitions?A．Fair. B．Interesting. C．Special. D．Challenging2．WhatcanwelearnabouttheNationalFinals?A．Thechampionshipvictoryishighlyvalued.B．Theeventonlyinvolvesfiercecompetitions.C．MostoftheexpenseswillbecoveredbyDOE.D．Theprizemoneywillbeawardedtoindividuals.3．Whatisthetext?A．Anewsrelease. B．Asurveyreport.C．Alearningproject. D．Ascientificreview.閱讀理解Intheearly19thcentury,NewEnglandfarmers,tiredofwrestlingwiththeirpoorland,journeyedtotheMidwest.InstateslikeIllinoisandIowa,theyfoundrich,blacksoil.Unfortunately,manysoonfeltlikethirstysailorsinthemiddleoftheocean—watereverywherebutnotadroptodrink.Theyweresurroundedbyfertilesoil,buthadtostopeveryfewsecondstoremovethestickydirtofftheirironplows(犁)withlargewoodenpaddles.ThisdilemmacaughttheattentionofJohnDeere,ablacksmithwhomovedtoIllinoisin1836.Deeredecidedtolookintotheproblem.Fromhispreviousworkonplows,heknewthatdirtwaslesslikelytosticktohighlypolishedmetal.Thatthoughtwasinthebackofhismindwhenhevisitedasawmill(鋸木廠(chǎng))in1837andnoticedabrokensawmadeofsteel.Deerebroughtithomeandbeganmakingabetterplow.Theplowhewantedwouldhavetocutdeepintothesoilatasharpanglesothatdirtwouldfalloff,yetitcouldnotputtoomuchburdenonthehorsespullingit.Afterseveralexperiments,Deereconstructedanewplowthatfeaturedwoodhandles.Itprovedasuccess.Unliketheoldironplows,Deere'snotonlyhadabladefromwhichdirtfellawaycleanly,butitalsoturnedthesoilmoreefficientlyandquickly.DemandforDeere'splowsincreasedsharply,butproductionwaslimitedbytheshortageofpolishedsteel.Initially,Deerecouldonlyproduceafewplowseachyear.However,Deere'spersistencepaidoffashesourcedcheapersteelfromPittsburgh.Amazingly,in1857,hiscompanymanufacturedandsold10,000plows!Deere,aperfectionist,continuallyimprovedhisplows,introducingmultiplenewversionsinasingleyear.Whilethissloweddownhisproductionability,itensuredDeereasolidreputationamonghiscustomers.Deereplowsbecameworldfamousinthe1870swhentheyoutshonethecompetitioninademonstrationinFrance.Thatsamedecade,hiscompanybuiltitsfirstridingplowanddesignedtheleapingdeerasitstrademark.4．Whatwasthemainproblemthenewlysettledfarmersmet?A．Ashortageoffreshwater.B．Alackofrichfarmingland.C．Thetroubleinhandlingthesoilonplows.D．Thedifficultyofgrowingplantsinseason.5．Whichaspectofthenewplowdoesparagraph2focuson?A．Itsuniquefeatures. B．Itsoperatingmethod.C．Itsinventionprocess. D．Itsworkingefficiency.6．ThelastparagraphismainlyaboutDeereplows'____.A．widerecognition B．marketingstrategyC．technicalstandards D．productionchallenges7．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．AFamedFarmer B．ASuccessfulCompanyC．AStickyProblem D．AHistoricalExperiment閱讀理解Fivetimesstrongerthansteel,spidersilk'suniquequalitieswererecognizedbytheAncientGreeks—andmorerecently,scientistshavelookedatapplicationsfrommedicinetoengineering.Now,aJapanesestartup,Spiber,hasbeguntochangethetextileindustrywiththisremarkablematerial.Thecompanystartedbymakingasubstituteinthelabthatissimilartospidersilkinstructure.Afterstudyingthousandsofdifferentspiderspeciesandothersilk-producinglifeforms,Spibersuccessfullyproducedanalternativetospidersilk.Thisbreakthroughwasachievedbyfermenting(發(fā)酵)amixtureofwater,sugar,andnutrientswithspecialmicrobestoproduceproteinpolymers(聚合物).Thesepolymersarethenmadeintofibers,pavingthewayforarangeofinnovativefabrics.However,shiftingfromlabtopracticalapplicationpresentedchallenges.In2015,SpiberpartneredwithTheNorthFaceJapantoproducealimited-editionrunof50"MoonParka"jacketstocelebratethe50thanniversaryofthemoonlandings.Butduringthedesignprocess,theteamdiscoveredthatspidersilkbecamesmallerwhenexposedtowater,andhadtotransformtheproteintomakethefibersuitableforanoutdoorjacket,whichtookthemfouryearstoperfect.Currently,thecompanyusessugarcaneandcornforitsfermentationprocess—cropsthatuselargevolumesoflandandchangefoodresources.Toreduceitsenvironmentalimpact,Spiberisdevelopingaprocesscalled"biospherecirculation"thatwilltransformdesertedclothesmadefromnaturalmaterialslikecottonintothesugarsneededforfermentation.Withapproximately100billionyen($783million)infunding,Spiberplanstosignificantlyspeedupitsproductionofproteinpolymersbytheendof2025."MassproductionwillhelpbringthepriceoffibersdownandallowSpibertoexpandbeyondthehigh-enddesignermarketandthuswehavethemeanstocreatesolutionstoenablemorecircularfashion,"saysHigashi,headofbusinessdevelopmentatSpiber."It'sourmissiontobringthosesolutionstotheworld."8．WhatbreakthroughdidSpiberachieveintheearlyresearch?A．Itmixedvariousproteinpolymers.B．Itproducedasilkmakingmachine.C．Itidentifieddifferentspiderspecies.D．Itcreatedareplacementforspidersilk.9．Whatwasthechallengeinmakingthe"MoonParka"jackets?A．Highdesigncosts.B．Spidersilk'ssensitivitytowater.C．Limitedrawmaterials.D．Thepartner'sunwillingnesstohelp.10．WhatcanweknowaboutSpiber's"biospherecirculation"process?A．Itwillreplacethecurrentfermentationprocess.B．Itwilluserecycledmaterialsforneededsugars.C．Itwillpromotethedevelopmentoffoodindustry.D．Itwillsimplifytheprocedureofclothingproduction.11．WhatisSpiber'splan?A．Toraisemoremoneyformassproduction.B．Toincreasetheoutputofproteinpolymers.C．Toworkwithotherhigh-endfashionbrands.D．Todevelopawiderrangeofexpensivefibers.閱讀理解Wheninstantcakemixesfirstappearedinthe1950s,Americanhousewivesweredoubtful.Thesemixes,promisingeasycake-baking,felttooeasy.Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.Thegreatersenseofeffortgainedfromalittleextralaborisbelievedtohavebeenessentialtothelatersuccessofthecakemix.ThisreflectstheIKEAeffect(宜家效應(yīng)),whichisidentifiedbypsychologistMichaelI.Nortonandhiscolleagues,suggestingweplacegreatervalueonthingswehaveworkedtocreate.Theyconductedfourstudiesinwhichtheyaskedparticipantstofoldpapercranesandfrogs,assembleIKEAboxes,andbuildsetsofLegos.Theythenaskedthebuilderstobid(出價(jià))fortheircreations,andcomparedthepriceswithbidsfrompeoplewhohadn'tbuiltthem.Thebuildersconsistentlyoutbidthenon-builders.Interestingly,theIKEAeffectworksevenwhenpeoplehavenoopportunitytofullypersonalizetheircreations.Whilemostparticipants'foldingskillsleftmuchtobedesired,theylovedtheirimperfectlypersonalizedproductsallthemore.Buildersvaluedtheirwrinkledcrane-likecreationsnearlyfivetimesasmuchasnon-builders.Beauty,itseems,isintheeyeofthebuilder.Today,ascitiesaresufferingfromseverehousingcrises,theIKEAeffectcangiveusinsightintothewell-beingbenefitsofaself-buildingapproachtohousingdevelopment.ProjectslikeWikiHouseandthe"half-a-house"approachpioneeredbyAlejandroAravena'sarchitecturecompanyElementalareworkingtomakehousingmoreaffordableandsustainablebymakingiteasierforpeopletobuildandpersonalizetheirownhomes."Themomentpeopleareinvolvedwiththeirbuiltenvironment,theyhaveatotallydifferentrelationshiptoit,"WikiHouseco-founderAlastairParvinexplained."Whentheroofstartsleakingoradoorstartscreaking,theyhavethepowertofixitthemselves."12．Whatbroughtcustomersthejoyofcake-bakingaccordingtoparagraph1?A．Abettertaste. B．Aneasyapproach.C．Adetailedrecipe. D．Anadditionaleffort.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3imply?A．Creationsarebasedonskills.B．Extralaborincreasesperceivedvalue.C．Beautyisfoundthroughcontrast.D．Strictmanagementbringsgoodquality.14．WhatisAlastairParvin'sattitudetowardspublicinvolvementinhousing?A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive.15．What'sthepurposeofthistext?A．Topromoteabrand. B．Tomakeaproposal.C．Toexplainaconcept. D．Tointroduceastudy.二、閱讀，第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2.5分，滿(mǎn)分12.5分)閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。IrunalotofwritingworkshopsinsecondaryschoolsandwhatIoftenseeisthis:teenagersinclassjustlookattheblankpageandfreeze.EvenwhenIassurethemtheycan'tgetitwrongincreativewriting,theystillpauseandfeelpainful,lookingtomeforclearanddefiniteinstructions.Thisbehaviorresultsfromtheirtrainingtomimic(模仿).16．Intime,theyareterrifiedofgettingthingswrongandriskingfailure.Creativityisnolongeradvocatedandisevenviewedasasoftskill,orevenaweakness.However,creativityishighlyvaluedbyemployers.AccordingtoTheConversation,creativityhasbeenthenumber-oneskilldemandedby20millionjobadsonLinkedInfortwoyearsinarow.17．Duetolimitededucationalresourcesandassessmentpressures,teenagers'thinkingbecomesincreasinglynarrow,leavingthemafraidtoexploreotherpossibilities.18．It'sjustanabilitytomakenewconnectionsandfollowwheretheygo.Actually,creativityrequiresqualitiesavailabletousall:courage,observation,curiosity,flexibilityandperseverance.Sohowdowehelpteenagersbehopefulandbrave?Firstly,weneedtoavoidtheideathattheirentirefuturesdependonthisveryassignmentorthatdecision.19．Thereisnorightwaytolivealife.Secondly,let'sencourageinquiry.Childrenarenaturallycurious,butthiscuriosityoftenfadesastheygrowolder,althoughitstillexistswithinthem.Justbecausetheylackanswersdoesn'tmeantheyshouldn'taskquestions;rather,theyshouldaskevenmore.20．Youngpeopleneedremindingthattheirstorieshaven'tbeenwritten.Theyneedopportunitiestotrynewthings.Theyneedpermissiontokeepasking"whatelseispossible?"becauseanythingis.A.Butinschools,itisdifferent.B.Beingcreativeisn'tamagicalskill.C.Itallowsustounderstandtheirfeelingsbetter.D.Theyknowitisasafewaytogetgoodgrades.E.Themainproblemishowtokeepthosecreativejuicesflowing.F.Lifeislongenoughtotrymanythings,andtochangedirections.G.Theuniverseisheldtogetherwithunansweredquestionsandendlesspossibilities.三、語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用，第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分15分)閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。KwaneStewart,adevotedvet(獸醫(yī))inSanDiego,hadreachedapointofburnoutinhiscareer.Theanimal21．whereheworkedwasfullofabandonedpetsaspeople22．todealwiththeongoingeconomicdecline.Inthosedays,animalswouldbeeuthanized(安樂(lè)死)iftheyweren't23．insevendays.ThecruelrealitydeeplytroubledStewart,evenleadinghimtoconsider24．hisprofession.Onefatefulday,outsideaconveniencestore,he25．a(chǎn)homelessmanwithadogsufferingfromavisibleskinissue.Theman,26．forasolution,sharedhisdog'ssuffering.Stewartexaminedthedogandthen27．somemedicinetohim.Intears,themanthankedStewart,saying"Thankyoufornot28．me".TheverywordsservedasawakeupcalltoStewardandinspiredhisnext29．.Stewartbeganworkingasastreetvetduringhisfreetime,determinedto30．onhisown.Overanine-yearperiod,heprovided31．medicalcareforover1,000homelesspeopleandtheirpetsandin2020,hecreatedanonprofitorganizationProjectStreetVet.ForStewart,themostrewardingaspectofhisworkliesintheone-on-one32．withthehomeless.By33．helpingtheircherishedcompanion,Stewarthelps34．theirfaithinhumanity.Theirgratitudefuelshimtocontinuehismission,offering35．tothosefacingawfulcircumstances.21．A．shop B．shelter C．lab D．farm22．A．struggled B．managed C．intended D．hesitated23．A．trained B．examined C．a(chǎn)dopted D．selected24．A．a(chǎn)ssessing B．a(chǎn)dvancing C．delaying D．quitting25．A．mentioned B．interviewed C．recognized D．encountered26．A．regretful B．desperate C．grateful D．responsible27．A．delivered B．sold C．offered D．returned28．A．ignoring B．hurting C．blaming D．bothering29．A．game B．chapter C．firm D．research30．A．haveatry B．keepabalanceC．makeadifference D．setanexample31．A．free B．safe C．expensive D．private32．A．decisions B．connections C．discussions D．competitions33．A．slightly B．hardly C．simply D．generally34．A．celebrate B．follow C．test D．restore35．A．hope B．freedom C．pride D．respect四、語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用，第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分15分)閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。TangYangaveupapromisingcareerin1992tosaveanalmostlostart—thatof"Beijingsilkfigurine"(北京絹人).In1997,sheestablishedastudiowithfiveotherenthusiasts.Thentheyspent36．entireyearmakingseveralfigurines,onlytofindtherewasnomarketfortheirproducts."Afigurinecouldcost37．(basic)theannualsalaryofmanypeopleatthetimeduetopreciousmaterialsandcomplicatedhandicrafttechniques."Tangsaid."Manypotentialcustomerswereamazedbythebeautyofourproducts,buttheirprice38．(drive)themaway."ThefirstfailuretaughtTang39．theyneeded:findingwaystoreduceproductioncosts.Shemademanycreativeandbold40．(adaptation)tothetraditionalfigurines,likeusingmachinestopainttheclothes.Thesemeasurescutthepricetolessthanatenthofthe41．(origin)one.However,42．(lend)thedollsasenseofdelicacyandcraftsmanship,shepreservedseveralhandmadeprocessesforhairandmakeup.Afterdecadesofwhole-hearteddevotion43．thecraft,TangnowrunsherownBeijingfigurineproductbrandTangWawa."GirlsinChinaneedtheirowndolls.WhenIwaslittle,dolls44．(call)yangwawa,meaningWesterndolls."Tangcontinued."Iwantedtocreatedolls45．(bear)aculturalconnectiontoChinesepeople,figurineswitharichhistoricalimplication."五、寫(xiě)作(共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分40分)46．假定你是李華，你負(fù)責(zé)的小組項(xiàng)目"SurveyingStudents'EnglishNovelReading"在學(xué)校項(xiàng)目評(píng)比中獲獎(jiǎng)，現(xiàn)受校英語(yǔ)俱樂(lè)部邀請(qǐng)作該項(xiàng)目的介紹。請(qǐng)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇發(fā)言稿，內(nèi)容包括：1.實(shí)施過(guò)程；2.組員感受。注意：1.寫(xiě)作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80個(gè)左右；2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。DearEnglishClubmembers,……Thankyou.47．閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Istoodintherestaurantkitchen,myeyeswide,armshangingawkwardly,readytoworkbutunsureofwhattodo."Youwillbetrainedfirst,"mymanagerAaronsaid,"anddoremembertocheckeverydetail!"Withthesewords,hewalkedaway.Aworkmatethrewmeadishbrushandsaid,"Let'sgetstarted."Heintroducedmetothebasicsofwashingdishesanddemonstratedtheprocess.Thiswasthebeginningofmypart-timejob,anewstagewhereIwasbotheagertolearnandanxiousaboutthechallengesahead.OnaFridaynight,Aaronswiftlyenteredthekitchen."Whohasjustbused(收拾)thebackrighttable?"heshouted,hisvoicesharpwithurgency.Myhands,slipperywithbubblesfromthebowlIwaswashing,nearlyletitslipthroughmyfingers.IwantedtosayIwasguilty,butAaron'scoldstaredidn'tpromiseahappyrewardfortheguywhoadmitted.Finally,amixoffearandmyownconsciencepushedtheresponseoutofmymouth."Idid,Aaron.""Whatwereyouthinking?Getbackouthereandlookatwhatyoumissed!"Hiswordsforcedmeforward.Igrabbedarag(抹布)andfollowedhimouttotabletwenty-two.Aswemadeourwaythroughtherestaurant,hesaidsomethingaboutrags,butIdidn'thearclearlywithotherconversationsgoingonaroundus.Iquicklyrealizedthetrueissuewasthemessbeneaththetable.Anearlyfullcupofbeerhadtippedover,creatingasmalllakeonthefloor.Itwasasignificantmistakeonmypart."Takecareofit!"Aarontunedandstormedofftothefrontoftherestaurant.Idroppeddowntocleanupthebeer.Thatwaswhenanotherproblemoccurred.Ihadbroughtonlyonerag.Onealreadywetrag.Itdidnothingbutincreasethesizeofthelake."Morerags,"Ithought.Immediately,Irushedintothekitchenandhurriedlygrabbedfivedryrags,hopingAaronwouldn'tnoticemybriefabsence.注意：1.續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150個(gè)左右；2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。IhadjustrushedoutwhenIfoundAaronstandinginmyway.……Aftercleaningupthemess,IreflectedonAaron'swords.

答案解析部分【答案】1．D2．A3．A【解析】【分析】本文是新聞報(bào)道。這篇文章報(bào)道了即將舉行的第34屆全國(guó)科學(xué)碗比賽的相關(guān)信息，包括參賽學(xué)生的準(zhǔn)備情況、區(qū)域賽事的日期和形式、全國(guó)總決賽的日期和地點(diǎn)、獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)設(shè)置等。

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】考查閱讀理解。本篇文章涉及推理判斷題一種題型。做推理判斷題時(shí)，要求考生不能憑主觀(guān)臆斷推測(cè)或妄加猜測(cè)，必須忠實(shí)于原文，以材料所提供的相關(guān)事實(shí)和線(xiàn)索為依據(jù)，使做出的推理合乎文意。需要注意：審清題目要求；鎖定關(guān)鍵信息；挖掘隱含信息；排除干擾選項(xiàng)；把握語(yǔ)境情感；邏輯推理分析。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段"ThefirstregionaleventwilltakeplaceonJanuary13thwithhighschoolsfromtheD.C./Marylandarea.Teamswillfaceoffinafast-paced,question-and-answerformat,andtheirknowledgeinallareasofscienceandmathematicswillbetested.(第一場(chǎng)地區(qū)性活動(dòng)將于1月13日在華盛頓特區(qū)/馬里蘭地區(qū)的高中舉行。參賽隊(duì)伍將以快節(jié)奏的問(wèn)答形式進(jìn)行對(duì)決，他們?cè)谒锌茖W(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)都將受到考驗(yàn))"可知，他們?cè)谒锌茖W(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)都將受到考驗(yàn)，所以具有挑戰(zhàn)性最能形容地區(qū)比賽。故選D。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"IntheNationalFinals,thetoptwoteamswillearn$5,000fortheirschools'mathandsciencedepartments.Schoolsrankinginthetop16willreceive$1,000fortheirsciencedepartments.Buttomany,theultimateprizeissimplythehonorofwinningtheNationalChampionship.(在全國(guó)總決賽中，前兩名的隊(duì)伍將為他們學(xué)校的數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)部門(mén)贏(yíng)得5000美元。排名前16位的學(xué)校將獲得1000美元的科學(xué)系獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。但對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，最終的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)只是贏(yíng)得全國(guó)冠軍的榮譽(yù))"可知，全國(guó)總決賽冠軍的勝利是非常重要的。故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Today,theNSBannuallydrawsmorethan10,000middleandhighschoolcompetitors.Sincethefirstcompetitionin1991,approximately344,000studentshavefacedoffintheNSBFinals.The2024competitorswillfollowinthefootstepsofpreviousNSBcontestantsandwillblazeatrailforstudentsinscience,math,andengineering.Formoreinformation,pleasevisittheOfficeofSciencewebsite.(如今，NSB每年吸引超過(guò)1萬(wàn)名中學(xué)生和高中生參賽。自1991年首屆比賽以來(lái)，大約有34.4萬(wàn)名學(xué)生參加了NSB決賽。2024年的參賽者將跟隨以前NSB參賽者的腳步，為科學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)和工程方面的學(xué)生開(kāi)辟一條道路。欲了解更多信息，請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)科學(xué)辦公室網(wǎng)站)"以及縱觀(guān)全文可知，本文報(bào)道了即將舉行的第34屆全國(guó)科學(xué)碗比賽的相關(guān)信息，包括參賽學(xué)生的準(zhǔn)備情況、區(qū)域賽事的日期和形式、全國(guó)總決賽的日期和地點(diǎn)、獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)設(shè)置等，所以應(yīng)是一篇新聞稿。故選A。【答案】4．C5．C6．A7．C【解析】【分析】本文是記敘文。文章講述了19世紀(jì)初期，新英格蘭的農(nóng)民遷移到中西部地區(qū)尋找肥沃的土地進(jìn)行耕作，但遇到了土壤粘附鐵犁的問(wèn)題，鐵匠約翰·迪爾發(fā)明了一種新犁來(lái)解決這一難題。

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】考查閱讀理解。本篇文章涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題和主旨大意題兩種題型。細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生能在快速閱讀文章的同時(shí)，從中獲取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意義。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)句、段的內(nèi)容，再仔細(xì)對(duì)照，不符合原文意義的選項(xiàng)要首先排除，反之，則是正確選項(xiàng)。做主旨大意題時(shí)，要求考生抓住每段或每個(gè)層次的主要含義進(jìn)行加工、提煉，通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析即對(duì)文章內(nèi)部各層次間的邏輯關(guān)系的分析，將每段的主題綜合起來(lái)，找出文章的中心。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Unfortunately,manysoonfeltlikethirstysailorsinthemiddleoftheocean—watereverywherebutnotadroptodrink.Theyweresurroundedbyfertilesoil,buthadtostopeveryfewsecondstoremovethestickydirtofftheirironplows(犁)withlargewoodenpaddles.(不幸的是，許多人很快就覺(jué)得自己像站在海洋中央的口渴的水手——到處都是水，卻沒(méi)有一滴可喝的。他們周?chē)际欠饰值耐寥?，但每隔幾秒鐘就得停下?lái)，用大木槳清除鐵犁上的粘性泥土)"可知，新定居的農(nóng)民遇到的主要問(wèn)題是處理犁上的泥土很麻煩。故選C。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段"Deeredecidedtolookintotheproblem.Fromhispreviousworkonplows,heknewthatdirtwaslesslikelytosticktohighlypolishedmetal.Thatthoughtwasinthebackofhismindwhenhevisitedasawmill(鋸木廠(chǎng))in1837andnoticedabrokensawmadeofsteel.Deerebroughtithomeandbeganmakingabetterplow.Theplowhewantedwouldhavetocutdeepintothesoilatasharpanglesothatdirtwouldfalloff,yetitcouldnotputtoomuchburdenonthehorsespullingit.Afterseveralexperiments,Deereconstructedanewplowthatfeaturedwoodhandles.Itprovedasuccess.Unliketheoldironplows,Deere'snotonlyhadabladefromwhichdirtfellawaycleanly,butitalsoturnedthesoilmoreefficientlyandquickly.(迪爾決定調(diào)查這個(gè)問(wèn)題。從他之前對(duì)犁的研究中，他知道泥土不太可能粘在高度拋光的金屬上。當(dāng)他在1837年參觀(guān)一家鋸木廠(chǎng)時(shí)，注意到一把斷了的鋼鋸時(shí)，這種想法就在他的腦海里。迪爾把它帶回家，開(kāi)始制作更好的犁。他想要的犁必須以一個(gè)尖銳的角度深深地切入土壤，這樣泥土才能掉下來(lái)，但它不能給拉它的馬帶來(lái)太大的負(fù)擔(dān)。經(jīng)過(guò)幾次實(shí)驗(yàn)，迪爾制造了一種以木柄為特色的新犁。它被證明是成功的。與老式的鐵制犁不同，迪爾的犁不僅有一個(gè)可以干凈地清除泥土的刀片，而且還能更有效、更迅速地翻土)"可知，本段關(guān)注的是新犁的發(fā)明過(guò)程。故選C。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段"Deere,aperfectionist,continuallyimprovedhisplows,introducingmultiplenewversionsinasingleyear.Whilethissloweddownhisproductionability,itensuredDeereasolidreputationamonghiscustomers.Deereplowsbecameworldfamousinthe1870swhentheyoutshonethecompetitioninademonstrationinFrance.Thatsamedecade,hiscompanybuiltitsfirstridingplowanddesignedtheleapingdeerasitstrademark.(迪爾是個(gè)追求完美的人，他不斷改進(jìn)自己的犁，一年之內(nèi)就推出了多個(gè)新版本。雖然這降低了他的生產(chǎn)能力，但卻確保了迪爾在客戶(hù)中樹(shù)立了良好的聲譽(yù)。19世紀(jì)70年代，迪爾的犁在法國(guó)的一次演示中脫穎而出，從此名揚(yáng)世界。在同一十年里，他的公司制造了第一輛乘坐式犁，并設(shè)計(jì)了跳躍的鹿作為其商標(biāo))"可知，本段主要講述了迪爾犁獲得廣泛的認(rèn)可。故選A。7．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"Intheearly19thcentury,NewEnglandfarmers,tiredofwrestlingwiththeirpoorland,journeyedtotheMidwest.InstateslikeIllinoisandIowa,theyfoundrich,blacksoil.Unfortunately,manysoonfeltlikethirstysailorsinthemiddleoftheocean—watereverywherebutnotadroptodrink.Theyweresurroundedbyfertilesoil,buthadtostopeveryfewsecondstoremovethestickydirtofftheirironplows(犁)withlargewoodenpaddles.ThisdilemmacaughttheattentionofJohnDeere,ablacksmithwhomovedtoIllinoisin1836.(19世紀(jì)初，新英格蘭的農(nóng)民厭倦了與貧瘠的土地作斗爭(zhēng)，來(lái)到中西部。在伊利諾斯州和愛(ài)荷華州，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了肥沃的黑土。不幸的是，許多人很快就覺(jué)得自己像站在海洋中央的口渴的水手——到處都是水，卻沒(méi)有一滴可喝的。他們周?chē)际欠饰值耐寥?，但每隔幾秒鐘就得停下?lái)，用大木槳清除鐵犁上的粘性泥土。這種困境引起了1836年搬到伊利諾斯州的鐵匠約翰·迪爾的注意)"以及縱觀(guān)全文可知，本文講述了19世紀(jì)初期，新英格蘭的農(nóng)民遷移到中西部地區(qū)尋找肥沃的土地進(jìn)行耕作，但遇到了土壤粘附鐵犁的問(wèn)題，鐵匠約翰·迪爾發(fā)明了一種新犁來(lái)解決這一難題，所以C項(xiàng)"AStickyProblem(棘手的問(wèn)題)"是本文最好的標(biāo)題。故選C。【答案】8．D9．B10．B11．B【解析】【分析】本文是新聞報(bào)道。文章介紹了一家日本初創(chuàng)公司Spiber如何利用蜘蛛絲這種獨(dú)特材料來(lái)改變紡織業(yè)，以及他們?cè)趯?shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)過(guò)程中所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和取得的進(jìn)展。

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】考查閱讀理解。本篇文章涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題一種題型。細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生能在快速閱讀文章的同時(shí)，從中獲取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意義。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)句、段的內(nèi)容，再仔細(xì)對(duì)照，不符合原文意義的選項(xiàng)要首先排除，反之，則是正確選項(xiàng)。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段"Thecompanystartedbymakingasubstituteinthelabthatissimilartospidersilkinstructure.Afterstudyingthousandsofdifferentspiderspeciesandothersilk-producinglifeforms,Spibersuccessfullyproducedanalternativetospidersilk.(該公司首先在實(shí)驗(yàn)室制造了一種結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)似蜘蛛絲的替代品。在研究了數(shù)千種不同的蜘蛛種類(lèi)和其他產(chǎn)絲的生命形式后，Spiber成功地生產(chǎn)出了蜘蛛絲的替代品)"可知，Spiber在早期研究中創(chuàng)造了蜘蛛絲的替代品。故選D。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"In2015,SpiberpartneredwithTheNorthFaceJapantoproducealimited-editionrunof50"MoonParka"jacketstocelebratethe50thanniversaryofthemoonlandings.Butduringthedesignprocess,theteamdiscoveredthatspidersilkbecamesmallerwhenexposedtowater,andhadtotransformtheproteintomakethefibersuitableforanoutdoorjacket,whichtookthemfouryearstoperfect.(2015年，Spiber與TheNorthFaceJapan合作，推出了限量版的50件"MoonParka"，以慶祝人類(lèi)登月50周年。但在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，蜘蛛絲遇水會(huì)變小，他們必須將蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為適合戶(hù)外夾克的纖維，這花了他們四年的時(shí)間來(lái)完善)"可知，制作"MoonParka"的挑戰(zhàn)是蜘蛛絲對(duì)水的敏感性。故選B。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段"Toreduceitsenvironmentalimpact,Spiberisdevelopingaprocesscalled"biospherecirculation"thatwilltransformdesertedclothesmadefromnaturalmaterialslikecottonintothesugarsneededforfermentation.(為了減少對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，Spiber正在開(kāi)發(fā)一種名為"生物圈循環(huán)"的工藝，將廢棄的衣服(由棉花等天然材料制成)轉(zhuǎn)化為發(fā)酵所需的糖)"可知，Spiber的"生物圈循環(huán)"過(guò)程，將使用回收材料生產(chǎn)所需的糖。故選B。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段"Withapproximately100billionyen($783million)infunding,Spiberplanstosignificantlyspeedupitsproductionofproteinpolymersbytheendof2025.(Spiber獲得了約1000億日元(7.83億美元)的資金，計(jì)劃在2025年底前大幅加快其蛋白質(zhì)聚合物的生產(chǎn)速度)"可知，Spiber的計(jì)劃是增加蛋白質(zhì)聚合物的產(chǎn)量。故選B?！敬鸢浮?2．D13．B14．D15．C【解析】【分析】本文是說(shuō)明文。本文通過(guò)討論宜家效應(yīng)以及幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的結(jié)果，論述了人們更加珍視自己親手創(chuàng)造的東西，并由此引發(fā)了對(duì)自我建造住房的好處的思考。

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】考查閱讀理解。本篇文章涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題和詞句猜測(cè)題三種題型。細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生能在快速閱讀文章的同時(shí)，從中獲取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意義。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)句、段的內(nèi)容，再仔細(xì)對(duì)照，不符合原文意義的選項(xiàng)要首先排除，反之，則是正確選項(xiàng)。做推理判斷題時(shí)，要求考生不能憑主觀(guān)臆斷推測(cè)或妄加猜測(cè)，必須忠實(shí)于原文，以材料所提供的相關(guān)事實(shí)和線(xiàn)索為依據(jù)，使做出的推理合乎文意。需要注意：審清題目要求；鎖定關(guān)鍵信息；挖掘隱含信息；排除干擾選項(xiàng)；把握語(yǔ)境情感；邏輯推理分析。詞句猜測(cè)題的解題方法包括利用指代關(guān)系、定義、定語(yǔ)、文章中的舉例、比較的詞語(yǔ)、構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)、上下文語(yǔ)境、因果關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義。12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.Thegreatersenseofeffortgainedfromalittleextralaborisbelievedtohavebeenessentialtothelatersuccessofthecakemix.(制造商發(fā)現(xiàn)，在烘焙過(guò)程中加入一個(gè)雞蛋就足以讓主婦們對(duì)自己的工作感到滿(mǎn)意。從一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)額外的勞動(dòng)中獲得的更大的努力感被認(rèn)為是蛋糕粉后來(lái)成功的關(guān)鍵)"可知，額外的努力給顧客帶來(lái)了蛋糕烘焙的樂(lè)趣。故選D。13．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)前文"Interestingly,theIKEAeffectworksevenwhenpeoplehavenoopportunitytofullypersonalizetheircreations.Whilemostparticipants'foldingskillsleftmuchtobedesired,theylovedtheirimperfectlypersonalizedproductsallthemore.Buildersvaluedtheirwrinkledcrane-likecreationsnearlyfivetimesasmuchasnon-builders.(有趣的是，即使人們沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)完全個(gè)性化他們的作品，宜家效應(yīng)也會(huì)起作用。雖然大多數(shù)參與者的折疊技巧還有很多不足之處，但他們更喜歡自己不完美的個(gè)性化產(chǎn)品。建筑商對(duì)他們皺巴巴的像起重機(jī)一樣的創(chuàng)造物的估價(jià)幾乎是非建筑商的五倍)"可知，本段主要講述額外的勞動(dòng)會(huì)讓參與者更喜歡自己的作品，所以Beauty,itseems,isintheeyeofthebuilder.意為"額外的勞動(dòng)增加了感知價(jià)值"。故選B。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段""Themomentpeopleareinvolvedwiththeirbuiltenvironment,theyhaveatotallydifferentrelationshiptoit,"WikiHouseco-founderAlastairParvinexplained."Whentheroofstartsleakingoradoorstartscreaking,theyhavethepowertofixitthemselves."(Wiki