現(xiàn)代語言學理論和流派教學文案

ModernLinguisticTheoriesandSchools1.IntroductionSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure—”fatherofmodernlinguistics”“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”in1916markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.MajorcontributionsmadebySaussure:①Languageisasystemofsigns.Thelinguisticunitisasign.Thesignistheunionofaform(soundimage)andanidea(concept).E.g.“chalk”signifier:signified:theobjectitreferstoThebondbetweenthesignifierandthesignifiedisarbitrary.Anutteranceisaunitofparole.Asentenceisaunitoflangue.Twoutterancescanbetherealizationofthesamesentence.③Anothergreatcontributionmadebyhimtogenerallinguisticsisthedistinctionbetweensynchronicstudiesanddiachronicstudies.Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.2.ThePragueSchool布拉格學派1926,1stmeetingofCircleofLinguisticsofPrague.ItsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsofFUNCTION.ThreepointsareofspecialimportanceofthemanyideasdevelopedinPragueSchool:①Itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustified.②emphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.③Languageislookedonasfunctional,asatoolperforminganumberofessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.FSP→FunctionalSentencePerspective功能句子觀Itisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain(todescribehowinformationisdistributedinsentences).AsentencecontainsapointofdepartureandaTHEME主位goalofdiscourse.RHEME述位e.g.John

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John.3.TheLondonSchool倫敦學派J.R.FirthwasinfluencedbytheanthropologistB.MalinowskiandinturninfluencedhisstudentM.A.K.Halliday.Thethreemenallstressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage.①Malinowski②Firth③Halliday:Systemic-FunctionalGrammarThesystemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork.Functionalgrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction.SystemicGrammar:FunctionalGrammar:a.Ideationalfunction～istoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontextthatisunknowntothehearer.b.Interpersonalfunction～embodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelation.c.Textualfunction～referstothefactthatlanguageshasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtext.4.AmericanStructuralism美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義ItemergedintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningof20thcentury.UndertheleadershipoftheanthropologistF.Boas.①Earlyperiod:BoasandSapir②Bloomfield’stheory:Linguisticsisabranchofpsychology,especiallyofbehaviorism.Behaviorismisaprincipleofscientificmethod,basedonthebeliefthathumanbeingscannotknowanythingtheyhavenotexperienced.③StructuralgrammarICanalysisImmediateConstituentAnalysis→hierarchicalrelations,notsequential.binarystructureE.g.Peter,JohnandMary5.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法Founder:A.N.Chomsky①theinnatenesshypothesisChomskybelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate.Childrenareborn