2025屆高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)36閱讀理解說(shuō)明文考點(diǎn)歸納

考點(diǎn)36閱讀理解說(shuō)明文高考頻度：★★★★★說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說(shuō)明的一種文體，它以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過(guò)解說(shuō)事物或闡明事理，達(dá)到教人以學(xué)問(wèn)的目的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采納總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按肯定的依次（如時(shí)間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)練、語(yǔ)言精確、明白，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說(shuō)明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說(shuō)明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點(diǎn)等。最近五年，說(shuō)明文的出現(xiàn)變更不大，始終很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問(wèn)題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)切的社會(huì)問(wèn)題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采納漸進(jìn)式，即由簡(jiǎn)到難的方式，因此說(shuō)明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯和句式的駕馭。說(shuō)明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用敏捷，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過(guò)考生可以通過(guò)說(shuō)明文的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)來(lái)幫助理解語(yǔ)篇，例如，下定義、說(shuō)明、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示說(shuō)明和說(shuō)明）等。命題方式考向一細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題 說(shuō)明文中考查的細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相像。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點(diǎn)：⑴在列舉處命題，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not

only?but

also、then、in

addition等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)列舉出事實(shí)。試題要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中選出符合題干要求的答案項(xiàng)。⑵在例證處命題，句中常用由as、such

as、for

example、for

instance等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或句子作為例證，這些例句或比方就成為命題者設(shè)問(wèn)的焦點(diǎn)。⑶在轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比處命題，一般通過(guò)however、but、yet、in

fact等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)引導(dǎo)。對(duì)比用unlike、until、not

so

much…as等詞語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)，命題者常對(duì)用來(lái)對(duì)比的雙方屬性進(jìn)行考查。⑷在比較處命題，無(wú)端的比較、相反的比較、偷換對(duì)象的比較，常常出現(xiàn)在干擾項(xiàng)中，考生要標(biāo)記并且關(guān)注到原文中的比較，才能順當(dāng)?shù)亟獬蓴_。⑸在困難句中命題，包括同位詞、插入語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、從句、不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對(duì)句子之間的指代關(guān)系和語(yǔ)法關(guān)系。

細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)類問(wèn)題一般都能在原文中找到出處，只要細(xì)致就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項(xiàng)不行能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的語(yǔ)句成句型表達(dá)相同的意思。

考向二語(yǔ)意揣測(cè)題

說(shuō)明文為了把自然規(guī)律，事物的性質(zhì)等介紹清晰或把事理闡述明白，因此學(xué)術(shù)性強(qiáng)的生詞較多，所以常進(jìn)行生詞詞義推斷題的考查。命題方式多以the

underlinedpart

…

in

paragraph…refers

to…或what

does

the

underlined

word

mean?或what

is

the

meaning

of

the

underlined

word?為設(shè)問(wèn)方式。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)細(xì)致閱讀原文，分析其對(duì)某些科學(xué)原理是如何定義、如何說(shuō)明的，并以此為突破口抽象概括誕生詞詞義。也可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)揣測(cè)某個(gè)生疏詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)意。或者找出某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)在文章中的同義詞。要留意破折號(hào)、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、插入語(yǔ)等具有說(shuō)明、說(shuō)明作用的語(yǔ)言成分。說(shuō)明文在闡述說(shuō)明對(duì)象時(shí)易發(fā)生動(dòng)作變換、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)象，這類題目常以it，they，them

等代詞為命題點(diǎn)，因此考生要依據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，細(xì)致閱讀原文，分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，弄清動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，以便精確推斷代詞的其實(shí)際指代對(duì)象。

考向三主旨大意題

說(shuō)明文常用文章大意推斷題考查考生對(duì)通篇文意的理解。即對(duì)文章的主題或中心愿思的概括和歸納。主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體理解實(shí)力。命題形式常以this

passage

mainly

talks

about

____.what

is

the

main

idea

of

the

passage?為設(shè)問(wèn)方式。 答題時(shí)首先閱讀題干，駕馭問(wèn)題的類型，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地解除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。

考向四推斷推理題

這種試題常以(1)thepassageisintendedto...(2)theauthorsuggeststhat...(3)thestoryimpliesthat…(4)whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?(5)fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...(6)thepurposeofthepassageisto...為設(shè)問(wèn)方式。這種題型的答案在原文中不是干脆就能找到的，它要求考生進(jìn)行合理的推斷。如因果關(guān)系，文中的某些用詞、語(yǔ)氣也往往具有隱含意義，考生要將這種含義讀出來(lái)。說(shuō)明文常出現(xiàn)圖示推斷題，這種試題可以事物之間正確的依靠關(guān)系為命題點(diǎn)，要求考生推斷其正確的流程依次相互關(guān)系等。考生肯定要細(xì)致閱讀原文，并比照原文介紹的狀況，弄清圖示的差異，依據(jù)題干須要最終做出正確推斷。如：動(dòng)物介紹性說(shuō)明文常出現(xiàn)動(dòng)物實(shí)力推斷題，考查考生對(duì)特定動(dòng)物所具有實(shí)力的推斷。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)細(xì)致閱讀原文對(duì)動(dòng)物形態(tài)活動(dòng)實(shí)力的推斷，了解動(dòng)物的生存環(huán)境和是否會(huì)運(yùn)用工具，是否擅長(zhǎng)爬行、翱翔和游泳等。

觀點(diǎn)看法題也是推斷推理題考查的內(nèi)容之一。說(shuō)明文的對(duì)象為客觀事實(shí),但設(shè)題以爭(zhēng)論的表達(dá)方式抒發(fā)對(duì)該說(shuō)明對(duì)象的想法。如對(duì)某種新獨(dú)創(chuàng)的贊許,或?qū)δ硞€(gè)事物的批判。這類題目常見(jiàn)的題干表達(dá)方式有what

was

the

author’s

attitude

towards

...?

等。高考閱讀理解中，說(shuō)明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問(wèn)主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理推斷題、揣測(cè)詞義題。其中，說(shuō)明文主要以細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和揣測(cè)詞義三方面問(wèn)題為主。一、詞義揣測(cè)類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生揣測(cè)某些單詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。歷年英語(yǔ)高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒(méi)有特地設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的揣測(cè)還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過(guò)上下文去理解或依據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去揣測(cè)。推斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開(kāi)句子，而且還須要把句子放在上下文中，依據(jù)上下文供應(yīng)的線索加以揣測(cè)。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語(yǔ)境等推想關(guān)鍵詞義，可以依據(jù)以下幾種方法揣測(cè)：（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系依據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推想詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)問(wèn)分析和推斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后依據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。1.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不相識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是開(kāi)心的意思.這是高三冊(cè)第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：Theword＂secure＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.freefromanxietyB.anxiousC.nervousD.happy依據(jù)上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。二是看在進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明的過(guò)程中運(yùn)用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.依據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推想出homely的意思，即不英俊,不美麗的意思。2.依據(jù)因果關(guān)系揣測(cè)詞義通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找誕生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn’thisfault.通過(guò)for引出的句子所表示的緣由（那不是他的錯(cuò)），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責(zé)怪＂。3.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推想詞義例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drought，由此可見(jiàn)drought意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災(zāi)＂。而adryperiod和drought是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。4.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推想詞義例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)推斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，精確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。5.通過(guò)描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫(xiě)。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥(niǎo)類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥(niǎo)類的生活習(xí)性。（二）外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他學(xué)問(wèn)，有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就須要運(yùn)用生活閱歷和一般常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.依據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的學(xué)問(wèn)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難依據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如駕馭了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法學(xué)問(wèn)，這些問(wèn)題便不難解決了。1.依據(jù)前綴揣測(cè)詞義例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere，semi-conscious，forafewminutes.依據(jù)詞根conscious（醒悟的，有意識(shí)的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義＂半醒悟的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。2.依據(jù)后綴揣測(cè)詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結(jié)合大家熟識(shí)的詞根insect（昆蟲(chóng)），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲(chóng)劑＂。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drop指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來(lái)，便可推斷出droplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。3.依據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分揣測(cè)詞義例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推想出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強(qiáng)光照耀，使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)—斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的實(shí)力，提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中干脆找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過(guò)閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以快速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）找尋文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在很多狀況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和爭(zhēng)論文時(shí)，依據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)細(xì)致閱讀短文的第一句或其次句,即文章的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除細(xì)致閱讀第一段的首句外，還須細(xì)致閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫穿，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來(lái)說(shuō)明,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的?？傊?，為提高閱讀理解實(shí)力，在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓中心思想,作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、推想等方法，得出最佳結(jié)論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測(cè)，把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去，與文章的觀點(diǎn)混為一談。經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間有安排,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語(yǔ)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的實(shí)力，為接著學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)際活動(dòng)。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，駕馭肯定的閱讀技巧，正確運(yùn)用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解實(shí)力。題組一（2024年高考真題）Passage1(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I，C)Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28．Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A．Theymustrunlongdistances.B．Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C．Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D．Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29．Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A．It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B．It’slesschallengingphysically.C．It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D．It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30．WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A．Gettingexperts’opinions.B．Havingamedicalcheckup.C．Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D．Doingregularexercises.31．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A．Skeptical. B．Objective.C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.Passage2(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷II，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24．Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A．Buildingconfidence. B．Developingspatialskills.C．Learningself-control. D．Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25．WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A．Parents’age. B．Children’simagination.C．Parents’education. D．Child-parentrelationship.26．Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A．Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B．Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C．Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D．Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod. B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist D．Ateachingprogram.Passage3(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷III，D)Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC．Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2024,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A．Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers. B．Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C．Recentfindingsofhumanorigin. D．Significanceoffoodselection.33．WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A．Invalleys. B．Nearrivers. C．Onthebeach. D．Offthecoast.34．WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A．Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday. B．Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C．Theycouldstaylongunderwater. D．Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea B．Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC．BasicMethodsofGeneticResearch D．TheWorld’sBestDiversPassage4(2024·全國(guó)山東新高考卷I，D)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12．Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A．Foodsafety. B．Movieviewership.C．Consumerdemand. D．Eatingbehavior.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A．Bigeaters. B．Overweightpersons.C．Pickyeaters. D．Tallthinpersons.14．Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A．Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B．Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C．Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D．Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15．Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A．Howhungryweare. B．Howslimwewanttobe.C．Howweperceiveothers. D．Howwefeelaboutthefood.題組二（2024年高考真題）Passage1(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I，C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物測(cè)量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(裝置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(節(jié)奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys. B.ToimproveaccuracyintypingC.Toreplacethepasswordsystem. D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible？A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard？all1osoisgitieocooll.A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly. B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics. D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.Passage2(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I，D)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué)),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(從事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(調(diào)查探討).“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A.Unkind. B.Lonely. C.Generous. D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLastB.TheHighertheStatus,theBeerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressivenessPassage3(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷II，D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and…it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影響)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Theyarehardtogetridof. B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappeardifferentforms. D.Theydamagetheinstruments.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships. B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity. D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct. B.GuideprojectdesignsC.Adjustworkschedules. D.Gradetheirhomework.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.B.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.D.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.Passage4(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I，D)Beforethe1830smostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.Thetrend,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase"pennypaper"caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor"themanonthestreet"didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventures(企業(yè))wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereownersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?A.Academic. B.Unattractive. C.Inexpensive. D.Confidential.29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher. B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders. D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.30.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians. B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers. D.Richbusinessmen.31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?A.Itwasadifficultprocess. B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor. D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.題組三（2024年高考真題）Passage1(2024·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I，D)Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(裝置)outdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachThismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-set-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解決方案)?Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplaced