初中英語語法全解

PAGE3頁PAGE2頁第01講名詞 3第02講冠詞 6第03講代詞 8第04講數(shù)詞 12第05講介詞 13第06講形容詞和副詞 15第07講動詞辨析 19第08講動詞時態(tài) 25第09講動詞語態(tài) 29第10講情態(tài)動詞 30第11講非謂語動詞 31第12講主謂一致和倒裝句 33第13講簡單句和并列句 35第14講狀語從句 37第15講賓語從句 39第16講定語從句 40詞類分類詞類英語名稱意義例詞實詞名詞noun(n.)表示人、事物或抽象概念bag,class代詞pronoun(pron.)用來替代名詞、數(shù)詞等we,many數(shù)詞numeral(num.)表示數(shù)目或順序one,ninth形容詞adjective(adj.)表示人或事物的特征big,white副詞adverb(adv.)表示時間、地點、程度特征等now,very動詞verb(v.)表示動作或狀態(tài)speak,visit虛詞冠詞article(art.)用于名詞前，對名詞進行限定a,an,the介詞preposition(prep.)用于名/on,under連詞conjunction(conj.)用來連接詞與詞或句與句and,but,so感嘆詞interjection(int.)表示說話時的感情或口氣hi,wow語法專題精講1名詞9動詞語態(tài)2冠詞10情態(tài)動詞3代詞11非謂語動詞4數(shù)詞12主謂一致和倒裝句5介詞13簡單句和并列句6形容詞和副詞14狀語從句7動詞辨析15賓語從句8動詞時態(tài)16定語從句01講名詞【名詞的分類】類別意義例詞專有名詞表示人、地方、事物、機構、組織等名稱的詞Lucy,China,TheGreatWall可數(shù)個體名詞表示個體的人或事物的詞pencil,chair,dog集體名詞表示一群人或一類事物family,police,class,group,team不可數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞表示構成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料的詞rice,water,air,wood抽象名詞表示狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、行為、感情等抽象概念的詞knowledge,danger,health考點一：可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞一、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式規(guī)則變化:①一般在詞尾加-sbook--books toy--toys day--daysboy--boysx,sh,ch結尾的加-esclass--classes bus--busesbox--boxesfox--foxesdish--dishes watch--watches③以“輔音字母+y”結尾的詞,yi,再加-esbaby--babies city--citiesfactory--factories dictionary--dictionaries④以f或fe結尾的詞,一般把f或fe改為v,再加-esleaf--leaves half--halves knife--knives wife--wives life--liveso結尾espotato--potatoes tomato--tomatoeshero--heroessradio--radios zoo--zoos photo--photos不規(guī)則變化:①男女少，鼠腳牙(數(shù)腳丫）man--men woman--women child--childrenmouse--mice foot--feet tooth--teeth②中日魚鹿羊，單復是同形Chinese，Japanese，fish，deer，sheep③中日不變英法變,其他后sChinese--Chinese Englishman--EnglishmenFrenchman--Frenchmen German--Germans二、不可數(shù)名詞下列名詞常做不可數(shù)名詞用，很少見到它們被用作可數(shù)名詞：肉類beef chicken mutton porkfish meat液體water milk coffee teahoney yogurtorangejuicerice salt sand hair其余bread advice weatherknowledge money timework newsmusic healthpaperfruitinformationfunchickenC雞UchickenC雞U雞肉fishC種類UfoodC種類U泛指fruitC種類U泛指roomC房間U空間workC作品U工作四、重難點復合名詞：是其他詞，變復數(shù)時，只需把后面的名詞變成復數(shù)形式。manteacher--menteachers womandoctor--womendoctorsboystudent--boystudents appletree--appletrees有些只有復數(shù)形式或者習慣上常用復數(shù)的名詞，常用復數(shù)作定語。clothesshop sportscar集體名詞：（family,police,class,group,team）A.eg:MyfamilyarewatchingTV.B.eg:Myfamilyisbig.village.只有復數(shù)形式的集體名詞clothes pants jeans shorts trousers glasses（眼鏡）a/an，但可以用apairof/twopairsof/many等修飾。theglasses（復數(shù)） apairofglasses（單數(shù)） twopairsofglasses（復數(shù)）考點二名詞所有格一、’s所有格構成Kate’sroomFather’sDays結尾的復數(shù)名詞，在其后加’room’sChildren’sDayWomen’sDay用法office。today’snews,tenminutes’ride,100dollars’worth。park。atthedoctor’s,attheGreen’s。somebodyelse’s。butJenny’s.。,job/work,problem/question,voice/noise/soundof所有格of結構，如thegateoftheschool。theadviceofmyparents。thefutureofChina/China’sfuture,thegirl’sname/thenameofthegirl。三、雙重所有格afriendofmyfather’s。注意比較：afriendofmyfather’s強調(diào)我父親不止一位朋友 afriendofmyfather強調(diào)對我父親友好apictureofMrWang’s王先生擁有的許多照片中的一張 apictureofMrWang王先生本人肖像四、重難點Heisafive-year-oldboy./Heisfiveyearsold.八個小時的睡眠 sleep/eighthours’sleep02講冠詞考點一不定冠詞a/an不定冠詞的基本用法用法示例1.第一次提到Thisisabook.2.某一類別Ahorseisahelpfulanimal.3.泛指Ayoungmaniswaitingforyou.4.用于物質(zhì)、抽象名詞前haveagreattime abigsuccess5.視為一個整體的兩個名詞前aknifeandfork一副刀叉ThecakeisdeliciousandIwouldlikeathirdone.7.“每一”twiceaweek threetimesadaya,an的區(qū)別a以輔音音素開頭的單詞useful university European b uan以元音音素開頭的單詞hourhonestumbrellaEnglisheighths注：元音字母：aeiou 元音音素：/i//i;//ei//ai/...當名詞被其他詞修飾時，a,an的位置應注意：修飾suchagoodboywhatagoodboyso,how修飾sogoodaboyhowgoodaboy修飾quiteagoodboyaverygoodboy考點二 定冠詞the的用法用法示例1.雙方都知道的Givemethebook,please.2.特指的或上文已提到的Doyouknowthegirlinred?3.獨一無二的themoon thesun theworld theearth4.序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級前thefirstlesson thebiggestpark5.姓氏復數(shù)前，表一家人theGreens6.某一類別Thehorseisahelpfulanimal.7.與某些形容詞連用，表一類人theold thesick名詞前，或由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前thePacificOceantheGreatWall theSummerPalace9.方位及樂器名詞前intheeast playthepianofestival結尾的節(jié)日theSpringFestival theMid-AutumnFestival考點三 零冠詞的用法用法示例1.不可數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞表泛指Horsesarehelpfulanimals.某些專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞表泛指China Mary Paperismadefromwood.3.詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格等修飾thisbook mybook somebooks Lily’sbook4.三餐、球類運動、學科前havebreakfast playfootball math (havearichlunch)5.由“專有名詞+普通名詞”構成的表示街名、路名、山名等的詞前NanjingRoad HainanIsland ZhongshanPark6.by連用的交通工具名稱前bybus bybikeday結尾的節(jié)假日名稱前Children’sDay NewYear’sDay重難點表類別:馬是一種有用的動物。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.Horsesareusefulanimals.the+序數(shù)詞表示“第幾”a+序數(shù)詞表示“再一”IhavebeentoBeijingtwice,butIwouldliketogothereforathirdtime.anumberof大量的…（看作復數(shù)）AnumberofmenteachersarefromChina.thenumberof的數(shù)量 （看作單數(shù)）Thenumberofmenteachersinourschoolis50.gotoschool去上學gototheschool去學校inhospital生病住院inthehospital在醫(yī)院inclass在上課intheclass在班級里gotobed去睡覺gotothebed朝床邊走去attable在吃飯atthetable在桌子旁考點一人稱代詞

03講代詞人稱單數(shù)復數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格第一人稱Imeweus第二人稱youyouyouyou第三人稱hehimtheythemsheheritit通稱oneones注意：1.I在句中任何位置都要大寫，you可以是單數(shù)也可以是復數(shù)，根據(jù)上下文來決定。2.人稱代詞獨立使用時，也可以用賓格。Whyme? Me,too.3.以下句子人稱代詞用主格和賓格都可以。MysisteristwoyearsolderthanI/me.Youareastallashe/him.4.she/he可用來指代寵物。Ihaveadog.Heiscute.5.單數(shù)：二、三、一人稱復數(shù)：一、二、三人稱you，heandIwe,youandthey6.it用法代指嬰兒或不明身份的人It’salovelybaby.表示天氣、時間或距離It’shottoday. It’s7o’clock. It’s2kilometers.this/that--What’sthis?--It’sakey.it常用句型It’s+adj.+(forsb.)todosth.sbfindit+adj.+todosth.It’stimetodosth. Itseemsthat...one指上文中提到的同類事物中的一個(同類不同個)Therearemanybeautifultoysintheshop.Iwanttobuyone.it(同類同個)Thereisabeautifultoyintheshop.Iwanttobuyit.考點二物主代詞人稱單數(shù)復數(shù)形容詞性名詞性形容詞性名詞性第一人稱mymineourours第二人稱youryoursyouryours第三人稱hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits通稱one’s注意：+名詞=名詞性物主代詞mypen=mine yourbook=yours hisbag=hismy--HeteachesusEnglish.usour。名詞性物主代詞”屬于雙重所有格，與“…of+人稱代詞賓格”所表示的含義不同。Sheisafriendofmine.她是我的一個朋友。（眾多朋友中的一個）Sheisafriendofme.她是我的一個朋友。（唯一的一個）考點三反身代詞人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimself herself itself復數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves第第13頁第第10頁注意：teachoneself自學learnbyoneself自學enjoyoneself玩的開心helpyourselfto請隨便吃點...lookafteroneself照顧自己dressoneself給某人自己穿衣服byoneself獨自考點四指示代詞this/thesethat/those近指Thisismyseat.遠指Thatisyourseat.替代已提到過的名詞，避免重復，主要用于比較級中。TheweatherinChangshaisbetterthanthatinBeijing.Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthose(theones)inwinter.this打電話時，指自己。isAlan.that打電話時，指對方。Whoisthatspeaking?thismorning今天早上thisyear今年thatmorning那天早上thatyear那年考點五不定代詞both；all；either；any；neither；none都任何都不兩者botheitherneither三者（或以上）allanynonelittle；alittle；few；afew可數(shù)不可數(shù)表肯定afew（有一些）alittle（有一點）表否定few（幾乎沒有）little（幾乎沒有）other；theother；others；theothers；another不定代詞意義用法說明other(兩者)the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one,myyourhis等時，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用theother兩者中另一個one連用，構成“onetheother”；作定語修飾復數(shù)名詞時，表示“全部其余的”others泛指別的人或物othr（但不是全部，some…others…theothers特指其余的人或物theother的復數(shù)形式，特指其余的人或物another(三者或以上）考點六復合不定代詞somebodyanybodynobodyeverybodysomeoneanyonenooneeveryonesomethinganythingnothingeverythingsomethinginteresting?？键c七疑問代詞指人誰whoWhowouldyouliketogowith?誰whomWhomareyouwritingto?誰的whoseWhosebagisthis?指物(有范圍）whichWhichischeaper,thisbookorthat?什么（無范圍）whatWhatisyoursister?重難點區(qū)別some一般用于肯定句中,表示“一些,某些;某個”，如：Ihavesomemathbooks.也可用于疑問句中,希望得到對方的肯定回答或委婉提出建議與要求，如：Wouldyoulikesometea?any一般用于否定句、疑問句,表示“一些”，如：Idon’thaveanymathbooks. Isthereanythingnewinthenewspaper?有時也可用于肯定句中，表示“任何一個”，如：Youcanbuythisbookatanybookstoreinourcity.many指代或修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù) (so)manybooksmuch指代或修飾不可數(shù)名詞復數(shù) (so)muchbookseach指兩個或兩個以上eachsideoftheroad（也可用于三者或以上）every指三個或三個以上everystudentinourclassalittle1)alittle+adj.n3)notalittle很多abit1)abit+adj.bitof+n3)notabit一點也不noone1)沒人 2)其后不加of短語 用來回答who的提問none1)沒人/物 2)其后可加of短語 howmany/howmuch的提問everyone每個人，后面不能跟of短語everyone每一個，常指物，后面可跟of短語04講數(shù)詞考點一基數(shù)詞0-12one twothree four five sixtwelveseveneightnineteneleven13-19thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteenseventeen eighteen nineteen20-90整數(shù)twenty thirty forty fifty sixtyseventyeightyninety20-99非整數(shù)twenty-one forty-two三位數(shù)121onehundredandtwenty-one206twohundredsandsix多位數(shù)1,987,654,321 onebillionninehundredandeighty-sevenmillionsixhundredandfifty-fourthousandthreehundredandtwenty-one不確切數(shù)hundredsof thousandsofmillionsof/年代inherforties inthe1990s考點二序數(shù)詞1、2、3不規(guī)則變化first second third1st 2nd 3rdthfourth fifth sixth seventh eighthninth enth eleventh twelfth thirteenth4th20th21st 22nd 24th121st 124th20-90整數(shù)tytiethtwentieth thirtieth fortieth(整數(shù))只變個位數(shù)twenty-first onehundredandthirty-fourth考點三分數(shù)、小數(shù)、百分數(shù)和時刻分數(shù)基數(shù)詞作分子，序數(shù)詞做分母，分子大于1，序數(shù)詞要用復數(shù)1/3 onethird 3/4 threefourths1/2 ahalf 1/4 onequarter小數(shù)小數(shù)點左邊數(shù)字合起來讀；右邊數(shù)字分開讀；小數(shù)點讀作point0.4 fourpointfour25.67 twenty-fivepointsixseven百分數(shù)+percent3% threepercent時刻整點5:00 fiveo’clock幾點過幾分+past+小時5:06 sixpastfive (fivesix)幾點差幾分+to+(小時+1)5:58 twotosix (fivefifty-eight)數(shù)量+單位詞+形容詞+單位詞+in+名詞5meterslong/wide/high5metersinlength/width/height注意：lesson/unit/page/room/class/grade)thefirstlesson--LessonOne thefifthPage5 IaminClass2,Grade7.數(shù)詞+more 數(shù)詞twomoremonths anothertwomonths05講介詞【知識清單】一、時間介詞at在某個時刻或在黎明、正午、黃昏、午夜atseveno’clockatnoon atnighton在具體的某一天或者某一天的某一段時間onSunday onJuly2ndonSundaymorningonthemorningofSundayin季節(jié)，及泛指的上午，下午和晚上等）in1998 inspringmorninginJanuary inthein3daysafter+時間點，表“…以后”，常用于將來時TheyarrivedinBeijingafter2days.+時間段，表“…以后”，常用于過去時Iwillcallyouupafterthreeo’clock.before表“在…之前”Pleasecleantheroombefore4o’clock.since+時間點，表“自從…”，用于完成時Shehaslivedheresince1998.for+時間段，表“持續(xù)…”，用于完成時ShehaswatchedTVfor2hours.from表“從…開始”They worked inmorningtoevening.the factory fromby+時間點，表“到…為止”，后跟一個過去的時間點，用于過去完成時Ihadread200booksbytheendoflastyear.during+時間段，表“在…期間”I usually go swimming during thesummerholidays.二、方位介詞at在小地方athome/atschoolin在大地方；在……里面inChina/inBeijing intheclassroomon在……上面（接觸）onthefarm onthebeachover在…正上方（不接觸）；覆蓋；指年齡、數(shù)量There'sabridgeovertheriver.over18yearsold over100peopleunder在…正下方（不接觸）；指年齡、數(shù)量Thereisafootballunderthedesk.under18yearsold under10%above“在……的上方”（不接觸）；還比的情況等aboveyourheadabovezerobelow“在……的下方”（不接觸）；還標準可比的情況等Thecoatreachesbelowtheknees.belowzerointhefrontof表示在某一空間內(nèi)部的前面Thereisablackboardinthefrontoftheroom.infrontof表示在某一空間外部的前面Thereisacarinfrontoftheschool.before在……前面Hesitsbeforeme.behind表示在某一位置之后Myschoolbagisbehindthechair.between...and在…和…之間（兩者）IsitbetweenLucyandTom.among在……中間（三者或以上）Mr.Brownstandsamongherstudents.ontheleft/right在左邊/在右邊Icanseeahospitalontheleft.beside/by在旁邊Thereisacatbesideme. bythesea.acrossfrom在對面Theschoolisacrossmyhome.in在……之內(nèi)（屬于該范圍）ChangshaisinthesouthofChina.to在……之外（不屬于該范圍）BeijingistothenorthofChina.on與……毗鄰JiangxiisonthewestofChangsha.三、表示方式、手段或工具等的介詞by+交通工具，表示“乘坐……”Igotoschoolbybus.+Ving，表示“通過……方式”IlearnEnglishbylisteningtotapes.in+語言、材料inEnglish ininkon通過收音機、電視、電腦onradio/TV/computerwith表示用某種工具、身體部位Iwritewithapen. Ieatwithmouth.四、其他介詞about關于talkabout Whatabout...?like“像……一樣”,說明相似關系,實際不是looklike Hetreatsmelikeason.as“作為,以…的身份”,后跟表示職業(yè)的詞Asateacher,Iamproudofhim.except“除……之外”(有減的意思）AllthestudentswenttothepartyexceptTom.besides“除……之外(還有)”(有加的意思)BesidesTom,Bobalsowenttothemuseum.withIwenttotheparkwithLucy.aparkwithapoolwithout表示“沒有”He went to school without havingbreakfast.for表示目的,意為“為了”Thepresentisforyou.易混介詞onthetree表示枝、葉、果實等“長在樹上”inthetree表示人、氣球、鳥等“停在樹上”onthewall表示東西粘貼或掛在墻上inthewall表示門、窗等嵌在墻上It’s+adj+forsb.todosth.該句中形容詞是形容后面的事情It’s+adj+ofsb.todosth.該句中形容詞是說明人的特點06講形容詞和副詞一、形容詞的用法

第一節(jié)形容詞akindman asunnyday2.做表語，放在系動詞之后。Behappy looksadmake,leave,keep等動詞連用。makehimhappy keeptheroomclean4.the+adj.表一類人。theold theyoung5.有些表情感的表語形容詞后可接動詞不定式。beglad/happy/pleased/sorry/sad/sure/kindready/afraid/easy/difficult+todo二、形容詞原級的用法1.說明人或物自身的特征、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)Theflowersarebeautiful.等修飾時verytalloldenough3.A…as…asBA…notas(so)…asBAB一樣…AB…EnglishisasinterestingasChinese.Thisbookisnotasnewasthatone.4.A…+倍數(shù)+as…asBAB的…倍Ourschoolisthreetimesasbigastheirs.三、形容詞比較等級形容詞比較等級的構成1)規(guī)則變化類別構成方法原級比較級最高級①一般直接加-er,-estlongtalllongertallerlongesttalleste結尾加-r,-stlatelaterlatest單音節(jié)詞和少③輔音字母+y結尾，改easyeasierhappiereasiesthappiest數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞寫末尾字母，再加-er,-estbighotthinfatbiggerhotterthinnerfatterbiggesthottestthinnestfattest多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞⑤在原級前加more,mostcarefuloutgoingmorecarefulmoreoutgoingcarefullyoutgoing2）不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittle(few)less(fewer)least(fewest）farfarther較遠的further較遠的；更深入的farthest最遠的furthest最遠的；最深入的oldolder較老的，較舊的，年齡較大的elder（）oldest較老的，較舊的，年齡較大的年齡較大的（只用于人，表長幼排行）形容詞比較等級的用法little,abit,alot,much,even,far,still等修飾。muchcolder alittlehotter2).A+比較級than+BThisroomisbiggerthanthatone.3).“Which/WhoAorB?”Whoistaller,TomorBob?4).“the+比較級+ofthetwo”Tomisthetallerofthetwo.5).andmoreandmore+原級”hotterandhottermoreandmorebeautiful6).“the+比較級，the+比較級”Themore,thebetter.The more careful you are,the mistakesyou’llmake.重難點：1）表示“倍數(shù)”--“倍數(shù)+比較級+than”，如：Yourroomisthreetimesbiggerthanmine.。2）than”，如：threeyearsolder。3）表示“比其他的任何都…”--“比較級+thananyother+n單”（同一范圍內(nèi)比較）,如：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina.表示“比任何都…”--“比較級+thanany+n單”（不同范圍內(nèi)比較）,如：ShanghaiislargerthananycityinJapan.4）more不可以修飾比較級，much修飾比較級，意為“更…得多”。moretaller× muchtaller√ muchoutgoing× muchmoreoutgoing√5)注意比較對象或范圍的一致性。TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanShanghai.× Mary’sbagisheavierthanTom.×四、形容詞最高級1)“the+最高級+in/of短語”，表“…中最…的”。Thisbookisthemostinterestingofall.ThisisthebiggestfactoryinBeijing.C?”，表“三者中最…的”。Whoistheyoungest,Tom,JackorJohn?3)“oneofthe最高級+n復”，表“最…的…之一”。Sheisoneofthemostpopularteachers.4)“序數(shù)詞+最高級+n單TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.the，但Heworksmostcarefully.the。Thisisourbestfriend.五、比較結構的同義轉(zhuǎn)化Mathisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathismoredifficultthananyothersubject.Mathismoredifficultthantheothersubjects.Nosubjectismoredifficultthanmath.六、易混形容詞辨析1.-ing形容詞和-ed形容詞-ing形容詞-ed形容詞例句interestingsurprisingexcitingmovingtiringboringsurprisedexcitedmovedtiredboredIhaveaninterestingbook.Heisinterestedinscience.物,表示事物的特征或性質(zhì)，“令人…”Heisexcitedabouttheexcitingnews.2.其余易混知識點①goodeg:agoodboywellI’mwell. speakEnglishwell②sick做定語，表示“生病的”，eg:asickman thesicksickinbuses.Iamsickofthiskindofwork.ill做表語，表示“生病的”，eg:Iamill.做表語，表示“壞的”，eg:illnews壞消息③alone只客觀陳述。eg:Sheisaloneinthehouse.(adv.)表示“獨自地”，eg:livealonelonely(a.)eg:feellonely(a.)做定語，表示“荒涼的，偏僻的”，eg:alonelyplace④pleased(a.)“感到滿意的”，一般是人做主語，eg:Iampleasedwiththeprogress.pleasant(a.)“令人滿意的”，一般是物做主語，eg:apleasanttrippleasure(n.)“快樂、愉悅”，eg:It’smypleasure. Withpleasure.⑤Howlong(threedays,fourweeks等)提問。Howlongwillyoustaythere？Forabout3days.表示某東西有多長。Howlongisthisriver?It’sabout3kilometers.Howfar表示距離有多遠。Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?It’s3kilometers.Howoften表示多久一次，對于頻率提問。Howoftendoyoudosports?Twiceaweek.Howsoon表示還要多久。Howsoonwillhecomeback?In3days.07講動詞辨析【知識清單】一、動詞的分類1.系①本身有詞義②不能單獨做謂語③后加表語質(zhì)、特征或身份。狀態(tài)系動詞：beIamhappy.keepKeepsilent.seemHeseemssad.感官系動詞：look,sound,taste,smell,feelSoundsgood.turn,get,becomeIt’sgettinghot.2.①有一定詞義②不能單獨做謂語③必須加主要動詞僅表說話人的態(tài)度。can(could),may(might),must,haveto,shall(should),will(would),need(needed)等。（詳見情態(tài)動詞專題）IcanswimYoushouldsithere.3.詞不完整②不能單獨做謂語③必須和其他動詞用④幫助構成時態(tài)、語be+現(xiàn)在分詞：進行時I’mworking.be+過去分詞：被動語態(tài)Theroomiscleaned.過去分詞：完成時Ihavecleanedit.Hewillgotoschool.Idon’tknow.Doyouknow?4.①有實際意思②能獨立做謂語+賓語Ilikethebook.不及物動詞：不需加賓語/副詞構成短語+賓語Hearrived.HearrivedinBeijing.+時間段Icankeepitfor2days.非延續(xù)性動詞：動作瞬間Iborroweditlastweek.二、易混動詞辨析：四個“花費”1.take物做主語Ittakessb.+時間todosth2.costcost+錢3.pay人做主語pay+錢+for4.spendspend+錢/時+onsth spend+錢/時+(in)doingsth.It me3daystofinishthereport.I 3hourscleaningthehouseeveryday.IfyoulikethisshirtIwill foryou.Thiscar them$200,000.Itwill usseveralyearstolearnaforeignlanguagewell.expensive?–No,Ionly fivedollarsonthem.–IamsorryIcan’tfindthelibrarybook.–I’mafraidyouhaveto it.Itusually Cathymorethanonehourtogoshoppingatweekends.四個“穿戴”1.puton(動作)2.wear(狀態(tài)）3.dressdresssb.給某人穿衣 dressoneself給自己穿衣 getdressed穿好衣服4.be)in+顏色穿…顏色的衣服Thelittleboycan (自己穿衣服).Pleasegetupand (穿衣服)quickly.Thisdressisverybeautiful.MayI (穿上它)?Lucyalways (穿)aredcoat.Thegirl (穿紅衣服的ismysister.四個“說”1.saysay+內(nèi)容2.talkaboutsth.talkwithsb talktosb3.telltellsb./sth.tellsb.todosth. tellstoriestelllies4.speakspeak+語言(電話用語)speaktosb.MayI toSusan,please?Canyou Japanese?He ussomeinterestingthings.You’dbetter (說實話).CanI itinChinese?Iwantto toyouaboutsomething.四個“看”1.lookat(動作)看2.see(結果)看見3.watch(連續(xù)性，運動性的畫面)4.read讀書/報紙/雜志–Whatcanyou inthepicture?–Ican ahouseandsometrees.Myfamilymembersusually TVtogetherintheevening. carefullyattheblackboard.SorryIdidn’t thenewspaper.四個“拿”1.get(方向性)2.bring(bring…to…)3.take(take…to…)4.carry拿，搬（無方向性）–Iamsorry.Ileftmyhomeworkathome.–Nevermind.Remember itherethisafternoon.Youcan bothofthebooksifyoulike.Thisbagistooheavyforme .Thereislittlefoodathome.Couldyougoand some?三個“到達”1.getgetto地點特殊：home there here前不用加to/in/at2.arrivearrive+in(大地點) /at(小地點)3.reachreach+地點Heissotallthathecan thelight.Pleaseletmeknowwhenallthevisitors .Pleasecallmeassoonasyou toShanghai.Pleasecallmeassoonasyou inShanghai.Pleasecallmeassoonasyou there.三個“借”1.borrow借入 borrow…from…2.lend借出 lend…to…3.keep借多久（延續(xù)性動詞與時間段連用）Wecan booksfromthelibrary.Couldyou meyourpen?Couldyou yourbike me?HowlongcanI thebook?–Youcan itfor2weeks.5）Wouldyouplease yourstorybook me?6）Howlonghaveyou thebook?–Foronlytwodays.三個“聽”1.listen聽（動作） listento…2.hearhearoffrom）聽說收到來信3.sound（五感動詞）+adj.SuddenlyI astrangenoise.Ican you. meplease.Theplan great.I theteachercarefully.Haveyou thefamousfootballstar?Iamlookingforwardto you.三個“找”1.lookfor尋找（動作）2.find找到（結果）3.findout查明真相，弄明白Idon’t mypen，I’m iteverywhere.Please whenthetrainleaves.三個“參加”1.join個黨派，團體組織等，成為其成員之一，意為：“參軍、入黨、加入俱樂部”等。 jointhearmy/Party/club②和某人一起做某事 joinsb.indoing2.joinin多指參加小規(guī)模的活動如“球賽、游戲”等。Comealong,andjoinintheballgame.3.takepartin參加會議或群眾性活動等，并在其中發(fā)揮作用。takepartintheactivity4.attend聽報告等。句子的主語只是去聽，去看，自己不一定起積極作用。attendthemeetingWe'regoingtovisittheflowershowtomorrow.Willyou us?Howmanycountries thelastOlympicGames?Hedidn't -schoolyesterdaybecauseofhisillness.Alltheleaguemembers themeeting.Willyou us playingbasketball?兩個“贏”1.win+活動、比賽、戰(zhàn)爭2.beat+對手（人）)He firstprizeinthesurfingcompetition.)We thestrongestteaminthefootballmatchthistime.兩個“發(fā)現(xiàn)/發(fā)明”1.invent發(fā)明（創(chuàng)新，以前沒有的） 發(fā)明物)2.discover發(fā)現(xiàn)（原已存在，現(xiàn)在找到）兩個“忘”1.forgetforgettodo忘記要做某事 forgetdoing忘記做過…2.leave落下，遺留（在某個地方）make的詞組bemadein+sp. 在某地制造bemadeby+sb. 由某人制造bemadeof+材料（看得出材料） 由…制成bemadefrom+（看不出材料）bemadeupof+組成部分（由…組成）bemade…intobemadeinto成品1)Thismachine 2)Treescan paper.3)Thetable 4)Thewine 5)TheTVset theworkersinthefactory.look的詞組lookup(字典，電腦中)looklike看起來像……lookafter照顧lookfor尋找lookout小心lookover仔細檢查lookthrough瀏覽，復習lookforwardto期待lookat看...give的詞組giveup放棄giveout分發(fā)giveaway贈送giveoff）put的詞組putup搭建，張貼puton穿上putoff推遲putaway收拾putout熄滅putdown放下turn的詞組turnon打開（水,電，氣）turnoff關（水,電，氣）turnup調(diào)高音量turndown調(diào)低音量up的詞組putup張貼setup建立，設立lookup查閱cheerup使振奮，使高興pickup撿，偶然學得sendup發(fā)射off的詞組takeoff起飛，脫下turnoff關putoff推遲getoff下車 geton上車upwith的詞組catchupwith追上makeupwith和解，與…和好putupwith容忍comeupwith提出08講動詞時態(tài)時態(tài)構成例句一般現(xiàn)在時work/worksIworkeveryday.一般過去時workedIworkedyesterday.一般將來時will/shallworkis/am/aregoingtoworkIwillworktomorrow.Iamgoingtoworktomorrow.現(xiàn)在進行時is/am/areworkingSheisworkingnow.過去進行時was/wereworkingTheywereworkingatthattime.現(xiàn)在完成時have/hasworkedHehasworkedfor2hours.過去完成時hadworkedHehadlearned2000wordsbytheendoflastyear.過去將來時wouldworkwas/weregoingtoworkShesaidthatshewouldflytoBeijingnextyear.Shesaidthatshewasgoingtoworknextyear.一般現(xiàn)在時含義1.表事物（或人）的特征、狀態(tài)，eg:Hehasthreesisters.2.表經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作eg:Bobgoesshoppingonceamonth.3.表客觀真理、客觀存在等，eg:Themoongoesaroundtheearth.注意-s或-es。s，如：read－reads結尾，改y為i再加es，如：study-studies cry-cries fly-flies，直接加s，如：play-plays enjoy-enjoys3.以“s,x,ch,sh,o”結尾的，在詞尾加“es”,如：cross-crosses fix-fixes watch－watches wash-washes do-doesbe動詞包括：am，is，are第三人稱單數(shù)為is 2)have-has標志詞always、usually、often、sometimes、everyday、onSundays等。一般過去時含義表示事物（或人）在過去的特征、狀態(tài)，eg:Iwasateacherlastyear.表示過去的動作，eg:IwatchedTVlastnight.過去式構成規(guī)則變化ed，如：want－wanted以不發(fā)音的字母e結尾的動詞，直接加d，如：hope-hoped live-lived結尾，改y為i再加es，如：study-studied cry-cried4.重讀輔元輔結尾需雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加如規(guī)則不規(guī)則變化am(is)-was are-were go-went do-didput-put cut-cut hurt-hurt eat-ate swim-swam buy-bought see-sawlose-lost teach-taught bring-brought fall-fell hurt-hurt break-broke win-won標志詞theotherday lastnight yesterday someyearsago attheageof in1878inthepast justnow onthatday onceuponatime一般將來時含義表示將來計劃、準備、打算做某事。結構will/shall＋do（動詞原形）（will可用于所有人稱，shall只用于一人稱I/we）begoingto＋do（動詞原形）（be--am/is/are根據(jù)主語的變化而變化）標志詞tonight tomorrow thedayaftertomorrow thisafternoonnextweek intwoyears threedayslater in2019 soon注意1.go,come,leave,stay,start,begin等少數(shù)表位移的詞，用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。Iamcoming. IamleavingforBeijingsoon.2.if/when/assoonas等引導的時間和條件狀語從句，當主句是一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。（主將從現(xiàn)）IwillcallyouassoonasIgettoschool.3.therebe的一般將來時TherewillbeThereis/aregoingtobe現(xiàn)在進行時含義表示（說話瞬間）正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。也可表示當前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。構成be(am/is/are)＋v-ing（動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞）現(xiàn)在1.ingread—reading sleepsleeping2.e結尾的動詞,eingcomecoming makemaking分詞構成3.ing，如：stop—stopping sit—sitting run—running cut—cutting get--getting swim--swimming dig--digging規(guī)則標志詞now,look,listen,thesedays,atthistime過去進行時【知識清單】構成was/were+doing含義表示過去某一時刻或某一時間段正在進行的動作標志詞hen,atthattime,atthistimeyesterday,at8:00yesterdaymorning,allnight及when/while用法區(qū)別When①既指時間點，也可指時間段；后可接終止性動詞，也可接延續(xù)性動詞②從句的動作和主句的動作可以是同時，也可以是先后發(fā)生③when后一般接過去式：Whentheteachercamein,weweretalking.④表“突然”：Iwashavingmydinnerwhentherewasasuddenknockatthedoor.While①后接延續(xù)性動詞②從句的動作和主句的動作是同時發(fā)生③while后一般接進行時：Whileweweretalking,theteachercamein.④表“然而”：MotherwascookingwhilefatherwaswatchingTV現(xiàn)在完成時【知識清單】定義現(xiàn)在全部完成表示過去發(fā)生或者已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。Ihaveseenthismovietwice.現(xiàn)在部分完成表示從過去某一時間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。IhavelivedinChangshafor3years.構成have/has+過去分詞標志詞Hehasalreadygotherhelp.t用于否定句）Hashecomebackyet?Hehasn’tcomebackyet.ever（曾經(jīng)）ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.never（從沒）HehasneverbeentoBeijing.for(+時間段)Hehasbeenawayfortwoyears.since時間點/…ago/從句)HehasbeenanEnglishteachersince1992.MrGreenhaslivedinChinasincefivemonthsago.MrGreenhaslivedinChinasincehecametoChina.以動作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標志，比如twice, threetimes。HesayshehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.,fewyears,recently為標志HehasgottoBeijingsofar.Shehasstudiedover2000wordsinthelastfewyears.“終止”、“延續(xù)”的轉(zhuǎn)換續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動詞。半個小時了?！癈ats”hasbeganforhalfanhour.דCats”hasbeenonforhalfanhour. “Cats”hasbegan. √這本字典你買了多久了?Howlonghaveyouboughtthisdictionary? ×Howlonghaveyouhadthisdictionary?√常見短暫性動詞與其對應的延續(xù)性動詞1.動詞 動詞buyhaveborrowkeepputonwearcatchacoldhaveacoldbecomebe2.用“be＋形容詞”代替marrybemarriedfallillbeillfallasleepbeasleepwakeupbeawakediebedeadopenbeopenclosebeclosed3.用“be＋副詞”代替start/beginbeongetupbeupgooutbeoutleavebeawayfinishbeoverjoinbeamember/bein過去完成時結構had+過去分詞使用1.動作發(fā)生在過去的過去。Hehadwrittenthreestoriesbytheendoflastyear.2.用于主句為過去時的賓語從句中。Theysaidtheyhadseenthefilm.標志詞by+過去的時間點，bytheendof+過去的時間點，before+過去的時間點過去將來時含義用于賓語從句中。eg:IheardthattheyweregoingtoreturntoShanghaisoon.構成1.由助動詞“would（should）+動詞原形”構成。2.由“was/weregoingto+動詞原形”構成。09講動詞語態(tài)基本結構be+Vpp主被動轉(zhuǎn)換TheyTheclassroomcleaniscleanedtheclassroom.（bythem）.被動語態(tài)的使用①不知道動作的執(zhí)行者。 ②沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者。③強調(diào)動作的承受著。 ④句子主語是物。具體構成時態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)例句被動語態(tài)例句一般現(xiàn)在時clean/cleansis/am/are+cleanedTheycleantheroom.一般過去時cleanedwas/werecleanedHecleanedtheroom.一般將來時willcleanwillbecleanedShewillcleantheroom.begoingtocleanbegoingtobecleanedSheisgoingtocleantheroom.現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/arecleaningam/is/arebeingcleanedLucyiscleaningtheroom.過去進行時was/werecleaningwas/werebeingcleanedIwascleaningtheroom.現(xiàn)在完成時have/hadcleanedhave/hasbeencleanedWehavecleanedtheroom.情態(tài)動詞cancleancanbecleanedHecancleantheroom.注意事項1.帶雙賓的謂語動詞有兩種變換形式Shegavemeatoy.Iwasgivenatoy./Atoywasgiventome.2.動詞短語不可分割Weshouldtakecareofoldpeople.Oldpeopleshouldbetakencareofbyus.3.to的不定式see/hear/watch/feel/notice/let/make/havetoMymothermakesmestayathome.Iammadetostayathomebymymother.主動表被動1.open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,burn,drive等作不及物動詞且主語為物時Thiskindofshirtsellswell.2.look,sound,taste,smell等系動詞Schooluniformslookuglyonus.3.beworthdoingThisbookisworthreading.4.want/need/requiredoing=want/need/requiretobedoneMycarneedsrepairing.Mycarneedstoberepaired.10講情態(tài)動詞【知識清單】can①能，會（現(xiàn)在的能力）Canyouswim?Yes,Ican.②表請求或允許CanIgonow?Yes,youcan.③表推測，常用于否定和疑問（表“不可能”）Hecan’tbeacook.could①能，會（過去的能力）Couldyouswimwhenyouwere7yearsold?Yes,Icould.CouldIgonow?Yes,youcan.③表推測Hecouldhavegonehome.beableto表能力，有多種時態(tài)變化Wewillbeabletocomebacknextweek.maymight①表請求或允許(might）May/MightIsmokeinthisroom?Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t(can’t).②表推測（表“可能”）Yourmothermay/mightknowthetruth.may+動詞原形（表“祝愿”）Mayyousucceed!maybe“也許”，不能做謂語，用于句首MaybeheisfromAmerica.maybe“也許是”，充當謂語，用于句中HemaybefromAmerica.must①表“必須”（主觀看法）表示“禁止”只有一般現(xiàn)在時Wemustcomeintime.MustIfinishtheworktoday?Yes,youmust./NO,youneedn’t(don’thaveto)②表推測，用于肯定句（表“一定”）Yourmothermustbewaitingforyounow.haveto表“不得不”（客觀需要）有更多時態(tài)Theplayisn’tinteresting,Ireallymustgonow.IhadtoworkwhenIwasyourage.need+do為情態(tài)動詞（用于疑問、否定）Youneedn’tcomeheresoearly.NeedIfinishtheworktoday?Yes,youmust(haveto）./No,youneedn’t.+todo為實意動詞Idon'tneedtoseethedoctor.Doyouneedtogoatonce?Yes,Ido.Will表詢問、請求Willyoupassmethebook?表意愿Iwilldoanythingforyou.would表詢問、請求（更委婉）Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?表意愿（過去的）Iwouldsithoursalone.shall表詢問、征求意見（用于一人稱）Shallwemeetat3pm?should表義務、責任，“應該”Weshouldobeythetrafficrules.11講非謂語動詞【知識清單】非\h謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、\h動名詞和分詞(\h現(xiàn)在分詞和過去\h\h【考點一：不定式】構成肯定：(to)+動詞原形，to為不定式符號，本身無詞義否定：notto)+動詞原形形式主語It’s+adj.+(for/of)sb.todosth.It’susefultolearnEnglish.It’skindofyoutohelpme.賓語及物動詞后decide/expect/want/agree...IhavedecidedtostudyJapanese.形式賓語find/thinkit+adj.+todosth.HefindsiteasytospeakEnglisheveryday.toWhynotdo...?Whydon’tyoudo...?hadbetterdo...wouldratherdo...pleasedo...Whynotgotothepark?You’dbetterstayhere.I’dratherstayathome.Pleasesitdown.賓補賓補tell/ask/allow...sbtodoHeasksmetocarrythebox.tofeel//hear/listento/let/make/have/lookat/see/watch/noticeLet’sgo.Hemakesmecleantheroom.定語（后置）起形容詞的作用Hewasthefirsttocometotheroom.Haveyougotsomethingtodrink?狀語放在不及物動詞后表目的放在某些形容詞后tolearnEnglish.I’mgladtoseeyouagain.+不定式who/what/which/when...+todoCanyoutellmehowtogetthere?不定式的否定not/never+不定式Theteacherasksusnottoswimintheriver.固定句式too...to...Heistooyoungtodresshimself.enoughto...Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.It’sone’sturntodosth.It’smyturntocleantheclassroom.Ittakessb.st.todosth.Ittakesmetwohourstofinishthework.【考點二：動名詞】構成動詞原形+-ing詞的詞完成練習喜歡忙，完成(finish)練習(practice)之后都喜歡(enjoy)去忙(bebusy喜歡的事情，雖然喜歡的事要花費(spend)時間，而且有困難(have)(mind)，因為我每次都玩得很開心(havefun)，所以仍然很期待(lookforwardto)。tolookforwardtodoingbeusedtodoingpreferdoingtodoingIamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.Sheisusedtogettingupearly.Ipreferswimmingtodancing.特殊情況prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.wouldratherdosth.thandosth.IprefertolearnEnglishratherthanplaytennis.need/require/want+doing=need/require/wanttobedoneThecarneedscleaning.=Thecarneedstobecleaned.區(qū)別stoptodo停下來去做某事stopdoing停止做某事Whynotstoptohavearest?Stoptalking,please.remembertodo記得要去做某事rememberdoing記得做過某事Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelight.Irememberpostingyourletter.forgettoto忘記要去做某事forgetdoing忘記