一笑而過(guò)考研翻譯寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)

考考研翻譯寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)2英語(yǔ)相對(duì)于漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)：1.邏輯性2.簡(jiǎn)潔性3.多樣性e.g.(英語(yǔ)一1995-72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.j3j3詞性成份(主謂賓定狀補(bǔ))名詞n.代詞pron.動(dòng)詞v.形容詞adj.副詞adv.介詞prep.連詞4謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)ing非謂語(yǔ)ed非謂語(yǔ)to動(dòng)詞：及物不及物、實(shí)義系動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)作結(jié)果、瞬間延續(xù)介詞介詞詞組 (介詞+名詞/v-ing)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)5并列連詞 (詞、詞組、句子)and,or,nor,but,yet,so從屬連詞 (主要連句子).That:that.Wh-:which,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whether.Other:because,if,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instant671.SV主謂2.SVO主謂賓3.SVC主系表4.SVOO主謂賓賓5.SVOC主謂賓賓補(bǔ)五大基本句型的重要性：1.英語(yǔ)中的主干結(jié)構(gòu)2.英漢語(yǔ)基本一致8e.g.2.Shelooksaround.3.Thejobisfinished.1.主動(dòng)：主語(yǔ)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者2.被動(dòng)：主語(yǔ)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的接受者9主語(yǔ)屬性：名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)2.代詞(主格)3.動(dòng)名詞(doing)4.不定式(todo)謂語(yǔ)屬性：動(dòng)詞判斷及物不及物動(dòng)詞的誤區(qū)：根據(jù)中文意思判斷動(dòng)詞及物不及物e.g.1.IwatchTV.2.Thestudentsarelookingattheteacher.主謂賓間的關(guān)系(只有主動(dòng))：1.主語(yǔ)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者2.賓語(yǔ)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的接受者1.及物動(dòng)詞2.不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞賓語(yǔ)屬性：名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)1.名詞2.代詞(賓格)3.動(dòng)名詞(doing)4.不定式(todo)5.賓語(yǔ)從句可帶動(dòng)名詞(doing)的動(dòng)詞：admit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp/resist/stand,consider,defer,delay,deny,mind,enjoy,fancy,favour,giveup,include,keep,practice,risk,stop,suggest...e.g.1.Iamexcited/acollegestudent/intheclassroom/home.2.Ifeelhappy.3.Everyonestayedcalm.4.Foodgoesbadeasilyinsummer.：4.“變化”類(lèi)動(dòng)詞become,go,turn,grow,get,fall(ill),表語(yǔ)的屬性：1.形容詞Iamexcited.2.名詞Iamacollegestudent.3.代詞Itishim.4.介詞短語(yǔ)Iamintheclassroom.5.副詞(表位置)Iamhere/home.6.不定式(to)Myplanistopassthetest.7.動(dòng)名詞(doing)Myhobbyisgrowingflowers.8.表語(yǔ)從句e.g.eadvice2.Hegavesomeadvicetome.“給予”類(lèi)動(dòng)詞pass,sell,send,sing,write,sparee.g.1.Iregardyouasthebestfriend.2.Youmakemehappy.3.Parentsexpecttheirchildrentobeexcellent.4.Iseemystudentsdoingtheirhomework.5.Ifindallthehouseworkdone.6.Thepresidentappointedhimthesalesmanager.賓補(bǔ)的形式：1.Iregardyouasthebestfriend.2.Youmakemehappy.3.Parentsexpecttheirchildrentobeexcellent.4.Iseemystudentsdoingtheirhomework.5.Ifindallthehouseworkdone.6.Thepresidentappointedhimthesalesmanager.賓補(bǔ)的作用：?賓補(bǔ)是對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明?賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)可在意思上構(gòu)成“主謂”、“主謂賓”或“主系表”關(guān)系20make,call,name,think,elect,appoint,consider,want,wish,expect,keep,have,leave,drive,catch,stop,allow,lorderlike,hate,help,paint,cut,mind...動(dòng)詞的固定搭配中。21hecollegestudentsintheclassroom結(jié)論：1.定語(yǔ)修飾名詞2.英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)分前置后后置3.英語(yǔ)中簡(jiǎn)單定語(yǔ)前置，復(fù)雜定語(yǔ)后置英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)位置及基本形式(前二后六)：1.前置定語(yǔ)：形容詞、名詞分詞詞組、不定式、形容詞詞組、定語(yǔ)從句2.后置定語(yǔ)：介詞詞組、doing現(xiàn)在分詞詞組、分詞詞組、不定式、形容詞詞組、定語(yǔ)從句22hecollegestudentsintheclassroom教室里的大學(xué)生結(jié)論：漢語(yǔ)中只有前置定語(yǔ)232.狀語(yǔ)經(jīng)常由副詞充當(dāng)24ttothestationquickly：1.Quickly,hegottothestation.(主語(yǔ)前)2.Hequicklygottothestation.(動(dòng)詞前)3.Hegotquicklytothestation.(動(dòng)詞后)4.Hegottothestationquickly.(賓語(yǔ)后)25：1.Atahighspeed,hegottothestation.(主語(yǔ)前)2.He,atahighspeed,gottothestation.(動(dòng)詞前)3.Hegot,atahighspeed,tothestation.(動(dòng)詞后)4.Hegottothestationatahighspeed.(賓語(yǔ)后)對(duì)狀語(yǔ)的形式?jīng)]有限制。26形式：介詞詞組4.done過(guò)去分詞詞組27：ttothestationquickly28從句類(lèi)型：3.狀語(yǔ)從句2023-10-2129含義：句：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)從句基本結(jié)構(gòu)：引導(dǎo)詞(只能使用一個(gè))+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)詞的作用：共同作用：連接主從句獨(dú)特作用：每種從句中各不相同30引導(dǎo)詞的類(lèi)型：thatwhich,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whetherbecause,if,although,though,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instant31e.g.?...althoughhecamehome.?...thathecamehome.?...whenhecamehome.的引導(dǎo)詞：that/wh-32t?Wh-:whichwhowhom/whose/when/where/why (注意：how/what/whether一般不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)作后置定語(yǔ)33基本結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞結(jié)構(gòu)/句子+引導(dǎo)詞這是我昨天買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)。Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtyesterday.定語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)：3、句子語(yǔ)意一定不完整341.Thinkaboutdrivingaroutethat’sveryfamiliar.2.AccordingtoBen-Shalar,realisticoptimistsarethosewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeverythinghappensforthebest.3.“Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.4.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.5.Theeffectiscausedbythewayweallocateourattention.6.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.35那本書(shū)。ebookthatwhichIboughtyesterday定從使用前提(一)：36這本書(shū)給我提供了很大的幫助。Iboughtabook,whichgavemegreathelp.定語(yǔ)從句使用前提(二)：37校。這讓我大吃一驚。lefttheschoolwhichsurprisedmegreatly38方法：3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的三種基本形式：39Iboughtabook,whichprovidedgreathelp.Iboughtabookprovidinggreathelp.?現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)Iboughtabook,whichwaswrittenbythebestnovelistintheworld.Iboughtabookwrittenbythebestnovelistintheworld.?過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)40Iboughtabook,whichwouldsolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.IboughtabooktosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.Iboughtabook,whichwouldberevisedsoon.Iboughtabooktoberevisedsoon.?不定式作后置定語(yǔ)41Iboughtabook,whichwasabletosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.IboughtabookabletosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.?形容詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)421.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.2.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.3.OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving4.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.43?我找到了導(dǎo)致這場(chǎng)意外的原因。Ihavefoundthereasonthatledtotheaccident.Ihavefoundthereasonleadingtotheaccident.?這座房子就是他出生的地方。Thehouseistheplaceinwhich/wherehewasborn.試，幾乎沒(méi)有不及格過(guò)。Ihavetakencountlessexams,inwhichIhavehardlyfailed.?他獲得了比賽的一等獎(jiǎng)。我感到十分高興。Hewonthefirstprizeinthecompetition,whichpleasedmegreatly.44名詞從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：?That:that?Wh-:which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),whose(ever),how,when,where,why,whether?其他：because/asif/asthough(表從),if(賓從)451.Thathecheatedintheexamwillbeeventuallydiscovered.2.Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.3.MyquestionishowIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.4.NoonecandenythefactthatIamChinese.名詞從句的特點(diǎn)：1、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)意均完整3、that無(wú)意義、不充當(dāng)成分；wh-有意義、充當(dāng)成分46基本結(jié)構(gòu)：引導(dǎo)詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)+謂語(yǔ)1.Thathecheatedintheexamwillbeeventuallydiscovered.2.Itisobviousthathecheatedintheexam.1.帶有正常主語(yǔ)從句的句子一般呈現(xiàn)出“一主兩謂”的結(jié)構(gòu)。2.形式主語(yǔ)只能代替主從、不定式和動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)詞ing)，不能代替名詞和代詞471.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.2.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.3.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.4.Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.48成功取決于我們自身的努力。Whenwecansucceeddependsonourownefforts.主語(yǔ)從句使用的前提(一)：法：49成功依靠的是我們自身的努力。ependedonourownefforts成功取決于我們自身的努力。成功依靠的是我們自身的努力。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句為陳述句句意時(shí)，必須在句首加上引導(dǎo)詞that。50校。這讓我大吃一驚。heschoolsurprisedmegreatly主語(yǔ)從句使用的前提(二)：法：51成功還是一個(gè)未知數(shù)。Whenwecansucceedisstillunknownamystery.Itisstillunknown/amysterywhenwecansucceed.常見(jiàn)形式：djthatwh2.Itisn.that/wh...3.Itis-edthat...Itissaidthatwesucceeded.52ThatChinawon2010WorldExpodependedontheinternationalsociety’ssupport.?中國(guó)堅(jiān)持和平發(fā)展是基于中國(guó)國(guó)情的必然選擇。ThatChinainsistsonpeacefuldevelopmentisanecessarychoicebasedonChina’scondition.ItisanecessarychoicebasedonChina’sconditionthatChinainsistsonpeacefuldevelopment.53基本結(jié)構(gòu)：1.及物動(dòng)詞+引導(dǎo)詞+主謂2.介詞+引導(dǎo)詞+主謂?Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.?Iknowthatyouareright.?Iamlisteningtowhatyouaresaying.?Moststudentsregarditasagreatsuccessthattheycanstudyina注意：詞引導(dǎo)。2.形式賓語(yǔ)只能代替賓從、不定式和動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)詞ing)，不能代替名詞1詞引導(dǎo)。2.形式賓語(yǔ)只能代替賓從、不定式和動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)詞ing)，不能代替名詞541.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.2.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.3.Heasserts,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.55有多吃驚。ginehowsurprisedIwasatthattime賓語(yǔ)從句使用的前提(一)：法：56基本結(jié)構(gòu)：系動(dòng)詞+引導(dǎo)詞+主謂1.MydreamisthatIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.2.MyquestionishowIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.3.Hissuccessisbecausehehasworkedreallyhard.4.Helooksasifthewholeworldbelongedtohim.注意：1.表語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句及其相似，只是在動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)上不同。2.表語(yǔ)從句中沒(méi)有形式表語(yǔ)。571.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.2.Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.58Thequestionishowfastwecangettothestation.表語(yǔ)從句使用的前提(一)：法：59基本結(jié)構(gòu)：N+that/wh-1.NoonecandenythefactthatIamChinese.2.Ihavethequestionwhetheryoucanpassthetest.3.Ihavenoideawhowillwin.注意：1.抽象名詞且有具體內(nèi)容才能帶同位語(yǔ)從句，如：conclusion,thought,idea,view,opinion,suggestion,demand,fact,report,story,news,message…，但任何名詞都可以帶定語(yǔ)從句2.同位語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)意都完整，但定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)有可能不完整，語(yǔ)意一定不完整。601.Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewmedia.2.Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.3.Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.4.Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare---thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts---andrevealitserroneousnature.5.Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.61我有一個(gè)想法。我們應(yīng)該為考試早作準(zhǔn)備。Ihaveanideathatweshouldmakeearlypreparationforthetest.同位語(yǔ)從句使用的前提(一)：后句對(duì)前句中的某一名詞作解釋?zhuān)抑虚g可以劃等號(hào)時(shí) 翻譯方法：名詞從句可以基本按照語(yǔ)序翻譯，但引導(dǎo)詞要置于句首。62沒(méi)有人可以否認(rèn)我通過(guò)了這次考試的事實(shí)。NoonecandenythefactthatIpassedthetest.同位語(yǔ)從句使用的前提(二)：帶有完整句子的“的”結(jié)構(gòu)，且句子與“的”后名詞可以劃等號(hào)。翻譯方法：將“的”前的完整句子置于名詞之后，變成同位語(yǔ)從句。試對(duì)比：沒(méi)有人可以否認(rèn)我通過(guò)了這次考試的事實(shí)。我不知道他離開(kāi)學(xué)校的時(shí)間。63?我得出了這人是個(gè)騙子的結(jié)論。Idrawaconclusionthatthemanisacheater.?這幅圖揭示了一個(gè)真理。那就是人類(lèi)的貪婪是造成環(huán)境污染的主要原Thepicturerevealsatruththatthehumangreedisthemainreasonthatleadstotheenvironmentalpollution.64狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：?inthat,nowthat,inorderthat,onconditionthat,giventhat,so...that,sothat?when,where,whether,nomatterwhich(ever),nomatterwho(ever),nomatterwhom(ever),nomatterwhat(ever),nomatterwhose,nomatterhow(ever),nomatterwhen(ever),nomatterwhere(ever),nomatterwhy?because,if,as,before,after,until,since,although,though,while,whereas,aslongas,immediately,provided,themoment/instant2.在句首或句末充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)65?句子+引導(dǎo)詞+主謂sawastranger2.IsawastrangerwhenIcamehome.3.Heissoexcitedthathelaughsandshouts.nowthatgiventhatonconditionthat,innowthatgiventhatonconditionthat,inorderthat661.Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”2.Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.3.ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccuse