高考理綜知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納物理化學(xué)生物

高考理綜知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納(物理、化學(xué)、生物)高中理科知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)高中所有化學(xué)方程式物理學(xué)習(xí)記憶口訣;力的圖示法口訣你要表示力，辦法很簡(jiǎn)單。選好比例尺，再畫一段線，長(zhǎng)短表大小，箭頭示方向，注意線尾巴，放在作用點(diǎn)。物體受力分析施力不畫畫受力，重力彈力先分析;摩擦力方向要分清，多、漏、錯(cuò)、假須鑒別。牛頓定律的適用步驟畫簡(jiǎn)圖、定對(duì)象、明過(guò)程、分析力;選坐標(biāo)、作投影、取分量、列方程;求結(jié)果、驗(yàn)單位、代數(shù)據(jù)、作答案。不等臂天平稱量法天平兩臂不相等，待測(cè)物體左右稱;物體質(zhì)量是多少,兩數(shù)積的算術(shù)根。勻速圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)“勻速圓周”并不勻，速度方向變不停，加速度，向圓心，速度平方比半徑。功和能的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系狀態(tài)定，能量定，狀態(tài)能量?jī)蓪?duì)應(yīng)，狀態(tài)變化能量變，做功傳熱是過(guò)程。關(guān)于密度的計(jì)算密度單位要注明，氣體、溶液必須清，體積換算勿遺忘，立方厘米對(duì)毫升。說(shuō)明:氣體密度單位常用“克/升”，液體密度單位常用“克/(厘米)3”，體積換算時(shí)，1(厘米)3?1毫升。液體內(nèi)部的壓強(qiáng)公式不管容器粗和細(xì)，哪怕管子斜又曲，液體壓強(qiáng)真稀奇，只看ρ?g和h。注:液體內(nèi)部的壓強(qiáng)公式:P,ρgh。凸透鏡成像規(guī)律實(shí)像倒，虛像正，焦距內(nèi)外分虛實(shí)，二倍焦距物像等，放大縮小要分清。氫原子光譜規(guī)律一二三四五，賴巴帕布普;二三四五六，依次記光譜。電動(dòng)勢(shì)?電壓?電流電源有個(gè)電源力，推動(dòng)電荷到正極，正負(fù)極間有電壓，電路接通電荷移。直流電路等效圖無(wú)阻導(dǎo)線縮一點(diǎn)，等勢(shì)點(diǎn)間連成線;斷路無(wú)用線撤去，節(jié)點(diǎn)之間依次連;整理圖形標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，最后還要看一遍。安培定則歌導(dǎo)線周圍的磁力線，用安培定則來(lái)判斷。判斷直線用定則一，讓右手直握直導(dǎo)線。電流的方向拇指指，四指指的是磁力線。判斷螺線用定則二，讓右手緊握螺線管。shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation電流的方向四指指，N極在拇指指那端。安裝電燈要點(diǎn)火地并排走，地線進(jìn)燈頭，火線進(jìn)開關(guān)，開關(guān)接燈頭。安全用電順口溜電燈離地六尺高，固定安裝最重要。廣播碰到電力線，喇叭怪叫要冒煙。如果有人觸了電，切斷電源莫遲延。電線要是著了火，不能帶電用水潑。初中物理實(shí)驗(yàn)口訣(四則)(一)調(diào)節(jié)天平橫梁平衡物理天平進(jìn)行稱量之前，指針應(yīng)指在刻度中央。若指針偏在標(biāo)尺左側(cè)，將橫梁左端螺絲向左調(diào)，或?qū)M梁右端螺絲向左調(diào)，均能使指針回到標(biāo)尺中央。當(dāng)指針向右偏時(shí)，橫梁螺絲(不論左端或右端的螺絲)應(yīng)向右調(diào)，橫梁螺絲調(diào)節(jié)方向可概括為:左偏左調(diào)，或者左—左，右偏右調(diào)。右—右。托盤天平的指針在橫梁上方，故橫梁螺絲的調(diào)節(jié)方向跟物理天平相反。只要熟記物理天平的口訣，聯(lián)想記憶托盤天平螺絲要反調(diào)，就不會(huì)混淆了。(二)滑動(dòng)變阻器的使用滑動(dòng)變阻器分上下兩層，上層鋼桿和下層電阻絲各有兩個(gè)接線柱，為了變阻，使用時(shí)應(yīng)上下各用一個(gè)接線柱?？珊?jiǎn)記為:一上一下，各用一個(gè)。根據(jù)這一接法，連接實(shí)物時(shí)就不必拘泥于電路圖中滑動(dòng)變阻器的接線方向，從而選擇短距離，避免交叉的布線方式。(三)連接電路的入門方法連接含有并聯(lián)電路的回路時(shí)，可先只連接并聯(lián)導(dǎo)體中的一個(gè)導(dǎo)體，伏特表也暫不接入電路，即首先連接一個(gè)串聯(lián)回路，然后再把并聯(lián)的導(dǎo)體和伏特表接入電路，這種入門的方法叫先串后并。這樣做，對(duì)初學(xué)者能起到化難為易的作用。(四)防止讀錯(cuò)數(shù)據(jù)的一種方法物理量具的刻度方向不盡相同。量筒和溫度計(jì)的上刻度值比下刻度值大，而彈簧和比重計(jì)則相反。再如0.6安培表，每小格刻度值是0.02安培。當(dāng)指針指在沒(méi)有標(biāo)值的地方時(shí)，粗心的同學(xué)常會(huì)讀錯(cuò)數(shù)據(jù)。為防止讀錯(cuò)，可以記住這樣一個(gè)口訣:勻中助讀。意思是說(shuō)，可以先把指針相鄰的兩個(gè)標(biāo)度值中點(diǎn)的值讀出來(lái)，再讀指針處的數(shù)據(jù)。高中所有化學(xué)方程式非金屬單質(zhì)(F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)1,氧化性:F2+H2===2HFF2+Xe(過(guò)量)===XeF22F2(過(guò)量)+Xe===XeF4nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金屬)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O22F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+Cl2(等體積)===2ClFshouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation3F2(過(guò)量)+Cl2===2ClF37F2(過(guò)量)+I2===2IF7Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP4+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P22(還原性S+O2===SO22S+3O2===2SO3S+6HNO3(濃)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===P4O10(常寫成P2O5)2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3(濃)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COshouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallationC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤氣)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2===SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC(金剛砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H23，(堿中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化，加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(熱，濃)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO二，金屬單質(zhì)(Na，Mg，Al，F(xiàn)e)的還原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(鈍化)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)三,非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,還原性:4HCl(濃)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O2高中所有化學(xué)方程式3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(純氧)===2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H22,酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(此反應(yīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量)2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2===2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation3，堿性:NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(此反應(yīng)用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打)4，不穩(wěn)定性:2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl22H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2四，非金屬氧化物低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:2SO2+O2===2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng))SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2===SO3+NO2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2)2CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2氧化性:SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2)4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C(CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si3,與水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)===2H3PO4+3SO3)CO2+H2O===H2CO34,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3(這是硫酸廠回收SO2的反應(yīng).先用氨水吸收SO2,shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation再用H2SO4處理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸銨作化肥,SO2循環(huán)作原料氣)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(過(guò)量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(過(guò)量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過(guò)量)===CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過(guò)量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2五,金屬氧化物1,低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O2,氧化性:Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O(此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O)MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒(méi)有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg，Al.一般通過(guò)電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O3,與水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(緩慢反應(yīng))4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3===MgSO4MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是兩性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O3高中所有化學(xué)方程式Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OshouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation六,含氧酸1,氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HClHClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng))2H2SO4(濃)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃)+S===3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H22H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O4HNO3(濃)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(濃)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(濃)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O2,還原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3,酸性:H2SO4(濃)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(濃)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(濃)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HClH2SO4(濃)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)23HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO32HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr，(SO2)等還原性氣體)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(重鈣)H3PO4(濃)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(濃)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI4，不穩(wěn)定性:2HClO===2HCl+O24HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3===H2O+SO2shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallationH2CO3===H2O+CO2H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O七，堿低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng),)NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3.H2OAl(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解3,不穩(wěn)定性:Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2===CuO+H2O八,鹽1,氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻銅線路版)2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgClFe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應(yīng))Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反應(yīng)2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl22,還原性:2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl33Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO43,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4ClAlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4ClFeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaClshouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallationNaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)35,不穩(wěn)定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONH4Cl===NH3+HClNH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO22KNO3===2KNO2+O22Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O22KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO3===2KCl+3O22NaHCO3===Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2===CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3===CaO+CO2MgCO3===MgO+CO2生物概念辨析一、類脂與脂類脂類:包括脂肪、固醇和類脂，因此脂類概念范圍大。類脂:脂類的一種，其概念的范圍小。二、纖維素、維生素與生物素纖維素:由許多葡萄糖分子結(jié)合而成的多糖。是植物細(xì)胞壁的主要成分。不能為一般動(dòng)物所直接消化利用。維生素:生物生長(zhǎng)和代謝所必需的微量有機(jī)物。大致可分為脂溶性和水溶性兩種，人和動(dòng)物缺乏維生素時(shí)，不能正常生長(zhǎng)，并發(fā)生特異性病變——維生素缺乏癥。生物素:維生素的一種，肝、腎、酵母和牛奶中含量較多。是微生物的生長(zhǎng)因子。三、大量元素、主要元素、礦質(zhì)元素、必需元素與微量元素大量元素:指含量占生物體總重量萬(wàn)分之一以上的元素，如C、H、O、N、P、S、K、Ca、Mg。其中N、P、S、K、Ca、Mg是植物必需的礦質(zhì)元素中的大量元素。C是基本元素。主要元素:指大量元素中的前6種元素，即C、H、O、N、P、S，大約占原生質(zhì)總量的97%。礦質(zhì)元素:指除了C、H、O以外，主要由根系從土壤中吸收的元素。必需元素:植物生活所必需的元素。它必需具備下列條件:第一，由于該元素的缺乏，植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育發(fā)生障礙，不能完成生活史;第二，除去該元素則表現(xiàn)專一的缺乏癥，而且這種缺乏癥是可以預(yù)防和恢復(fù)的:第三，該元素在植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理上應(yīng)表現(xiàn)直接的效果，絕不是因土壤或培養(yǎng)基的物理、化學(xué)、微生物條件的改變而產(chǎn)生的間接效果。微量元素:指生物體需要量少(占生物體總重量萬(wàn)分之一以下)，但維持正常生命活動(dòng)不可缺少的元素，如Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、B、Mo，植物必需的微量元素還包括Cl、Ni。四、還原性糖與非還原性糖還原性糖:指分子結(jié)構(gòu)中含有還原性基團(tuán)(游離醛基或α-碳原子上連有羥基的酮基)的糖，如葡萄糖、果糖、麥芽糖。與斐林試劑或改良班氏試劑共熱時(shí)產(chǎn)生磚紅色Cu2O沉淀。非還原性糖:如蔗糖內(nèi)沒(méi)有游離的具有還原性的基團(tuán)，因此叫做非還原性糖。shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100economicsanctionsagainstthem.(4)toconcealtheaccident,reportedwithoutunduedelayorfalse,toinformtheadministrativeleadershipofthecriticism,resultinginseriousconsequences,thepursuitofleadership,alongwith500-1000punishment.(5)significantnearmissshouldbeattemptedasthecaseofresponsiblefortheaccidentandconstructionteaminjuriesaccidentpenaltyprovisions,mutatismutandis.Eight,shouldperformintheconstructionstandardsandspecifications,serialnumbera1GB3323-2005steelfusionweldedbuttjoints,weldingengineering-Raylightingandqualityratingof2GB11345-89steelweldsmanualmethodsofultrasonicinspectionandtestingresultsforgrade3GB50236-2002industrialpipeweldingengineeringcodeforconstructionandacceptanceoffieldequipment4HGJ222-92technicalspecificationforweldingofaluminiumanditsalloys5lowtemperaturesteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressurevessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallation五、斐林試劑、雙縮脲試劑與二苯胺試劑斐林試劑:用于鑒定組織中還原性糖存在的試劑。很不穩(wěn)定，故應(yīng)將組成斐林試劑的A液(0.1g/ml的NaOH溶液)和B液(0.05g/ml的CuSO4溶液)分別配制、儲(chǔ)存。使用時(shí)，再臨時(shí)配制，將4-5滴B液滴入2mlA液中，配完后立即使用。原理是還原性糖的基團(tuán)—CHO與Cu(OH)2在加熱條件下生成磚紅色的Cu2O沉淀。雙縮脲試劑:用于鑒定組織中蛋白質(zhì)存在的試劑。其包括A液(0.1g/ml的NaOH溶液)和B液(0.01g/ml的CuSO4溶液)。在使用時(shí)要分別加入。先加A液，造成堿性的反應(yīng)環(huán)境，再加B液，這樣蛋白質(zhì)(實(shí)際上是指與雙縮脲結(jié)構(gòu)相似的肽鍵)在堿性溶液中與Cu2+反應(yīng)生成紫色或紫紅色的絡(luò)合物。二苯胺試劑:用于鑒定DNA的試劑，與DNA混勻后，置于沸水中加熱5分鐘，冷卻后呈藍(lán)色。小結(jié)鑒定試劑是否加熱現(xiàn)象還原糖斐林試劑是磚紅色沉淀脂肪蘇丹?否橘紅色蘇丹?紅色蛋白質(zhì)雙縮尿否紫色DNA二苯胺是藍(lán)色大腸桿菌伊紅、美藍(lán)否深紫、帶金屬光澤六、血紅蛋白與單細(xì)胞蛋白血紅蛋白:含鐵的復(fù)合蛋白的一種。是人和其他脊椎動(dòng)物的紅細(xì)胞的主要成分，主要功能是運(yùn)輸氧。單細(xì)胞蛋白:微生物含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)，人們通過(guò)發(fā)酵獲得大量的微生物菌體，這種微生物菌體就叫做單細(xì)胞蛋白。七、顯微結(jié)構(gòu)與亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)顯微結(jié)構(gòu):在光學(xué)顯微鏡下能看到的結(jié)構(gòu)，一般只能放大幾十倍至幾百倍。亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu):能夠在電子顯微鏡下看到的直徑小于0.2μm的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)。八、原生質(zhì)與原生質(zhì)層原生質(zhì):是細(xì)胞內(nèi)的生命物質(zhì)。動(dòng)植物細(xì)胞都具有，分化為細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)、細(xì)胞核三部分。主要由蛋白質(zhì)、脂類、核酸等物質(zhì)構(gòu)成。原生質(zhì)層:是一種選擇透過(guò)性膜，只存在于成熟的植物細(xì)胞中，包括細(xì)胞膜、液泡膜及兩層膜之間的細(xì)胞質(zhì)。它與成熟植物細(xì)胞的原生質(zhì)相比，缺少了細(xì)胞液和細(xì)胞核兩部分。九、赤道板與細(xì)胞板赤道板:細(xì)胞中央的一個(gè)平面，這個(gè)平面與有絲分裂中紡錘體的中軸相垂直，類似于地球赤道的位置。細(xì)胞板:植物細(xì)胞有絲分裂末期在赤道板的位置出現(xiàn)的一層結(jié)構(gòu)，隨細(xì)胞分裂的進(jìn)行，它由細(xì)胞中央向四周擴(kuò)展，逐漸形成新的細(xì)胞壁。十、半透膜與選擇透過(guò)性膜半透膜:是指某些物質(zhì)可以透過(guò)，而另一些物質(zhì)不能透過(guò)的多孔性薄膜(如動(dòng)物的膀胱膜，腸衣、玻璃紙等)。它往往只能讓小分子物質(zhì)透過(guò)，而大分子物質(zhì)則不能透過(guò)，透過(guò)的依據(jù)是分子或離子的大小。不具有選擇性，不是生物膜。選擇透過(guò)性膜:是指水分子能自由通過(guò)，細(xì)胞要選擇吸收的離子和小分子也可以通過(guò)，而其他的離子、小分子和大分子則不能通過(guò)的生物膜。如細(xì)胞膜、液泡膜和原生質(zhì)層。這些膜具有選擇性的根本原因在于膜上具有運(yùn)載不同物質(zhì)的載體。當(dāng)細(xì)胞死亡后，膜的選擇透過(guò)性消失，說(shuō)明它具有生物活性，所以說(shuō)選擇透過(guò)性膜是功能完善的一類半透膜。十一、載體與運(yùn)載體載體:指某些能傳遞能量或運(yùn)載其他物質(zhì)的物質(zhì)，如細(xì)胞膜上的載體。運(yùn)載體:在遺傳工程中，用于把外源基因運(yùn)入受體細(xì)胞的運(yùn)輸工具，它必須具備的條件是:能夠在宿主細(xì)胞中復(fù)制并穩(wěn)定地保存;具有多個(gè)限制酶切點(diǎn)，以便與外源基因連接;具有某些標(biāo)記基因，便于進(jìn)行篩選。常用的運(yùn)載體有質(zhì)粒、噬菌體、動(dòng)植物病毒等。十二、糖被與珠被shouldbedealtwithbythepersonnelDepartmentofthecompany.(3)personalinjuryaccidentoccurs,thedirectpunishment500-1000,whoisdirectlyresponsiblefortheaccidentresponsibility,givenoticeofcriticismand50-100ec