測(cè)控技術(shù)與儀器專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)unit3省公開(kāi)課金獎(jiǎng)全國(guó)賽課一等獎(jiǎng)微課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1Unit3SmartSensors1/342Unit3SmartSensors2/343IntroductionJustabouteverythingtodayinthetechnologyareaisacandidate（申請(qǐng)求職者，候選人；報(bào)考者）forhavingtheprefix

（前綴）smartaddedtoit.Thetermsmartsensorwascoinedinthemid-1980s,andsincethenseveraldeviceshavebeencalledsmartsensors.

譯為：在今天幾乎一切技術(shù)領(lǐng)域都將智能一詞作為其前綴候選。智能傳感器這一術(shù)語(yǔ)是在20世紀(jì)80年代中期出現(xiàn)，從那以后，一些設(shè)備已被稱(chēng)之為智能傳感器。

3/344Theintelligencerequiredbysuchdevicesisavailablefrommicrocontrollerunit(MCU),digitalsignalprocessor(DSP),andapplication-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC)technologiesdevelopedbyseveralsemiconductormanufacturers.

句中microcontrollerunit(MCU)意為“微控制器單元”，digitalsignalprocessor(DSP)意為“數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器”，application-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC)意為“特殊應(yīng)用集成電路”。全句譯為：這些設(shè)備所含有智能源于半導(dǎo)體生產(chǎn)廠家開(kāi)發(fā)微控制器（MCU）、數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器（DSP）和特殊應(yīng)用集成電路（ASIC）技術(shù)。4/345Someofthosesamesemiconductormanufacturersareactivelyworkingonsmartersilicondevicesfortheinputandoutputsidesofthecontrolsystemaswell.Thetermmicroelectromechanicalsystem(MEMS)（微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)）isusedtodescribeastructurecreatedwithsemiconductormanufacturingprocessesforsensorsandactuators.

譯為：一些半導(dǎo)體制造商正在主動(dòng)進(jìn)行控制系統(tǒng)輸入和輸出兩個(gè)方面智能裝置研究。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)（MEMS）這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)用來(lái)描述對(duì)傳感器和加載器用半導(dǎo)體制造工藝建立結(jié)構(gòu)。5/346Beforetheavailabilityofmicroelectronics,thesensorsortransducersusedtomeasurephysicalquantities,suchastemperature,pressure,andflow,usuallywerecoupled（連接，聯(lián)結(jié)，聯(lián)絡(luò)）directlytoareadoutdevice,typicallyameterthatwasreadbyanobserver.

譯為：應(yīng)用微電子技術(shù)之前，傳感器或轉(zhuǎn)換器用于測(cè)量物理量，如溫度，壓力，流量，通常直接與讀數(shù)裝置相連，通常一個(gè)儀表有一個(gè)觀察員讀數(shù)。6/347Thetransducerconvertedthephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredtoadisplacement.Theobserverinitiatedsystemcorrectionstochangethereadingclosertoadesiredvalue.ThetypicalblocksofameasurementsystemareshowninFigure3.1.

譯為：該轉(zhuǎn)換器將測(cè)量物理量進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。觀察員對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行修正以使結(jié)果靠近理想值。經(jīng)典測(cè)量系統(tǒng)組成框圖如圖3.1所表示。Figure3.1Generalsensingsystem7/348Manyhomethermostats（恒溫（調(diào)整）器）,tirepressuregauges（輪胎氣壓表）,andfactoryflowmetersstilloperateinthesamemanner.

譯為：許多家用自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器，輪胎壓力表和工廠流量計(jì)也以一樣方式運(yùn)作。

However,theadventofmicroprocessortechnologyinitiatedtherequirementforsensorstohaveanelectricaloutputthatcouldbemorereadilyinterfacedtoprovideunattendedmeasurementandcontrol.

句中，that從句作output定語(yǔ)從句。全句譯為：然而，微處理器技術(shù)出現(xiàn)使得傳感器必須要有電信號(hào)輸出，這么便于接口以實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)人測(cè)控。8/349Thatalsorequiredtheanalogsignalleveltobeamplifiedandconvertedtodigitalformatpriorto（在……之前）

beingsuppliedtotheprocesscontroller.Today’sMCUsandanalog-to-digital(A/D)converterstypicallyhavea5Vpowersupply,whichhasdictatedthesupplyvoltageformanyamplifiedandsignalconditionedsensors.

譯為：在將數(shù)據(jù)傳輸給處理控制器之前，還需要將模擬信號(hào)放大并轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字信號(hào)。今天微控制器（MCU）和模/數(shù)（A/D）轉(zhuǎn)換器通常需要有一個(gè)5V電源供給，認(rèn)為放大器和信號(hào)調(diào)理傳感器提供電源電壓。9/3410However,thereductioninthesupplyvoltagefrom5Vto3.3Vandevenlowervoltagesandthepresenceofmorethanonevoltageinasystemposechallengesnottypicallyassociatedwitheventhesmartestsensors.

主語(yǔ)為thereduction和thepresence，謂語(yǔ)為pose，賓語(yǔ)challenges。全句譯為：然而，供給電壓從5V衰減到3.3V甚至更低，以及系統(tǒng)中各種電壓形式出現(xiàn)，并不只是對(duì)最智能傳感器提出考驗(yàn)。

Separateintegratedcircuits(ICs)areavailabletohandlethevarietyofvoltagesandresolvetheproblem,buttheyaddtosystemandsensorcomplexity.譯為：?jiǎn)为?dú)集成電路（ICs）可用來(lái)處理各種不一樣電壓并處理問(wèn)題，但它們?cè)黾恿讼到y(tǒng)和傳感器復(fù)雜性。10/3411Commonlyuseddefinitionsforthetermssensorandtransducermustbethefirstinthelistofmanytermsthatwillbedefined.Atransducerisadevicethatconvertsenergyfromonedomainintoanother,calibrated（校準(zhǔn)）tominimizetheerrorsintheconversionprocess.Asensorisadevicethatprovidesausefuloutputtoaspecifiedmeasurand.

譯為：傳感器和轉(zhuǎn)換器中慣用定義，必須首先對(duì)一些術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行定義。轉(zhuǎn)換器是這么一個(gè)裝置，它將能量從一個(gè)范圍轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個(gè)范圍，并進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)以降低在轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中誤差。而傳感器是給特定被測(cè)設(shè)備提供了一個(gè)有用輸出。11/3412Thesensorisabasicelementofatransducer,butitalsomayrefertoadetectionofvoltageorcurrentintheelectricalregime（物理?xiàng)l件，環(huán)境，組織方法；管理體制，政體）thatdoesnotrequireconversion.Sometimes,thetermsareusedsynonymously（同義地）,becauseenergyconversionispartofeverydevicethatisdiscussed.

譯為：傳感器是轉(zhuǎn)換器基本元素之一，不過(guò)在不需要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換電氣方面，傳感器可能會(huì)用于電壓或電流檢測(cè)。有時(shí)候，傳感器和換能器會(huì)被等價(jià)應(yīng)用，因?yàn)槟芰哭D(zhuǎn)換是每個(gè)被討論設(shè)備一部分。

12/3413Thedefinitionofsmartsensor(intelligenttransducer)hasnotbeenaswidelyacceptedandissubjecttomisuse.However,anInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)(電氣和電子工程師協(xié)會(huì))committeehasbeenactivelyconsolidatingterminology（專(zhuān)門(mén)用語(yǔ)，術(shù)語(yǔ)，術(shù)語(yǔ)學(xué)，術(shù)語(yǔ)正確使用，術(shù)語(yǔ)使用方法）thatappliestomicroelectronicsensors.譯為：智能傳感器（智能轉(zhuǎn)換器）定義并沒(méi)有被廣泛接收，而且遭受了濫用。然而，電氣電子工程師協(xié)會(huì)（IEEE）委員會(huì)已經(jīng)主動(dòng)地加強(qiáng)推廣此術(shù)語(yǔ)應(yīng)用于微電子傳感器。13/3414

TherecentlyapprovedIEEE1451.2specificationdefinesasmartsensorasasensorthatprovidesfunctionsbeyondthosenecessaryforgeneratingacorrectrepresentationofasensedorcontrolledquantity.Thisfunctiontypicallysimplifiestheintegrationofthetransducerintoapplicationsinanetworkedenvironment.

譯為：最近經(jīng)過(guò)IEEE1451.2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將智能傳感器定義為：智能傳感器是一個(gè)除了含有產(chǎn)生正確感知量和被控量表示形式等這些必需功效外，還能提供更多特殊功效簡(jiǎn)化傳感器與網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境整合應(yīng)用傳感器。14/3415Natureofsensors傳感器性質(zhì)

Inasimplecontrolsystem,thesensorisonlyoneofthreeitemsrequiredtoimplementacontrolstrategy.Thesensorprovidesaninputtoacontrollerwiththedesiredstrategyinitsmemory,andthecontrollerdrivesanoutputstagetomodifyormaintainthestatusofaload,suchasalight,amotor,asolenoid,oradisplay.

譯為：在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單控制系統(tǒng)中，傳感器是執(zhí)行一個(gè)控制策略必需三個(gè)步驟之一。傳感器給控制器提供存放所要求輸入，而控制器提供一個(gè)輸出平臺(tái)以修改或保持負(fù)載狀態(tài)，比如一盞燈，一臺(tái)電機(jī)，電磁閥，或顯示器。

15/3416AsshowninFigure3.2,asignalconditioninginterfacetypicallyexistsbetweenthesensor(s)andthecontrollerandbetweenthecontrollerandtheoutputdevice.Smartsensingincludesaportionofthecontroller’sfunctionsinthesensorportionofthesystem.

譯為：如圖3.2所表示，信號(hào)調(diào)理接口通常存在于傳感器（S）和控制器之間以及控制器和輸出設(shè)備之間。在系統(tǒng)傳感器部分，智能傳感器是控制系統(tǒng)功效一部分。16/3417Thatmeanssoftwarewillplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinsmartsensors.ThepowersupplyrequirementsfortheelectronicsandthesensorrepresentanadditionalconsiderationthatisbecomingmoreimportantasMCUvoltagesaredecreasedandmoresensorsareusedinbatterypowerorportableapplications.

譯為：這意味著在智能傳感器中軟件將發(fā)揮越來(lái)越主要作用。電子器件和傳感器電源需要提供給電力，這表明一個(gè)額外考慮會(huì)變得越來(lái)越主要，就是當(dāng)MCU電壓下降時(shí)，更多傳感器會(huì)在電池供電或便攜式應(yīng)用中使用。17/3418Figure3.2GenericcontrolsystemThenumberofsuppliesinFigure3.2maynotberequiredforaparticularapplication,buttheyserveasareminderforconsideringtheavailablevoltageforthesensorandtheinterfaceversustherestofthesystem.圖3.2中電源數(shù)量對(duì)于特定應(yīng)用可能是不需要，不過(guò)與系統(tǒng)其余部分相比，它們可用于考慮了傳感器和接口可利用電壓中。18/3419Thesmartsensormodelsdevelopedbyseveralsourceshaveasmanyassixdistinctelementsforanalogsensors.AsshowninFigure3.3,inadditiontothesensingelementanditsassociatedamplificationandsignalconditioning,anA/Dconverter,memoryofsometype,andlogic(control)capabilityareincludedinthesmartsensor.

譯為：由幾個(gè)起源開(kāi)發(fā)智能傳感器模型，有多達(dá)6個(gè)不一樣單元模擬傳感器。如圖3.3所表示，除了傳感元件和對(duì)應(yīng)信號(hào)放大器、信號(hào)處理器而外，智能傳感器也包含A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器、各種類(lèi)型存放器和邏輯控制功效。

19/3420Figure3.3Smartsensormodel20/3421Oncethesignalisindigitalformat,itcanbecommunicatedbyseveralcommunicationprotocols.Theregulatedpowersupplyalsorequiredforthesystemanditseffectonsystemaccuracymustbetakenintoaccount.Thatisbecomingmoreofanissueaspowermanagementissuesareaddressedinsystemdesignanddifferentsupplyvoltagesproliferate.

譯為：當(dāng)信號(hào)是數(shù)字形式時(shí)，它能夠被幾個(gè)通訊協(xié)議傳輸。而確保系統(tǒng)精度所需穩(wěn)壓電源也必須給予考慮。在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)和不一樣供給電壓激增方面，電源管理問(wèn)題將逐步成為一個(gè)更主要問(wèn)題。21/3422Reducingthenumberofdiscreteelementsinasmartsensor(oranysystem)isdesirabletoreducethenumberofcomponents,formfactor,interconnections,assemblycost,andfrequentlycomponentcostaswell.Thechoicesforhowthatintegrationoccursareoftenafunctionoftheoriginalexpertiseoftheintegrator.

譯為：降低智能傳感（或任何系統(tǒng)）中不相關(guān)元件數(shù)量，以期望能夠降低組件數(shù)量、外形、連接方式、裝配成本以及使用頻率高元件成本等。這種怎樣集成選擇往往是綜合了最初各種專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)。22/3423Integrationofmicromachiningandmicroelectronics微機(jī)械和微電子集成

Increasingtheperformanceandreliabilityandreducingthecostofelectroniccircuitsthroughincreasedintegrationarestandardexpectationsforsemiconductortechnology.Intheareaofsemiconductorsensors,however,thatintegrationhasbeenlimitedtoHall-effectandoptoelectronicdevices.

譯為：提升性能和可靠性，并經(jīng)過(guò)提升集成度降低電子電路成本，是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)最終期望。然而，在半導(dǎo)體傳感器領(lǐng)域中，這種集成受到霍爾效應(yīng)和光電子設(shè)備限制。23/3424Therecentcombinationofmicromechanicalstructures,sensingelements,andsignalconditioningisthebeginningofanewchapterinsensortechnology.Thecombinationofmicroelectronicswithmicromechanicalstructurespromisestochangefuturecontrolsystemsandenableentirelynewapplicationsthatpreviouslyweretoocostlyforcommercialpurposes.

譯為：最近微機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)，傳感元件和信號(hào)調(diào)理組合，打開(kāi)了傳感器技術(shù)新篇章。微電子與微機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合，有望改變未來(lái)控制系統(tǒng)，并能完全實(shí)現(xiàn)新應(yīng)用，而以前用于商業(yè)目標(biāo)過(guò)于昂貴。24/3425Thetermmicroelectromechanicalsystems,orsometimessimplymicrosystems,isusedtodescribethestructuresandfunctionsprovidedbymicromachiningandtheadditionofmicroelectronicstothosestructures.

譯為：微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)微系統(tǒng)，通常描述微機(jī)械和與之結(jié)合微電子技術(shù)所組成結(jié)構(gòu)和功效。

25/3426Asensorwithitsowndedicatedinterfacecircuitryhasseveraladvantages.Thesensordesignercantradeoffunnecessaryperformancecharacteristicsforthosethatwillprovidedesirableperformanceadvantagestothesensor-interfacecombination.Normally,interfaceICsaredesignedforabroadrangeofapplicationsandsuchtradeoffsarenotpossible.Thecombinationallowsthesensorusertotreatthesensorasablackboxandeasilydesignacomplexcontrolsystem.

譯為：自帶專(zhuān)用接口電路傳感器有幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。傳感器設(shè)計(jì)者能夠權(quán)衡取舍那些提供了理想性能，而有利于傳感器接口組合卻無(wú)須要性能特征。通常情況下，對(duì)于廣泛應(yīng)用而言，且權(quán)衡取舍又不可能時(shí)，就會(huì)對(duì)接口電路進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。這么組合允許傳感器用戶(hù)將傳感器看做一個(gè)黑盒子，進(jìn)而能夠輕松地設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)復(fù)雜控制系統(tǒng)。26/3427Theintegratedsensortakesadvantageofintegratedtemperaturesensingtomorecloselytrackthetemperatureofthesensingelementandcompensatesfortheeffectsoftemperatureoverthetemperaturerange.Byreducingthenumberofinternalconnections,thereliabilityofintegratedsensorsisinherentlybetterthanaseparatesensorandcontrolcircuit.

譯為：集成傳感器充分利用了集成溫度傳感能愈加緊密地跟蹤敏感元件溫度，而且能夠在整個(gè)溫度范圍以?xún)?nèi)賠償溫度影響這種優(yōu)勢(shì)。經(jīng)過(guò)降低內(nèi)部連接，集成傳感器可靠性在本質(zhì)上會(huì)優(yōu)于一個(gè)單獨(dú)傳感器和控制電路。27/3428Sensingandintegratedsensing(sensingplussignalconditioning)aresomewhatanalogous（相同，可比擬）toothermixed-signalprocessesthatexistinsemiconductors,especiallyinpowerandsmart-powertechnology,thatis,theoutputsideofthecontrolsystem.

譯為：傳感器和集成傳感器（傳感器加上信號(hào)調(diào)理器）有點(diǎn)類(lèi)似于在半導(dǎo)體中存在其它混合信號(hào)過(guò)程，尤其是在電力和智能功率技術(shù)方面，即控制系統(tǒng)輸出端。28/3429Today’ssmart-powertechnologiesintegratebipolarandCMOScircuitrywithmultiplepowermetaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistor(MOSFET)outputdevices.

句中smart-powertechnologies意為“智能功率技術(shù)”，CMOS意為“互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體”，metaloxidesemiconductorfieldeffecttransistor(MOSFET)意為“金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管”或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“MOS場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管”。全句譯為：當(dāng)今智能功率技術(shù)將雙極CMOS電路整合到多重功率MOS場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管輸出設(shè)備中。

29/3430TheprocessismorecomplexthanadiscretepowerMOSFET,buttheperformanceachievedbythecombinationoftechnologiesprovidesaspecificfunction,componentreductionforincreasedreliability,andspacereductionforlowercostassembliesandmorethanjustifiesthehigherprocessingcost.Afteranumberofyearsofprocessanddesignimprovements,smart-powerdeviceshaveestablishedbroadmarketacceptance,especiallyforcustomdesigns.

譯為：這個(gè)過(guò)程比離散功率MOSFET更復(fù)雜，但這種相結(jié)合技術(shù)提供了一個(gè)特定功效，就是為提升可靠性而降低了部件，低成本組裝降低了空間占用，而且證實(shí)了以上較高處理成本。經(jīng)過(guò)多年對(duì)工藝過(guò)程和設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)，智能傳感器已經(jīng)有了遼闊市場(chǎng)，尤其是定制化設(shè)計(jì)。30/3431Similarly,smartersensorsthathavetheirownsignalconditioningcircuitryonboardareintheearlyphasesofmarketacceptanceandareapproximatelyatthesamestageofdevelopmentassmartpowerwasfivetosevenyearsago.However,smartsensorsmaynothavetobecustomdevicestosatisfyalargenumberofapplicati