SCI論文寫(xiě)作與投稿 第2版-課件 7-SCI論文摘要寫(xiě)作

7SCI論文摘要寫(xiě)作SCI論文寫(xiě)作與投稿7SCI論文摘要寫(xiě)作7.1

摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)7.2摘要的類型7.3摘要的寫(xiě)作要求7.4摘要寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題7.5摘要寫(xiě)作實(shí)例評(píng)析7.6

摘要與結(jié)論實(shí)例對(duì)比第2頁(yè)2025年3月31日SCI論文寫(xiě)作與投稿3（1）問(wèn)題、目的。簡(jiǎn)明扼要指出當(dāng)前相關(guān)研究的不足，引出問(wèn)題及研究目的（目標(biāo)）?？芍赋龌虬凳狙芯康奶攸c(diǎn)、前提、價(jià)值，提及方法，還可在開(kāi)頭簡(jiǎn)單交待研究主題（領(lǐng)域、范圍、研究點(diǎn)），引出研究意義（重要、必要性）。這部分屬于背景，大體對(duì)應(yīng)論文的引言部分。（2）方法、過(guò)程。描述論文主題、子主題下的主要研究方法，涉及方案、理論、技術(shù)、工具、手段、材料、設(shè)備、算法、程序及對(duì)文獻(xiàn)資料的分析、處理方法等，描述這些方法得以實(shí)現(xiàn)或完成所需的主要過(guò)程，涉及建模、公式推導(dǎo)、計(jì)算、實(shí)驗(yàn)、調(diào)查、設(shè)計(jì)、分析、研制等的具體流程、步驟。這部分大體對(duì)應(yīng)論文的材料與方法部分。

7.1

摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)4（3）結(jié)果、結(jié)論。陳述或展現(xiàn)由上述研究方法、過(guò)程所得的主要結(jié)果以及通過(guò)對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行討論而得出的主要結(jié)論。主要結(jié)果涉及對(duì)原始結(jié)果中重要數(shù)據(jù)、現(xiàn)象、發(fā)現(xiàn)的說(shuō)明、分析、處理結(jié)果，主要結(jié)論涉及通過(guò)對(duì)原始結(jié)果進(jìn)行討論所得的新認(rèn)識(shí)、新觀點(diǎn)、新方法，或模擬、實(shí)證的結(jié)果、效能，或結(jié)果的用途、意義。這部分大體對(duì)應(yīng)論文的結(jié)果與討論部分。

7.1

摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)5（4）創(chuàng)新。從論文全文的角度（口吻）用簡(jiǎn)明語(yǔ)句（最好一句話）點(diǎn)明本文的研究成果及最高價(jià)值意義。明確研究成果的形態(tài)，如提出了何新的觀點(diǎn)、理論、學(xué)說(shuō)等，發(fā)明了何新的工藝、技術(shù)、方法等，設(shè)計(jì)了何新的機(jī)器、設(shè)施、平臺(tái)等，明確指出所提問(wèn)題是否得到解決或改進(jìn)，或研究目的、目標(biāo)是否實(shí)現(xiàn)。這部分內(nèi)容大體對(duì)應(yīng)論文的結(jié)論部分。（5）其他信息。以具有某種重要信息價(jià)值的其他內(nèi)容結(jié)尾，如研究的局限，問(wèn)題解決措施（建議）、前景預(yù)測(cè)（展望）、未來(lái)研究方向等。這部分大體可列入論文的結(jié)論部分。

7.1

摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)6研究主題或?qū)Σ煌瑑?nèi)容凸顯程度需求的不同，以上內(nèi)容項(xiàng)在摘要中的權(quán)重或詳略程度會(huì)呈現(xiàn)差異。問(wèn)題陳述時(shí)，為突顯問(wèn)題解決的緊迫性或重要性，可適當(dāng)多描述問(wèn)題陳述部分；所提問(wèn)題較為普遍時(shí)，可一筆帶過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單交待，甚至不交待。描述研究方法時(shí)，為突顯方法的創(chuàng)新性，應(yīng)著重筆墨，稍詳交待方法及有關(guān)過(guò)程；方法（某種技術(shù)、工藝、算法等）較為成熟時(shí)，可提及或簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)方法即可，不必涉及過(guò)程。摘要內(nèi)容項(xiàng)按一定邏輯順序組織排列形成其常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)：?jiǎn)栴}、目的→方法、過(guò)程→結(jié)果、結(jié)論→創(chuàng)新→局限、展望開(kāi)頭為問(wèn)題、目的陳述（研究背景，將做什么），中間前為方法、過(guò)程描述（怎么做），中間后為結(jié)果、結(jié)論及創(chuàng)新描述（做出什么），結(jié)尾為局限、展望（未來(lái)做什么）。摘要類型不同，對(duì)內(nèi)容項(xiàng)側(cè)重不同，如報(bào)道性摘要側(cè)重結(jié)果、結(jié)論、創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)及局限、展望，可提及方法，常不寫(xiě)過(guò)程；指示性摘要側(cè)重寫(xiě)過(guò)程，常不寫(xiě)結(jié)果、結(jié)論、創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)及局限、展望。

7.1

摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)：摘要的內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu)第7頁(yè)使用報(bào)道性摘要形式表述論文價(jià)值較高的內(nèi)容，指示性摘要形式表述論文的一般性內(nèi)容。篇幅常介于以上兩種摘要之間。信息、資料性摘要。簡(jiǎn)要概括和反映OMRC：目的（objective）、方法（methods）、結(jié)果（results）、結(jié)論（conclusions），提供盡可能多的定性定量信息，充分反映創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。相當(dāng)于論文簡(jiǎn)介，能部分取代閱讀全文，原創(chuàng)論文、專題技術(shù)報(bào)告優(yōu)先使用說(shuō)明性、描述性、論點(diǎn)性摘要。一般用兩三句話概括主題，不涉及論據(jù)和結(jié)論，可不寫(xiě)研究目的、方法、結(jié)果，以及結(jié)論、建議等。多用于綜述、研究簡(jiǎn)報(bào)、會(huì)議報(bào)告，適于創(chuàng)新少或無(wú)創(chuàng)新的論文報(bào)道性指示性復(fù)合性

7.2

摘要的類型第8頁(yè)報(bào)道性摘要實(shí)例（4要素-OMRC）Abstract:InDecember2019,aclusterofpatientswithpneumoniaofunknowncausewaslinkedtoaseafoodwholesalemarketinWuhan,China.Apreviouslyunknownbetacoronanviruswasdiscoveredthroughtheuseofunbiasedsequencinginsamplesfrompatientswithpneumonia.Humanairwayepithelialcellswereusedtoisolateanovelcoronavirus,named2019-nCoV,whichformedacladewithinthesubgenussarbecovirus,Orthocoronavirinaesubfamily.DifferentfrombothMERS-CoVandSARS-CoV,2019-nCoVistheseventhmemberofthefamilyofcoronavirusesthatinfecthumans.Enhancedsurveillanceandfurtherinvestigationareongoing.句二至四報(bào)道研究成果：提出成果（發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新冠狀病毒）及方法（全基因組測(cè)序）；描述成果對(duì)象（分離位置、命名、類屬及在人感染冠狀病毒家族中的定位）第9頁(yè)AnovelcoronavirusfrompatientswithpneumoniainChina句五全局總結(jié)，暗示成果的階段性或局限性，須進(jìn)一步研究句一描述背景，暗示樣本來(lái)源（武漢不明原因肺炎患者，可能與一家海鮮批發(fā)市場(chǎng)有關(guān)）指示性摘要實(shí)例（連謂）ReviewofLarge-EddySimulationofNon-PremixedTurbulentCombustionAbstract:Recentdevelopmentsinthemethodologyoflarge-eddysimulationappliedtoturbulent,reactingflowsarereviewed,withspecificemphasisonmixture-fraction-basedapproachestononpremixedreactions.Sometypicalresultsarepresented,andthepotentialuseofthemethodologyinapplicationandthefutureoutlookarediscussed.

以非預(yù)混反應(yīng)的混合分?jǐn)?shù)方法為重點(diǎn)，綜述了大渦流模擬方法在湍流、反應(yīng)流中應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展，給出一些典型的結(jié)果，討論這些方法的應(yīng)用前景，并進(jìn)行展望。3個(gè)被動(dòng)句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指出做了什么：

arereviewedarepresentedarediscussed具體結(jié)果、結(jié)論、成果未交待第10頁(yè)復(fù)合型摘要實(shí)例（背景+連謂）BiologyandApplicationsofCRISPRSystems:HarnessingNature’sToolboxforGenomeEngineeringAbstract:Bacteriaandarchaeapossessarangeofdefensemechanismstocombatplasmidsandviralinfections.UniqueamongthesearetheCRISPR-Cas(clusteredregularlyinterspacedshortpalindromicrepeats-CRISPRassociated)systems,whichprovideadaptiveimmunityagainstforeignnucleicacids.CRISPRsystemsfunctionbyacquiringgeneticrecordsofinvaderstofacilitaterobustinterferenceuponreinfection.InthisReview,wediscussrecentadvancesinunderstandingthediversemechanismsbywhichCasproteinsrespondtoforeignnucleicacidsandhowthesesystemshavebeenharnessedforprecisiongenomemanipulationinawidearrayoforganisms.

前三句陳述領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，點(diǎn)出主題（領(lǐng)域、范圍），但未交待綜述研究的必要性最后一句交待做了什么工作（目的），但未給出結(jié)果及指導(dǎo)性

結(jié)論、展望第11頁(yè)（1）確定摘要類型。先確定摘要的類型，類型不同，其寫(xiě)作側(cè)重就不同，比如報(bào)道性摘要側(cè)重研究的結(jié)果與創(chuàng)新，指示性摘要側(cè)重研究的過(guò)程與方法羅列。通常應(yīng)優(yōu)先用報(bào)道性摘要，其次是復(fù)合性摘要，最后是指示性摘要。（2）簡(jiǎn)短概括背景。背景高度概括簡(jiǎn)短，側(cè)重引出問(wèn)題、交待目的，不要過(guò)多介紹主題知識(shí)、概括研究意義，也不要簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)前言，甚至將前言中已寫(xiě)或應(yīng)在前言中寫(xiě)而未寫(xiě)的較多內(nèi)容寫(xiě)入，更不要補(bǔ)充、修改、解釋、評(píng)論正文。

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第12頁(yè)（3）提煉概括正文。提煉、概括論文主體的主要內(nèi)容，避免大幅照搬論文或直接重復(fù)題名。例如，論文題名是“顛覆性技術(shù)的特征與預(yù)見(jiàn)方法”，其摘要就不宜出現(xiàn)如“對(duì)顛覆性技術(shù)的特征與預(yù)見(jiàn)方法進(jìn)行研究”之類的語(yǔ)句。（4）行文有序展開(kāi)。與論文主體的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)應(yīng)來(lái)安排摘要，使摘要各部分按事物關(guān)聯(lián)、研究?jī)?nèi)容等的內(nèi)在時(shí)間、空間、邏輯等關(guān)系有序安排、展開(kāi)，語(yǔ)句成分搭配，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)明，語(yǔ)義確切，上下連貫，互相呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次清晰。

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第13頁(yè)（5）把握人稱省略。從第三人稱（如本文、本研究、本文章、本課題）或第一人稱（如我、我們、筆者、作者、本團(tuán)隊(duì)、本項(xiàng)目組）的角度寫(xiě)，這類詞語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其出現(xiàn)與否的效果若相同就可省去，形式省略，表意不變，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化。（6）使用術(shù)語(yǔ)符號(hào)。對(duì)公知公用的術(shù)語(yǔ)或領(lǐng)域使用較廣的新術(shù)語(yǔ)，可直接使用；對(duì)出現(xiàn)不久還未被領(lǐng)域認(rèn)可或尚無(wú)合適叫法的新術(shù)語(yǔ)、新詞語(yǔ)，使用時(shí)應(yīng)括注或直接用原詞語(yǔ)。對(duì)使用不太廣泛的一般縮略語(yǔ)、代號(hào)，首次出現(xiàn)時(shí)宜先寫(xiě)出全稱，再括注其簡(jiǎn)稱。

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第14頁(yè)（7）不要出現(xiàn)圖表。盡量用文字來(lái)概括論文內(nèi)容，通常不能出現(xiàn)插圖、表格。式子可以出現(xiàn)，也可以不出現(xiàn)，按表達(dá)需要來(lái)確定，但總的原則是，盡量不要出現(xiàn)式子，特別不要出現(xiàn)繁雜或龐大的數(shù)學(xué)式、化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式，少用特殊字符及由特殊字符組成的表達(dá)式。（8）不要輕易引文。按表意需要確定是否引用文獻(xiàn)，通常無(wú)須引用文獻(xiàn)，引用文獻(xiàn)會(huì)有抄襲之嫌疑。若確有引用文獻(xiàn)需要，如突出對(duì)他人成果（已發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)）的否定或修正，或直接干涉他人的成果，則可以考慮引用文獻(xiàn)。

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第15頁(yè)（9）規(guī)范量和單位。將摘要視作一種科技文體（小短文），正確、規(guī)范地使用量和單位，嚴(yán)格而科學(xué)地執(zhí)行《量和單位》國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其他相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范，做到量名稱、量符號(hào)、單位名稱、單位符號(hào)、單位詞頭等表達(dá)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化。（10）提升語(yǔ)言文字。簡(jiǎn)潔、確切，通順、明快，易讀、易懂，慎用或少寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句難懂句，成分搭配，表意明白清晰，無(wú)空泛、籠統(tǒng)、含混之詞，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)病，用修辭手法提升表達(dá)效果。

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第16頁(yè)（11）避免過(guò)度自夸。實(shí)事求是，不作自我評(píng)價(jià)，避免表達(dá)不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)或言過(guò)其實(shí)，除非事實(shí)或表達(dá)需要，不用Thispaperpresents…forthefirsttime或Theresearchsimilartothispaperhasnotbeenfoundbyliteraturesearch之類的語(yǔ)句。

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第17頁(yè)注意英文表達(dá)

7.3

摘要的寫(xiě)作要求第18頁(yè)避免連續(xù)用多個(gè)形容詞，名詞，或形容詞、名詞來(lái)修飾名詞，可用連字符連接名詞詞組中的名詞，或用介詞短語(yǔ)，形成修飾單元簡(jiǎn)化措辭和重復(fù)單元。例如：

atatemperatureof250℃to300℃改為at250℃~300℃，

discussedandstudiedindetail改為discussed正確使用冠詞，不隨便省略冠詞，尤其是定冠詞主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)相結(jié)合，同一復(fù)句前后分句不宜用兩種不同語(yǔ)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)敘述工作內(nèi)容、過(guò)程，現(xiàn)在時(shí)敘述研究目的、結(jié)果和結(jié)論

（如Thisstudyisto…,Theresultshows…），少用完成時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)脫離論文內(nèi)容，出現(xiàn)了與論文內(nèi)容不相符的新情況、新信息偏離研究主題，出現(xiàn)了不切題或無(wú)關(guān)的背景介紹、現(xiàn)狀描述工作交待冗余，知識(shí)、背景介紹冗余，工作內(nèi)容、過(guò)程繁雜成果體現(xiàn)不夠，結(jié)論、成果表述中缺少創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)制照搬，過(guò)多地重復(fù)題名、前言、結(jié)論中的有關(guān)語(yǔ)句對(duì)原始結(jié)果作補(bǔ)充、修改和多余的詮釋、評(píng)論甚至自我評(píng)價(jià)

7.4

摘要寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題第19頁(yè)脫離事實(shí)或有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)、資料、內(nèi)容，出現(xiàn)了言過(guò)其實(shí)的表達(dá)出現(xiàn)了圖表引用，沒(méi)有必要地出現(xiàn)了冗長(zhǎng)公式或繁雜數(shù)學(xué)式在不涉及（證實(shí)或否定）他人成果的情況下引用了相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)不太完整，缺少必要的目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論用較多論證代替介紹、描述，將報(bào)道變成議論，甚至還舉例使用標(biāo)號(hào)、代號(hào)、特殊字符、圖符等難錄難懂的超語(yǔ)言要素

7.4

摘要寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題第20頁(yè)沒(méi)有用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的專業(yè)詞匯、術(shù)語(yǔ)，表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、求實(shí)一般縮略語(yǔ)、簡(jiǎn)稱、代號(hào)等首次出現(xiàn)時(shí)未給出或注明其全稱未正確用量和單位，量和單位使用不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、不規(guī)范，問(wèn)題多篇幅太短，短到只有幾句甚至一句，只描述過(guò)程不交待結(jié)果篇幅過(guò)長(zhǎng)，表達(dá)冗余，不濃縮、不概括，無(wú)獨(dú)立性、自明性完全不考慮摘要的應(yīng)有功能，整篇寫(xiě)成背景介紹和因果論述

7.4

摘要寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題第21頁(yè)實(shí)例一MasteringthegameofGowithdeepneuralnetworksandtreesearchNature,Vol529,28January2016實(shí)例二TheAnthropoceneisfunctionallyandstratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHolocene

Science,Vol351,Issue6269,8January2016第22頁(yè)

7.5

摘要寫(xiě)作實(shí)例評(píng)析Abstract:ThegameofGohaslongbeenviewedasthemostchallengingofclassicgamesforartificialintelligenceowingtoitsenormoussearchspaceandthedifficultyofevaluatingboardpositionsandmoves.HereweintroduceanewapproachtocomputerGothatuses‘valuenetworks’toevaluateboardpositionsand‘policynetworks’toselectmoves.

Thesedeepneuralnetworksaretrainedbyanovelcombinationofsupervisedlearningfromhumanexpertgames,andreinforcementlearningfromgamesofself-play.Withoutanylookaheadsearch,theneuralnetworksplayGoatthelevelofstate-of-the-artMonteCarlotreesearchprogramsthatsimulatethousandsofrandomgamesofself-play.WealsointroduceanewsearchalgorithmthatcombinesMonteCarlosimulationwithvalueandpolicynetworks.Usingthissearchalgorithm,ourprogramAlphaGoachieveda99.8%winningrateagainstotherGoprograms,anddefeatedthehumanEuropeanGochampionby5gamesto0.

Thisisthefirsttimethatacomputerprogramhasdefeatedahumanprofessionalplayerinthefull-sizedgameofGo,afeatpreviouslythoughttobeatleastadecadeaway.

第23頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要MasteringthegameofGowithdeepneuralnetworksandtreesearch第一句交代研究領(lǐng)域、范圍：圍棋一直是人工智能領(lǐng)域最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)典游戲。ThegameofGohaslongbeenviewedasthemostchallengingofclassicgamesforartificialintelligenceowingtoitsenormoussearchspaceandthedifficultyofevaluatingboardpositionsandmoves.

第24頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第一句第二句提出研究目的和方法：提出一種評(píng)估棋局位置和選擇落子的新方法；基于價(jià)值網(wǎng)絡(luò)（valuenetworks）和策略網(wǎng)絡(luò)（policynetworks）。HereweintroduceanewapproachtocomputerGothatuses‘valuenetworks’toevaluateboardpositionsand‘policynetworks’toselectmoves.

第25頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第二句第三句進(jìn)一步闡釋方法：對(duì)圍棋高手下過(guò)的棋局進(jìn)行監(jiān)督學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)自我對(duì)局棋局進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)，將二者結(jié)合起來(lái)訓(xùn)練這些深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（價(jià)值、策略網(wǎng)絡(luò)）。Thesedeepneuralnetworksaretrainedbyanovelcombinationofsupervisedlearningfromhumanexpertgames,andreinforcementlearningfromgamesofself-play.第26頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第三句第四句陳述使用上述方法的結(jié)果，說(shuō)明方法的先進(jìn)性：不用任何前向搜索，深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通過(guò)模擬成千上萬(wàn)的隨機(jī)自我對(duì)局，可以達(dá)到最先進(jìn)的蒙特卡洛樹(shù)搜索程序的水準(zhǔn)。Withoutanylookaheadsearch,theneuralnetworksplayGoatthelevelofstate-of-the-artMonteCarlotreesearchprogramsthatsimulatethousandsofrandomgamesofself-play.第27頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第四句第五句提出另一研究目的和方法：提出一種新的搜索算法；將蒙特卡羅模擬與價(jià)值、策略網(wǎng)絡(luò)相結(jié)合。WealsointroduceanewsearchalgorithmthatcombinesMonteCarlosimulationwithvalueandpolicynetworks.第28頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第五句第六句陳述使用這一新算法的結(jié)果：開(kāi)發(fā)出的圍棋比賽程序AlphaGo相比其他圍棋程序可以達(dá)到99.8%的獲勝率，并以5∶0擊敗了歐洲圍棋冠軍。Usingthissearchalgorithm,ourprogramAlphaGoachieveda99.8%winningrateagainstotherGoprograms,anddefeatedthehumanEuropeanGochampionby5gamesto0.第29頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第六句第七句點(diǎn)出創(chuàng)新：實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)程序AlphaGo在全進(jìn)階圍棋比賽中首次擊敗人類職業(yè)棋手，是一種比常規(guī)至少提前10年實(shí)現(xiàn)的壯舉。Thisisthefirsttimethatacomputerprogramhasdefeatedahumanprofessionalplayerinthefull-sizedgameofGo,afeatpreviouslythoughttobeatleastadecadeaway.第30頁(yè)實(shí)例一的摘要第七句Abstract:HumanactivityisleavingapervasiveandpersistentsignatureonEarth.VigorousdebatecontinuesaboutwhetherthiswarrantsrecognitionasanewgeologictimeunitknownastheAnthropocene.

WereviewanthropogenicmarkersoffunctionalchangesintheEarthsystemthroughthestratigraphicrecord.Theappearanceofmanufacturedmaterialsinsediments,includingaluminum,plastics,andconcrete,coincideswithglobalspikesinfalloutradionuclidesandparticulatesfromfossilfuelcombustion.Carbon,nitrogen,andphosphoruscycleshavebeensubstantiallymodifiedoverthepastcentury.Ratesofsea-levelriseandtheextentofhumanperturbationoftheclimatesystemexceedLateHolocenechanges.Bioticchangesincludespeciesinvasionsworldwideandacceleratingratesofextinction.ThesecombinedsignalsrendertheAnthropocenestratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHoloceneandearlierepochs.第31頁(yè)實(shí)例二的摘要TheAnthropoceneisfunctionallyandstratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHolocene第一、二句交代研究領(lǐng)域及主題：人類活動(dòng)在地球上留下了普遍而持久的印記，關(guān)于這是否可表明被稱作的人類紀(jì)是一個(gè)新的地質(zhì)時(shí)期的激烈爭(zhēng)論一直存在。

HumanactivityisleavingapervasiveandpersistentsignatureonEarth.VigorousdebatecontinuesaboutwhetherthiswarrantsrecognitionasanewgeologictimeunitknownastheAnthropocene.

第32頁(yè)實(shí)例二的摘要第一、二句第三句指出研究目的（本文工作），通過(guò)地層記錄回顧地球系統(tǒng)功能變化的人類起源標(biāo)記。WereviewanthropogenicmarkersoffunctionalchangesintheEarthsystemthroughthestratigraphicrecord.第33頁(yè)實(shí)例二的摘要第三句第四至七句闡述結(jié)果，給出由回顧得出的結(jié)論性認(rèn)識(shí)：包括鋁、塑料和混凝土在內(nèi)的沉積物中制造材料的出現(xiàn)，與化石燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生的放射性核素和微粒的全球峰值相吻合；在過(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里，碳、氮和磷的循環(huán)發(fā)生了很大改變；海平面上升的速率和人類對(duì)氣候系統(tǒng)的干擾程度超過(guò)了全新世晚期的變化；生物變化包括世界范圍的物種入侵和加速滅絕的速度。Theappearanceofmanufacturedmaterialsinsediments,includingaluminum,plastics,andconcrete,coincideswithglobalspikesinfalloutradionuclidesandparticulatesfromfossilfuelcombustion.Carbon,nitrogen,andphosphoruscycleshavebeensubstantiallymodifiedoverthepastcentury.Ratesofsea-levelriseandtheextentofhumanperturbationoftheclimatesystemexceedLateHolocenechanges.第34頁(yè)實(shí)例二的摘要第四至七句第八句進(jìn)行總結(jié)，給出總結(jié)性結(jié)論：以上各種信息結(jié)合起來(lái)使人類紀(jì)的地層學(xué)與全新世和更早期的截然不同。Bioticchangesincludespeciesinvasionsworldwideandacceleratingratesofextinction.ThesecombinedsignalsrendertheAnthropocenestratigraphicallydistinctfromtheHoloceneandearlierepochs.第35頁(yè)實(shí)例二的摘要第八句實(shí)例TheoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesiumNature,2015,526:62?67[2023-12-13]./articles/nature15364第36頁(yè)

7.6

摘要和結(jié)論實(shí)例對(duì)比37Abstract①M(fèi)agnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium38Abstract①M(fèi)agnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium①直接切入背景，提出表觀問(wèn)題，塑性差、很難形成和使用及輕量化結(jié)構(gòu)均是相關(guān)研究問(wèn)題與目標(biāo)，也是材料和工業(yè)界常識(shí)用詞通俗易懂，讀者群體較寬泛，材料類在讀博士，10000人無(wú)障礙閱讀通過(guò)無(wú)問(wèn)題39Abstract①M(fèi)agnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulations

utilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.

③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium②進(jìn)入方法、發(fā)現(xiàn)，涉及難懂的專業(yè)知識(shí)。核心方法是分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬、密度泛函理論，而揭示…現(xiàn)象是重要成果（但未交待具體結(jié)果），揭示是表學(xué)術(shù)質(zhì)量的定性詞開(kāi)始涉及難懂的術(shù)語(yǔ)，對(duì)分子動(dòng)力學(xué)和密度泛函，材料物理、材料化學(xué)方面的專業(yè)人士才可能懂得較多，10000博士中可能就只有1000人能輕松理解了

概括總結(jié)全文，直接點(diǎn)明使用方法而獲得重要發(fā)現(xiàn)（揭示…，解釋宏觀性能的一個(gè)疑團(tuán)）與摘要②不同：摘要告知做了什么，但未告具體所得結(jié)果（摘要的廣告性）；結(jié)論告知做了什么，并將具體結(jié)果一起放送，散發(fā)著學(xué)術(shù)筆記風(fēng)味有<c+a>小圈子術(shù)語(yǔ)，1000人能輕松理解了40Abstract①M(fèi)agnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductilityofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium③較為細(xì)致表述研究結(jié)果的理論部分，闡明鎂金屬微觀世界發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象，如位錯(cuò)、滑移想要說(shuō)明宏觀現(xiàn)象，自然從微觀找原因。到此能順暢理解的差不多還有200人吧

重述鎂金屬的微觀行為，與摘要有重復(fù)，卻必要疲憊不堪的閱讀快要結(jié)束時(shí)，用貼切的總結(jié)語(yǔ)來(lái)結(jié)束，給讀者莫大關(guān)懷，但要更加直截了當(dāng)、簡(jiǎn)潔明快，任何冗余語(yǔ)句都不要再出現(xiàn)41Abstract①M(fèi)agnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsictomagnesium,drivenbyreductionindislocationenergyandpredictedtooccuratveryhighfrequencyatroomtemperature,thuseliminatingallmajordislocationslipsystemsabletocontributetoc-axisstrainandleadingtothehighhardeningandlowductility

ofmagnesium.⑤Enhancedductilitycanthusbeachievedbyincreasingthetimeandtemperatureatwhichthetransitionfromtheeasy-glidemetastabledislocationtotheimmobilebasal-dissociatedstructuresoccurs.⑥Ourresultsprovidetheunderlyinginsightsneededtoguidethedesignofductilemagnesiumalloys.Conclusions

Insummary,useofanewDFT-validatedinteratomicpotentialinlong-timeMDstudiesrevealsarichsetofintrinsicstructuraltransitionsofthekey<c+a>dislocationsinMgthatexplainlong-standingexperimentalpuzzlesandareresponsibleforlowductilityinMg.

Theeasy-glidepyramidalII<c+a>undergoesthermallyactivated,stressdependenttransitionsintovariouslower-energyproductslyingonbasalplanes.

Thedislocationstructuresareingoodagreementwithexperimentalobservations,thedifferencesbetweenexperimentsareexplained,thetemperaturerangewherethetransitionisoperativeagreeswithexperiments,andtheproductdislocationsareimmobileandsocausehighstrainhardeningbyservingasobstaclesforallotherdislocations,leadingtolowductility.

ThisnewoverallunderstandingopensopportunitiesfordesignofMg-basedalloysbasedonthemechanisticconceptofenergeticallystabilizingtheeasy-glide<c+a>dislocationsonpyramidalIIplanes.Nature2015:Theoriginsofhighhardeningandlowductilityinmagnesium④接著③繼續(xù)表述，微觀升級(jí)到宏觀，機(jī)理外化到現(xiàn)象，回到標(biāo)題。如室溫、高硬化、低塑性是宏觀的概念，問(wèn)題表象層專業(yè)性最強(qiáng)、艱澀，可能只有100人能理解

實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證+重述鎂宏觀行為（位錯(cuò)、高硬化和低塑性），與摘要重復(fù)，宏觀行為易受到關(guān)注摘要在于點(diǎn)出發(fā)現(xiàn)，有無(wú)創(chuàng)新是關(guān)鍵，結(jié)論還要對(duì)新發(fā)現(xiàn)提供保證，有無(wú)驗(yàn)證和可信度是關(guān)鍵42Abstract①M(fèi)agnesiumisalightweightstructuralmetalbutitexhibitslowductility—connectedwithunusual,mechanisticallyunexplained,dislocationandplasticityphenomena—whichmakesitdifficulttoformanduseinenergy-savinglightweightstructures.②Weemploylong-timemoleculardynamicssimulationsutilizingadensity-functional-theoryvalidatedinteratomicpotential,andrevealthefundamentaloriginsofthepreviouslyunexplainedphenomena.③Hereweshowthatthekey<c+a>dislocation(where<c+a>indicatesthemagnitudeanddirectionofslip)ismetastableoneasy-glidepyramidalIIplanes;wefindthatitundergoesathermallyactivated,stress-dependenttransitiontooneofthreelower-energy,basal-dissociatedimmobiledislocationstructures,whichcannotcontributetoplasticstrainingandthatserveasstrongobstaclestothemotionofallotherdislocations.

④Thistransitionisintrinsi