醫(yī)學英語 Medical English Writing(2) writing a research paper 學習資料

MedicalEnglishWritingMay,2015Assignment(Chapter1)I1.AlightandelectronmicroscopicstudyoftwocasesofprimarysarcomaofheartPrimarysarcomaofheart:Alightandelectronmicroscopicstudyoftwocases光鏡和電鏡研究兩例原發(fā)性心臟肉瘤2.ExperimentalstudyoflasersurgeryoftheliverLasersurgeryoftheliver:Anexperimentalstudy肝臟的激光手術(shù)的實驗性研究/肝臟的激光手術(shù):一項實驗性研究3.Areportof60casesofprimaryvaginalcarcinomaPrimaryvaginalcarcinoma:Areportof60cases60例原發(fā)性陰道癌報告Assignment(Chapter1)4.Fifteenyears’clinicalexperiencewithcarcinomaofthepancreasCarcinomaofthepancreas:Fifteenyears’

clinicalexperience胰腺癌的15年臨床經(jīng)驗5.Carcinoembryonicantigen(癌胚抗原)inbreastcancertissueisausefulprognosticindicatorCarcinoembryonicantigeninbreastcancertissue:Ausefulprognosticindicator乳腺癌組織中的癌胚抗原——一種有用的預后指標Assignment(Chapter1)II1.Circulatoryfailureofmetastaticcarcinomaofthe

lungCirculatoryfailureinmetastaticcarcinomaofthe

lung

肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移中的循環(huán)衰竭2.Evaluationofetiologyofliverdiseaseinrenal-transplantpatientsEtiologyofliverdiseaseinrenal-transplantpatients

腎移植患者的肝病病因Assignment(Chapter1)3.Diabetesaftertheinfectioushepatitis:Afollow-

upstudyDiabetesafterinfectioushepatitis:Afollow-up

study

傳染性肝炎繼發(fā)糖尿病患者的隨訪研究4.Theuseofradioactiveiodineattheevaluationof

thyroidnodulesUseofradioactiveiodineintheevaluationof

thyroidnodules

用免疫活性碘評估甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)Assignment(Chapter1)5.Diagnosisofpulmonarytuberculosisinflexible

fiberopticbronchoscopy(可曲光學纖維支氣管鏡

檢法)Diagnosisofpulmonarytuberculosisbyflexible

fiberoptic

bronchoscopyOr:Flexiblefiberopticbronchoscopy

in

the

diagnosis

of

pulmonarytuberculosis

用可曲光學纖維支氣管鏡檢法診斷肺結(jié)核Assignment(Chapter1)III.1.革蘭氏陰性菌休克169例分析Analysisof169casesofshockcausedbygram-

negativemicroorganisms（Shockcausedbygram-negativemicroorganisms：

Analysisof169cases）2.腫瘤患者化療前體重下降對預后的影響Prognosticeffectofweightlosspriorto

chemotherapyincancerpatients（Influenceof

weightlosspriortochemotherapyonprognosis

incancerpatient）Assignment(Chapter1)3.原發(fā)性肝癌二級預防的隨機分組前瞻性研究Secondarypreventionofprimarylivercancer：

Arandomizedcontrolledprospectivestudy4.放射免疫法測定血清17-羥孕酮以診斷與治療

先天性腎上腺增生Applicationofserum17-OH-progesterone

radioimmunoassaytothediagnosisand

managementofcongenitaladrenalhyperplasiaAssignment(Chapter1)Radioimmunoassayofserum17-OH-progesteronefordiagnosisandtreatmentofcongenitaladrenalhyperplasia）5.關(guān)節(jié)鏡(arthroscopy)輔助治療掌指關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折(metacarpophalangealintraarticularfractures)Treatmentofmetacarpophalangealintraarticularfractures(assisted)witharthroscopyAssignment(Chapter1)MedicalEnglishWriting(2)WritingaresearchpaperPartsofamanuscriptTitleAbstract(andkeywords)IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesFiguresTablesLegends

IMRADBasicstyle:introduction,methods,resultsanddiscussionServesasanorganizationalformatIMRADisaformat,eachpaperdiffersHistoryofIMRADOriginallyproposedbytheBritishscientistBradfordHillDevelopedbybyFrenchchemistLouisPasteurEstablishedbyAmericanStandardsInstitutein1972Developedin1978byateamofmedicaljournal

editorsduringameetinginVancouver（溫哥華）,

CanadaTheteamdevelopedintotheInternationalCommittee

ofMedicalJournalEditors(ICMJE國際醫(yī)學雜志編輯委員會),whichproposedTheUniformRequirements

forManuscripts

SubmittedtoBiomedicalJournals

(URMSBJ生物醫(yī)學雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求)Introduction——ContentsBackground:StatementofgeneralareaorhistoryofproblemSignificance:StatementofimportanceorneedsDevelopment:Statementofpreviousfindings,reportsorstudiesObjective:StatementofpurposeofcurrentstudyScope:statementofspecificareaofproblemtobestudiedIntroduction——RequirementsGostraighttothepoint開門見山Laystressonthekeypoints重點突出Bepracticalandrealistic實事求是

Aguidingprinciple引導作用Knowninformationingeneral↓Unknowninformation↓Question↓ApproachIntroduction

begintotellastory

1 Beginwithwhatisknown（A） 2 Statewhatisunknown（B） 3 Statethequestionwhatyourstudywillanswer（C）4Describetheexperimentalapproach（D）OptimalMedicalTherapywithorwithoutPCIforStableCoronaryDisease

WilliamE.Boden,M.D.,NENGLJMED2007;Vol.356No.15Duringthepast30years,theuseofpercutaneouscoronaryintervention(PCI)hasbecomecommonintheinitialmanagementstrategyforpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydiseaseinNorthAmerica,eventhoughtreatmentguidelinesadvocateaninitialapproachwithintensivemedicaltherapy,areductionofriskfactors,andlifestyleintervention(knownasoptimalmedicaltherapy).In2004,morethan1millioncoronarystentprocedureswereperformedintheUnitedStates,andrecentregistrydataindicatethatapproximately85%ofallPCIproceduresareundertakenelectivelyinpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease.

PCIreducestheincidenceofdeathandmyocardialinfarctioninpatientswhopresentwithacutecoronarysyndromes,butsimilarbenefithasnotbeenshowninpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease.Thisissuehasbeenstudiedinfewerthan3000patients,manyofwhomweretreatedbeforethewidespreaduseofintracoronarystentsandcurrentstandardsofmedicalmanagement.（A）AlthoughsuccessfulPCIofflow-limitingstenosesmightbeexpectedtoreducetherateofdeath,myocardialinfarction,andhospitalizationforacutecoronarysyndromes,previousstudieshaveshownonlythatPCIdecreasesthefrequencyofanginaandimprovesshort-termexerciseperformance.Thus,thelong-termprognosticeffectofPCIoncardiovasculareventsinpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydiseaseremainsuncertain.（B）Ourstudy,theClinicalOutcomesUtilizingRevascularizationandAggressiveDrugEvaluation(COURAGE)trial,wasdesignedtodeterminewhetherPCIcoupledwithoptimalmedicaltherapyreducestheriskofdeathandnonfatalmyocardialinfarctioninpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease,ascomparedwithoptimalmedicaltherapyalone.（C）（D）Tenses

Simplepresenttense:表述真實的、普遍認可的研究結(jié)果或研究結(jié)果的提示。或提出問題presentperfecttense：表述研究現(xiàn)狀Pasttense：表述發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容及過去考慮過或做過的內(nèi)容，或未定論的研究結(jié)果，或研究導向的目的CommonSentencePatterns

引用文獻資料：sb.(sb.etal)found/reported/described/mentioned/showedthatsth.wasfound/reported/mentionedbysb.Ithasbeenreported/demonstrated/observedthat

表達不同觀點和意見：…studieshavedifferedintheirconclusionon/about/regarding…Therehasbeendifferent/conflictingreportson…Therehasbeenconsiderableprofessionaldebateon/about…Therehasbeencontroversiesover/conflictingresultsabout/on…表示尚待解決的問題：Littleworkhasbeendoneon…Relativelylittleknowledgeisavailablerelatedto…Littleattentionhasbeenpaid/givento…Itisunclear/uncertain/unknownwhether……is/remainscontroversial/unexplored/unclear/unknown/difficult…表示本研究的重要性：…h(huán)aspracticalsignificance/implicationfor……h(huán)asbeenthesubjectofintensiveresearch…h(huán)asbeenthefocusofmuchinterestanddebate.表示研究的內(nèi)容和目的：Thepurpose/objective/aim/goalofthisstudy/investigationis/wasto…Thisstudyaimedto…Thisstudywasdesigned/undertaken/performed/conducted/carriedoutto…Thepresentstudywasundertakento…Thestudyherereportedwasundertakento…Thisstudywas…Inanattempttodetermine/assess/investigateto…Inaneffortto/inorderto…Inthisstudy,weattempted/aimed/soughtto…MaterialandMethods

Writethissectionfirst!HowwastheproblemstudiedUsuallyarrangedchronologicallyreadslikeacookbook,toprovideenoughdetailsandreferencematerialsfortheotherresearcherstoevaluateandrepeatthepresentstudyMaterialandMethods——Contents1)簡要說明研究設(shè)計(studydesign/protocol)，如：回顧(retrospective/review)，前瞻(prospective)，臨床(clinical)，動物(animal)，實驗

(experimental)，活體內(nèi)(invivo)活體外(invitro)，原位(insitu)，隨訪(follow-up)，對照(controlled)，隨機)random/randomized)，雙盲交叉(double-

blindcrossover)，人群(population/cohort/

migrant)，對比(comparative)，流行病學

(epidemiological)等研究性質(zhì)；

MaterialandMethods——Contents

2)詳細說明研究對象(subject)情況，包括動物

(animal)和病人(patients)性別(sex)、年齡(age)、物種(species)、品種(breed)、生理狀態(tài)

(physiologicalstate);微生物菌株(strain)、血清型(serotype)及其他區(qū)別特性(identity

characteristics)；隨機分組方法(methodsofany

randomassignmentofsubjectstogroups)和選擇標準(criteriaforadmissiontostudygroups)；MaterialandMethods——Contents3)詳細說明所用的藥物（drug），激素（hormone），試劑（reagent）和其他化學品（chemical）的名稱、商標（trademark）、生產(chǎn)廠家（manufacturer）及所在地（location）；4)簡要說明測定方法（methodofmeasurement），包括名稱，引文(quotation)和偏差（variations）；5)簡要說明統(tǒng)計學分析方法（methodof

statisticanalysis）WritingdetailsUsesubheadings,payattentiontothecoherenceUsetables(e.g.,patientcharacteristics)andfigures(e.g.,analysisofdata)toclarifyExplainlimitationsinbriefLastparagraphisstatisticalanalysis -howdataaresummarized,statisticaltest,measurementscompared,PvalueWriteinpasttensegenerallyUsebothfirstpersonorthirdperson(morecommon)CommonSentencePatterns選擇研究對象：Inclusion/Entry/Exclusioncriteriawere/included…Selectionwasbasedon…,…wereselectedbasedon…Themajorcriteriaforinclusioninthestudywere……wereenteredinto/recruitedfrom/selectedfrom/enrolledat……wereexcludedfromthestudy/participation表示研究對象分組：…weredivided/grouped/stratified/classified/categorized/assigned/randomizedinto………wererandomlyallocatedto…(basedon…)表示材料來源：1.…was（obtained）from…2.…wasprovidedby…3.…waspurchasedfrom…4.…wasdonatedby/adonationfrom/agiftfrom…5.…(sourcesofmaterial)表示實驗動物：…werebredin/fed/maintained/raisedwith/under……werefasted/starved12hourspriortooperation.…wereanesthesizedwith……werecaged,fed,adlibitumwithtapwaterand…diet…weighing…and…wereusedforthestudy.…werekilledbydecapitation/cervicaldislocation（斷頭）/exsanguination(放血).…weresacrificedwith…表示借鑒他人的實驗方法：…wasisolated/separatedbytheprocedure/techniqueof……wasprepared/carriedout

accordingtothemethoddescribedby……wasdeterminedby/measuredwith…表示稀釋、培養(yǎng)…wasdilutedto……incubatedwith…at

…℃（temperature）for…h(huán)ours.…wasgrownin…medium…wassuspendedto/ataconcentrationof……wasstoredat…℃(temperature)表示實驗標本制備：Samplesof/for…wereobtained/takenfrom……werecollected/harvestedunder…conditions.…werefixed(固定)with/in……werestained(染色)with……wereembedded（包埋）in/with……wereprepared…weredehydrated（脫水）in/by……weresectionedatathicknessof…表示診斷和治療：…wasdiagnosedby/diagnosticof……wasdiagnosedas/with…(accordingto/onthe

basisof…)3.Diagnosisof…wasconfirmed/made/established.4.…miss/overlookdiagnosis(漏診)of…5.…wasmisdiagnosedas/wasmistakenfor（誤診）…6.…betreatedby…7.…betreatedfor…8.…wason…therapy9.…wasreferred/transferred

toResults

whatwerethefindingsFunctions:stateresultsofthestudy andpresentdatathatsupportsresultsContents:resultsanddataOrganization:chronologicalorfrommosttoleastimportantWritingdetailsBebriefanduncluttered,usesubheadingsUsepasttensegenerallyGivespecificcomparisonsPresentdetaileddatainfiguresandtablestokeepwrittendatatoaminimumProvideappropriatestatisticaldetailswithoutcommentsCommonSentencePatterns結(jié)果表明：Theresults/findingsshowed/suggested/indicated/demonstrated/revealed/documentedthat…Itwasfoundthat…Wefoundthat……was/werefoundto…表格與插圖的表達：…isshown/presentedinTable/Figure…Table/Figure…shows/indicates/demonstrates/illustratesthat…AsshowninTable/Figure…表示與…有關(guān)：…wasstronglyassociatedwith……wasinverselycorrelatedwith……wasinversely/indirectlyproportionalto……wasindirectproportionto……wascomparedto/with…;ascomparedwith/to…數(shù)值表達：…wasincreased/decreasedby/to…多數(shù)值表達，常采用逗號、分號或括號隔開表示數(shù)量的一部分，用of，outof，among等介詞直接用數(shù)字形式及符合，如“＋”“－”“×”“÷”“＝”“≤”“≥”等表示數(shù)字對比如：”ratio”“:”“/”“versus/vs/v.”“rate”表示數(shù)值范圍:(range)from…to…/between…and…,varyfrom…to…,witharange…to…,表達統(tǒng)計學意義：Thereis/was

significantdifferencein…between…and…Thedifferencein…between…and…is/was

significant…is/was

significantlydifferencefrom…Nosignificantdifferencewasfound/noted/observedin…between…and…

Discussion

whatdoyourfindingsmeanMostdifficultPart!AnswerthequestionposedinIntroductionExplainhowresultssupportanswersandhowanswersfitwithexistingknowledgeonthetopicExplainthefindings,relationships,andgeneralizationsofyourresultsExplainthesignificanceofyourresultsHasabeginning,middle,andendReqDiscussion——Contents1)．background2)．generalfindings3)．introductionofpoints4)．comparisoninthecontextofotherstudies5)．suggestedmeaning6)．conclusion7)．futurestudiesCommonSentencePatternsThedata/resultssuggest/demonstrate

/confirm/indicate/revealthat…2.…experiments/results/findings/investigation/

factssupplyabasisfor…3.Theresultsareconsistent/inaccordwiththe

theory/idea/proposal/hypothesis/pervious

studiesthat…4.…similartothatreported/describedby…CommonSentencePatterns5.Resultsarecontrastedwith/differentfrom…6.…mayhavecausedby…7.…mayleadto/resultin/accountfor…8.Although/Evenif…,itshould(not)be

possibleto…9.Oneinterpretationofthisdifference

between…and…is…10.Onthebasisof/basedonthesepremises…11.Wecanspeculateon…12.Whether…remains/isyettobedetermined…13.

Furtheranalysis/experimentswillbe

necessary/neededtoconfirm…14.

Weconcludethat/ourconclusionisthat/itis

ourconclusionthat…15.

insummary/inconclusion,…16.….haveimplicationsfor…CommonSentencePatterns17.

Thereareseverallimitationsto…;thereis

ofsome/littlevaluein/to…18.

Thereisofgreatsignificancein…19.

Inourexperience/practice20.

Asweknow/asfarasweknow/toour

knowledge…21.

Fromourresults/findings22.

Amajornewfindingofthisstudyisthat…CommonSentencePatternsReferencesImportantpartofaresearchpaperandareviewMorereferences(15-100)ChoosetheauthenticreferencesThereferencescanreflectthelevelandvalueoftheresearchpaperandreviewstylesshouldbespecifictoeachjournal

標準期刊文獻HalpernSD,UbelPA,CaplanAL.Solid-organtransplantationinHIV-infectedpatients.NEnglJMed.2002Jul25;347(4):284-7.

著者：姓前名后，名縮寫，以逗號分隔文章標題期刊名（標準縮寫），年，月，日；卷，期：頁TipsKnowthejourna