我國(guó)鐵路客車的供電方式及用電制BUSELECTRICALI

我國(guó)鐵路客車的供電方式及用電制ZHENGZHOURAILWAYVOCATIONAL&TECHNICALCOLLEGE客車電氣裝置/BUSELECTRICALINSTALLATION主講人牛小偉SpeakerNiuxiaowei一、我國(guó)鐵路客車的供方式及用電制客車供電系統(tǒng)用于為車上用電裝置提供電能，他有單獨(dú)供電三種方式。集中供電混合供電和Thepassengercarpowersupplysystemisusedtoprovideelectricenergyfortheon-boardelectricaldevices.

Therearethreemodes:independentpowersupply,centralizedpowersupplyandmixedpowersupply.CONTENTS01單獨(dú)供電Separatepowersupply02集中供電Centralizedpowersupply03混合供電Hybridpowersupply01單獨(dú)供電Separatepowersupply單獨(dú)供電單獨(dú)供電又稱分散式供電。它是在單節(jié)客車上安裝一套獨(dú)立的供電裝置。當(dāng)車輛用電量較小時(shí)，也可以每?jī)奢v或三輛車共用一套獨(dú)立的供電裝置，此時(shí)安裝有發(fā)電設(shè)備的客車稱為母車，不帶發(fā)電設(shè)備的車稱為子車。子母車之間通過(guò)車端電力連接器連接車內(nèi)輸電干線。Independentpowersupplyisalsocalleddecentralizedpowersupply.Itisanindependentpowersupplydeviceinstalledonasinglepassengercar.Whenthepowerconsumptionoftrainissmall,twoorthreetrainscanalsoshareanindependentpowersupplydevice.Atthistime,thepassengercarequippedwithpowergenerationequipmentiscalledthemothertrain,andthetrainwithoutpowergenerationequipmentiscalledthesub-train.Themotherandsub-trainareconnectedtothemainpowertransmissionlineinthetrainthroughthetrain-endpowerconnector.特點(diǎn)Feature可隨意摘掛和編組，供電裝置的主機(jī)不占用車內(nèi)有效空間，全列車的輸電干線聯(lián)接為統(tǒng)一電網(wǎng)，局部故障不影響列車用電；發(fā)電功率小。Canbearbitrarilyremovedandgrouped,themainbodyofthepowersupplydevicedoesnottakeuptheeffectivespaceinthecar,thetrain'stransmissiontrunklineisconnectedtoaunifiedpowergrid,thelocalfailuredoesnotaffectthetrainpower;powergenerationpowerissmall.單獨(dú)供電就是單獨(dú)使用蓄電池組供電，是根據(jù)車內(nèi)負(fù)載的工作電壓和功率，把若干個(gè)蓄電池結(jié)合起來(lái)向負(fù)載供電。Itistousethebatterypackaloneforpowersupply.Accordingtotheworkingvoltageandpoweroftheloadinthetrain,severalbatteriesarecombinedtosupplypowertotheload.這種供電方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單，使用方便，可靠性好，電流是純直流成分；Theadvantageofthispowersupplymethodisthattheequipmentissimple,easytouse,withgoodreliability,andthecurrentisapureDCcomponent;缺點(diǎn)是蓄電池組較笨重，單位功率所占的體積和重量較大。這種供電方式在用電量不大的客車上使用，國(guó)內(nèi)使用的客車上不易見到。Thedisadvantageisthatthebatterypackisbulky,andthevolumeandweightperunitpowerarerelativelylarge.Thedisadvantageisthatthebatterypackisbulky,andthevolumeandweightperunitpowerarerelativelylarge.單獨(dú)供電的三種類型：蓄電池組供電1單獨(dú)供電2車軸發(fā)電機(jī)供電采用車軸驅(qū)動(dòng)的發(fā)電機(jī)與蓄電池組并聯(lián)供電，是世界各國(guó)在普通非空調(diào)客車上運(yùn)用較廣泛的一種供電形式。Axle-drivengeneratorsandbatterypacksareusedinparalleltosupplypower,whichisaformofpowersupplywidelyusedinordinarynon-air-conditionedpassengercarsincountriesalloverheworld.我國(guó)舊型普通客車曾采用過(guò)軸驅(qū)式的L型直流發(fā)電機(jī)，從70年代開始，在普通22型和23型客車上廣泛使用三相感應(yīng)子發(fā)電機(jī)。小功率時(shí)皮帶傳動(dòng)，大功率時(shí)萬(wàn)向軸傳動(dòng)。Weonceappliedshaft-drivenL-typeDCgeneratorsinourcountry'soldordinarypassengercarsandsincethe1970s,three-phaseinductionsub-generatorshavebeenwidelyusedonordinary22-typeand23-typepassengercars.單獨(dú)供電3小型柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組供電在客車底部裝設(shè)

小型柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組

并由其向車內(nèi)的負(fù)載供電，這種供電方式稱小型柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組供電。采用這種方式

單獨(dú)供電

可以減少機(jī)車牽引動(dòng)力，提高供電電壓，減少蓄電池用量，便于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間停站時(shí)利用市電，但要求機(jī)組工作可靠，噪聲和振動(dòng)小，使用維修方便。Asmalldieselgeneratorsetisinstalledatthebottomofthepassengercar,anditsuppliespowertotheloadinthetrain.Thispowersupplymethodiscalledasmalldieselgeneratorsetpowersupply.Usingthismethodforseparatepowersupplycanreducethetractionpowerofthelocomotive,increasethepowersupplyvoltage,reducethebatteryconsumption,andfacilitatetheuseofmainspowerwhenthestationisparkedforalongtime.However,theworkunitisrequiredtobereliableinoperation,lownoiseandvibration,andeasytouseandmaintain.這種供電方式適用于單獨(dú)或分開連掛且裝有空調(diào)裝置的客車，如我國(guó)長(zhǎng)春客車廠生產(chǎn)的RW22型空調(diào)軟臥車和四方機(jī)車車輛工廠生產(chǎn)的YW22型宿營(yíng)車采用的就是這種供電方式。Thispowersupplymethodissuitableforpassengercarsthatareindividuallyorseparatelyconnectedandequippedwithair-conditioningdevices.Forexample,theRW22air-conditionedsoftsleepertrainproducedbytheChangchunrailwayvehiclefactoryandtheYW22campertrainproducedbytheSifanglocomotivevehiclefactoryinourcountryusethispowersupplymethod.車下裝有小型發(fā)電機(jī)組單獨(dú)供電宿營(yíng)車camper在鐵路系統(tǒng)，線路大修工人長(zhǎng)期在鐵路沿線對(duì)鐵路進(jìn)行維修，確保線路質(zhì)量安全穩(wěn)定。為了解決他們的食宿問(wèn)題，鐵路宿營(yíng)車應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。他們的衣食住行，全都在宿營(yíng)車上完成。根據(jù)作業(yè)量和施工人數(shù)，宿營(yíng)車少則可住數(shù)十人，多則可住數(shù)百人。Intherailroadsystem,thelineoverhaulworkersareintherailroadlineforalongtimetocarryoutmaintenanceontherailroadtoensurethequalityofthelineissafeandstable.Inordertosolvetheirfoodandaccommodationproblems,therailroadcampercameintobeing.Theirfood,clothing,housingandtransportation,allcompletedinthecamper.Accordingtotheamountofworkandthenumberofconstruction,thecampercanbelessthandozensofpeople,morecanlivehundredsofpeople.02集中供電Centralizedpowersupply集中供電對(duì)于用電量較大并且是固定編組的列車，采用全列車集中供電的方式。Fortrainswithlargepowerconsumptionandfixedformation,thecentralizedpowersupplymethodforthewholetrainisadopted.列車集中供電的電源，可通過(guò)列車中加掛的發(fā)電車提供；也可由具有供電能力的電力機(jī)車提供，電力機(jī)車將接觸網(wǎng)上的電能處理后提供給客車，這種方式也稱為接觸網(wǎng)供電。另外還有少量?jī)?nèi)燃機(jī)車也具有給客車供電的能力，如DG11G型內(nèi)燃機(jī)車。Thecentralizedpowersupplyofthetraincanbeprovidedbythegeneratorvehicleattachedtothetrain;Itcanalsobeprovidedbyanelectriclocomotivewithpowersupplycapability.Theelectriclocomotiveprocessestheelectricenergyonthecatenaryandprovidesittothepassengercar.Thismethodisalsocalledcatenarypowersupply.Inaddition,thereareasmallnumberofdiesellocomotivesthatalsohavetheabilitytosupplypowertopassengercars,suchasDG11Gdiesellocomotives.集中供電1柴油發(fā)電車集中供電電壓但輸電電流與所需的三相四線制輸電干線截面積都較大，干線穿管施工難度較大，對(duì)聯(lián)結(jié)器的插頭和插座間接觸電阻要求非常嚴(yán)格(小于0.0008Ω)。因此，在可能的條件下應(yīng)將供電干線電壓提高。However,thetransmissioncurrentandtherequiredcross-sectionalareaofthethree-phase,four-wiretransmissiontrunklinearelarger,thetrunklineismoredifficulttoconstructthroughthepipe,andtherequirementsforthecontactresistancebetweentheplugsandsocketsofthecouplerareverystrict(lessthan0.0008Ω).Therefore,thesupplytrunkvoltageshouldbeincreasedwherepossible.柴油發(fā)電車Diesel-poweredvehicles

為400V/230V（線電壓/相電壓），50Hz交流電，通過(guò)車端聯(lián)結(jié)器向連掛的客車分二路送電，輸電干線壓降應(yīng)不大于5％。可直接使用民用的異步電動(dòng)機(jī)、日光燈、控制電器、保護(hù)元件等產(chǎn)品。Thecentralizedpowersupplyvoltageis400V/230V(linevoltage/phasevoltage),50Hzalternatingcurrent(AC),andthepowerissentintwowaysthroughtheendcouplertotheconnectedbuses,andthevoltagedropofthetransmissionlineshouldnotbemorethan5%.Asynchronousmotors,fluorescentlamps,controlappliances,protectioncomponentsandotherproductsforcivilianusecanbeuseddirectly.集中供電2接觸網(wǎng)供電Electriclocomotives電力機(jī)車Electricityconnectors電力連接器我國(guó)由接觸網(wǎng)供電的旅客列車，將由客運(yùn)電力機(jī)車主變壓器增設(shè)的兩個(gè)輔助繞組供給容量為800kVA、串聯(lián)電壓為3kV(并聯(lián)為1.5kV)的電能。即通過(guò)電力機(jī)車主變壓器，將受電弓取得的單相工頻25kV的電壓，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閱蜗喙ゎl3kV或1.5kV的電壓，輸送給所牽引的客車。Forpassengercarspoweredbycatenaryinourcountry,twoauxiliarywindingsaddedtothemaintransformerofpassengerelectriclocomotiveswillsupplyelectricenergywithacapacityof800kVAandavoltageof3kVinseries(1.5kVinparallel).Thatis,throughthemaintransformeroftheelectriclocomotive,thevoltageofsingle-phasepowerfrequencyof25kVobtainedbythepantographistransformedintoavoltageofsingle-phasepowerfrequencyof3kVor1.5kV,whichistransmittedtothedrawnpassengercar.我國(guó)電氣化鐵路接觸網(wǎng)的額定電壓為單相工頻25kV，波動(dòng)范圍19~27kV。Theratedvoltageofourcountry'selectrifiedrailwaycatenaryis25kVforsingle-phasepowerfrequency,andthefluctuationrangeis19~27kV.03混合供電Hybridpowersupply混合供電1混合供電鑒于目前鐵路牽引動(dòng)力存在多種類型，客車編組方式也不盡相同，因此，除上述兩種供電方式外，還有混合供電方式。混合供電有下列幾種情形：Inviewofthefactthattherearemanytypesofrailwaytractionpowerandpassengercarmarshallingmethodsarenotthesame,therefore,inadditiontotheabovetwopowersupplymethods,thereisalsoahybridpowersupplymethod.Mixedpowersupplywiththefollowingsituations:由軸驅(qū)式發(fā)電機(jī)與蓄電池組并聯(lián)供電，采暖電熱元件由接觸網(wǎng)供電。如電氣化區(qū)段運(yùn)營(yíng)的普通客車情況。Lightingandventilatorofpassengercararepoweredbyparallelconnectionofshaftdrivegeneratorandstoragebatterywhiletheelectricheatingelementsonthetrainarepoweredbythecatenaryoftheelectrif