高考閱讀干擾項排除法

高考閱讀了解題十種常見干擾項設(shè)置手法第1頁在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項了解概括了對其它三項(或其中某一項)理、解，那么我們就說選項A與其它三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項中，正確答案必定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因為玫瑰必定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。包含項標準第2頁Livinginaresidencehall（學生宿舍）carriescertainobligation.（義務）.Youhavetobeconsiderateofothers,especiallyduringstudyhours.Telephonecallsandvisitsbyfriendsshouldbeshort.Youhavetocooperateinkeepingtheroomassanitary（衛(wèi)生）aspossible.Itissometimeshardtobetolerant（容忍）ofanotherperson’shabitsthatmaydifferfromyourown.Q:Whatmustyoulearntobetolerantofifyouliveinadormitory?A.Yourroommate’stelephonecallsB.HabitsthatmaydifferfromyourownC.Visitsbyyourroommate’sfriendsD.Roommateswhoareunsanitary第3頁『個案解析』：從四個選項分析中我們能夠看出，選項B“與你不一樣生活習慣”其實就包含并概括了其它三選項，即A室友電話、C室友朋友來訪、D室友不愛衛(wèi)生，這些都是你不能接收生活習慣。假如我們能夠選A、C、D任一選項，那么B也能夠選，但正確答案只有一個，所以我們只能選B。再如:Q:Thethreeexamplesarecitedtoshowthat______.

A.

QuitsmokingisnecessaryB.

Healthyhabitsbenefitourhealth

C.

FruitsandvegetablesarebetterthanmilkD.

Weshoulddrinkmorewatereveryday.第4頁『個案解析』：答案為B。顯而易見，B為包含項，概括了A、C、D三項，即“quitsmoking,havemorefruitsandvegetablesanddrinkmorewater”都是“Healthyhabits”。Q:Inthebuildingoftheraillines,______.A.moreequipmentmadeinChinashouldbeusedB.moreimportedequipmentshouldbeusedC.moreexportedequipmentshouldbeusedD.moreequipmentusedininfrastructure（基礎(chǔ)）projectsshouldbeused『個案解析』：正確答案為A。選項A命題（應該使用更多國產(chǎn)設(shè)備）包含了選項C命題（應該使用更多出口設(shè)備），因為出口設(shè)備本身就意味著它是國產(chǎn)設(shè)備。包含項標準預示：選項中內(nèi)容全方面、概況性強，往往是正確答案。第5頁2．正反項標準所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳說命題完全相矛盾。依據(jù)形式邏輯排中律知識：兩個相互矛盾判斷不能都是假，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀了解中，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C、D項，正確答案普通在A、B項當中取其一。第6頁Theyfeeltheyarepoorlistenerswhentheythinkaboutsomethingelsewhiletheotheristalkingorwhentheyaretired,ornotinterestedinwhatsheorheistalkingabout.Mostpeoplelistenonlywiththeirears.Q:Accordingtothepassage,listeningonlywithearsmayhappentouswhen____

A.weareemotionallytiredB.wearephysicallydisabledC.

wearesointerestedinthetopicD.weareaskedmanyquestions【原文題意】:當他們心不在焉,感到厭倦,或?qū)λ?她談論話題不感興趣時候，他們就會以為自己不是一個好聽眾了。他們大多數(shù)人僅僅是用耳朵而非專心去聽?！簜€案解析』：四個選項中，A與C陳說相互矛盾,互為正反項。我們什么時候不會專心去聽?

A我們情緒厭倦時候，C我們對話題很感興趣時候。顯然這兩個選項是矛盾正反判斷，只有一個而且必有一個是真，所以我們能夠先排除B、D選項，然后再結(jié)合我們下文將要提及常識項標準，能夠把答案確定為A。第7頁再看一例：Themainproblemisthatourneighborworldsappeartobeunsuitableforadvancedlifeforms.Themoonmaybethecasefirst,ithashardlyanyatmosphere.Venusislittlebetter,butthesurface’stemperatureisveryhigh.Marswiththinatmosphereandlittlewatercannotsupportthelivingnecessityoftheanimals.Q:ThereisunlikelyanylifeonVenusbecause______.A.ithasverythinatmosphereB.thesurfacetemperatureistoohotC.theweatheristoocoldD.itisextremelyshortofwater『個案解析』：B項（表面溫度太熱）與C項（氣候太嚴寒）語義相反互為正反項。依據(jù)正反項標準，能夠排除A、D項，然后在B、C項中選其一，這么，考生最少能夠在不看原文前提下把答案命中率從25%提升到50％。其實，此題為細節(jié)題，依據(jù)原文第三句，我們能夠把答案確定為B。正反項標準預示:陳說內(nèi)容或基調(diào)完全相反兩選項往往有一個是正確答案。第8頁

3．委婉項標準

所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀了解選項中語氣平和、委婉往往是正確答案。這些選項普通含有不十分必定或試探性語氣表示，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition，tendto，beliableto等等，而含有絕對語氣表示往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,themost,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。第9頁Q:Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,____.A.theuseofwaterisacompletelynewconceptB.theseahasalreadylongbeenusedasawayofpowerC.waterisasourceofenergyfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherenergiesD.water,ifproperlyhandled,maypresentapromisingsolutiontoenergycrisis.第10頁『個案解析』：很顯著，依據(jù)委婉標準，正確答案應該為D,其它三項都含有過于必定語氣詞，如：completely,hasalready,farmorethananyother。而選項D比較委婉，if分詞短語使說話留有余地，情態(tài)動詞may使語氣相對平緩。第11頁再如：Theopinionofthewriteristhat____.A.theremaybeotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseB.

thereareotherintelligentbeingsintheuniverseC.

peoplelivingontheearthare

almostcertainlytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverseD.

peoplelivingontheeartharedefinitelytheonlyintelligentbeingsintheuniverse第12頁Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Workinghardisabasicrequirementof

all

employees.B.GoodwritingskillsalonehelpyousucceedinanyfieldC.TheonlyqualificationforgettinghiredbyacompanyisgoodcommunicationskillsD.Whiletheimportanceofone’sabilitytocommunicateincreases,hisprofessionalbackgroundmaybecomeincreasinglylessimportant.『個案解析』：答案：D。選項A（工作努力是對全部員工最起碼要求）；選項B（單憑好寫作技能可使你在任何領(lǐng)域取得成功）、C（被聘用上唯一條件就是要有良好表示技能）都過于絕對化；選項D（當交流表示能力主要性上升時，專業(yè)技術(shù)背景主要性就可能會對應降低）中“may”表推測情態(tài)動詞使語氣較為平緩，所以有可能是正確答案。第13頁4．同形項標準幾個選項如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上相同，那它們就互為同形項。同形項組可喻為高爾夫球場上“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后經(jīng)過語言形式細微改變來考查考生了解能力與分析能力。同形項標準告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相同選項普通存在有正確答案。第14頁Thedevelopmentofrapidtransitraillinesincitiesshouldparallel(與……平行)localeconomicdevelopmentandblindconstructionofsuchlinesshouldbeavoided…Itstressedthattheamountofdomesticallymadeequipmentusedinsuchinfrastructureprojectsneedstobeincreased.Q:Therapid-transitraillinesshould______.A.developasquicklyaspossibleB.developwithlocaleconomicdevelopmentC.developafterlocaleconomicdevelopmentD.developwiththeconstructionindustry『個案解析』：答案為B。經(jīng)語言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)分析，我們不難發(fā)覺B、C選項形式與結(jié)構(gòu)相同（僅with與after一詞之差）為同形項，所以可先試著排除A、D。再結(jié)合常識（常識項標準/下文）：高速路軌建設(shè)應該與地方經(jīng)濟相互促進、同時發(fā)展，最終確定答案為B。檢驗：依據(jù)原文中“parallel”（與…平行）能夠確定上述分析結(jié)果正確。第15頁5．常識項標準在議論文當中，那些符合普通常識，意義深刻富有哲理，符合普通規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象選項往往是正確答案。Treesareusefultomaninthreeimportways:theyprovidehimwithwoodandotherproducts;theygivehimshade;andtheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Unfortunately,inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant.Q:Whatisthemostimportantserviceoftreestomanaccordingtothepassage?

A.

TheyhelphimmakemoneyB.

TheygivehimwoodandotherproductsC.

TheyhelphimpreventdroughtsandfloodsD.

Theygivehimshade『個案解析』：答案為C，這是常識項。植樹造林是我國一大國策，目標在于預防洪澇、風沙、旱災，這是我國公民普遍常識，所以C為正確答案：樹木能夠幫助人類阻擋洪澇與旱災。相對于其它三項，C項意義愈加深遠。其實，依據(jù)“Unfortunately(語義轉(zhuǎn)折標志)，inmanypartsoftheworld,manhasnotrealizedthatthethirdoftheseservicesisthemostimportant，”我們也能夠得出C項為正確答案。第16頁再如：IfMrs.Abbydiesafterhehaspaidpremiumsforoneortwoyearsonly,theinsurancecompanywillloseheavily.Butifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.Q:Accordingtothepassage,theinsurancecompanywillmakegreatprofits.A.Ifthepremium（保險費）isincreasedsothecompanycanearnmoremoney

eachyear.B.Ifnobodyaboveseventybuysinsuranceagainstdeath.C.

Ifmostinsurancebuyerslivelongerthantheaveragelengthoflife.D.

Ifmostinsurancebuyersliveshorterthantheaveragelengthoflife.『個案解析』：答案為C，這也是常識項。眾所周知，保險企業(yè)之所以能盈利，那是因為被保險對象平安無事，所以，人活得越長，他交保險額就越多，保險企業(yè)利潤就越高，所以C為正確答案：假如投保人比普通人活得更長。注意：人平均年紀往往是保險企業(yè)設(shè)置保率基準。另外，此題依據(jù)“But（語義轉(zhuǎn)折標志）ifshelivestotheageofseventyorbeyond,theinsurancecompanywillmakeaprofit.”也能夠推斷出答案為C。第17頁6．因果項標準閱讀了解邏輯推理基本都是經(jīng)過因果鏈進行，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題型選項中，有選項會推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過頭（止于后果），這就是所謂干擾項。因果項標準要求：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是這兩個因果項中其中之一。假如因項能夠產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果，那么答案就是因項；假如果項能夠?qū)獛讉€原因，那么答案就是果項。第18頁Nooneshouldbeforcedtowearauniform.Uniformsaretotallyunnecessaryinademocraticsociety.Uniformtelltheworldthatthepersonwhowearsonehasnovalueasanindividual,thatis,theindividualinauniformlosesself-worth.Therearethosewhosaythatwearingauniformgivesasenseofidentificationwithamoreimportantconcept.Butinfact,theindividualhimselfisthemostimportant,ifanorganizationissoweakthatitmustrelyontheuniformtoinspireitmembers,thatorganizationhasnotrighttocontinueitsexistence.Ontheotherhand,uniformsalsohurttheeconomy.Q:Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisparagraphisto______.A.showthatuniformarepossibleinademocraticsocietyB.

advocatestrongergovernmentalcontrolsonthewearingofuniformsC.convincethereaderthatuniformshavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantages

D.

advocatedoingawaywithuniforms 第19頁『個案解析』：答案為C，綜合分析四個選項，我們會發(fā)覺C與B、D項互為因果項，也就是說，因為C：制服弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取辦法控制穿制服，或D呼吁廢除制服。依據(jù)因果項標準，一個原因?qū)藘蓚€結(jié)果，答案應該選原因項C。本題是主旨題，依據(jù)原文，本段主要是列出制服弊端，說明制服弊大于利。B、D項為干擾項，屬于推理過頭。第20頁7．望文生義標準這一干擾方法普通用于對句子或詞語含義考查，即利用某個詞或句子字面意義代替特定語境中詳細意義。比如：1995年全國夏季高考題D篇第21頁TheGreatFireofLondonstartedintheveryearlyhoursof2September1666.Infourdaysitdestroyedmorethanthree-quartersoftheoldcity,wheremostofthehouseswerewoodenandclosetogether.Onehundredthousandpeoplebecamehomeless,butonlyafewlosttheirlives.ThefirestartedonSundaymorninginthehouseoftheKing'sbaker(面包師)inPuddingLane.Thebaker,withhiswifeandfamily,wasabletogetoutthroughawindowintheroof.Astrongwindblewthefirefromthebakery(面包房)intoasmallhotelnextdoor.ThenitspreadquicklyintoThamesStreet.Thatwasthebeginning.…Q:Theunderlinedword"family"inthesecondparagraphmeans

.A.homeB.childrenC.wifeandhusbandD.wifeandchildren『個案解析』：一看到family這個詞同學們可能馬上會想到“家、家人”這些含義，這么就會不自覺中將答案限定在了A、C、D中，而在短文hiswifeandfamily這一語境中family顯然指是children。第22頁8．魚目混珠標準這種干擾法慣用于考查文章相關(guān)細節(jié)題目中，即選項中表示意思正誤并存，而且錯誤只是局部有誤。甚至干擾項所表示意思根本就沒有錯誤，只是內(nèi)容不完整、不全方面罷了，嚴格起來講，后面這個情況在沒有最正確答案項情況下能夠被選作正確答案。第23頁Moreandmorecompaniesareallowingtheirofficeworkerstowearcasualtowork.IntheUnitedStates,thechangefromformaltocasualofficewearhasbeenslow.Intheearly1990s,manycompaniesallowedtheiremployeestowearcasualclothesonFriday.Thisbecameknownas“dress-downFriday”or“casualFriday”.“Whatstartedoutasanextraone-day-a-weekbenefitforemployershasreallybecomeaneverydaything.”saidbusinessconsultantAndonyJones.Q:Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTrue?________A.Companyworkersstartedtodressdownabout20yearsago.B.Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenonsincetheearly1990s.C.“Dress-downFriday”wasfirstgivenasafavourfromemployers.D.Manyworkerswanttowearcasualclothestoimpresspeople.『個案解析』：本題答案為C。干擾項B利用了“魚目混珠法”，依據(jù)原文“Dress-downhasbecomeaneverydayphenomenon.”表示是正確，不過加上時間狀語sincetheearly1990s句意就與原意不符了，因為20世紀90年代初許多企業(yè)只允許員工星期五穿便衣。第24頁9．偷換概念標準這種干擾方法命題思緒是，在對原文進行同義轉(zhuǎn)換或解釋過程中，經(jīng)過改變一些詞匯或表示方法，使改變后意思與原文意思發(fā)生微妙或較大改變。比如：第25頁WhofirstconceivedtheideaoftheFestivalofHongKong?Towhomdidhepropose?Howdidheconvinceothersofthefeasibilityofsuchafestival?HowwastheFestivaltoldtothepeopleofthe“PearloftheOrient”?Putitinanotherway:whatpurposedidthefestivalserve?Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoymentinthegrindingworkoftheirdailylives.Q:ThepurposeoftheFestivalofHongKongis________.A.tofurnishnewspaperwithnewsB.toattracttouristsfromabroadC.toprovidereliefforworkersD.toenablepeopletorealizethatlifeisnotallwork『個案解析』：此題答案為D。選項C采取了“偷換概念”干擾方法。原文為“Thepurpose,asstatedinthenewspaperwasadoubleone:togiveHongKongpeopleasenseofsecurityafterthedisturbanceof1967andtomakeyoungpeopleandworkingpeopleawareoftheneedforabitoffunandenjoyment…”而干擾項C把原文中workingpeople偷換成workers，使范圍縮小，表示不準確。第26頁10．有意夸大標準這種干擾方法常見于說明文備選項中，即在介紹科學試驗或新科研結(jié)果時，把可能看成現(xiàn)實，把可能出現(xiàn)問題設(shè)置為已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)問題，把未然看成已然。第27頁比如：湖北省黃岡市高三模擬題Withonlyabout1,000pandasleftintheworld,Chinaisdesperatelytryingtoclone(克隆)theanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies(物種).That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearchershavebeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalled“Noah’sArk”.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggs,embryos(胚胎),semenandDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.Ifcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinct,Dr.DuaneKraemer,aprofessorinTexasA&M’SCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,saystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2,000speciesofmammals,birdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctinover100years.Thepanda,nativeonlytoChina,isindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.Thisweek,ChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryointroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.第28頁Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.“Thenucleartransfer(核子移植)ofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailable(capableofbeingused)pandaeggscouldbeamajorproblem,”Kraemerbelieves.“Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy(havingababy).Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficult,butthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.Theyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisk,soitisworththeeffort,”addsKraemer,whoisoneoftheleadersoftheProjectatTexasA&M,thefirst-everattemptatcloningadog.“Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendone,andthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyappreciatetheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded.”Q:Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe________.A.China’sSuccessinPandasCloningB.TheFirstClonedPandaintheWorldC.Exploringth