CATTI三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力講義

38/38 FILENAME大家網(wǎng)WORD模版.doc TopSCATTI三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力講義 38/38大家網(wǎng)，大家的！ 更多精品在大家！第38頁共38頁全國翻譯資格考試三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力講義目錄2009年3月21日下午15：00-17：30主要內(nèi)容：1．對(duì)于考試的了解和復(fù)習(xí)的基本策略2．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（一）定語從句，練習(xí)及其譯法2009年3月21日晚上18：30-21：00主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（二）定語從句，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2009年3月28日下午15：00-17：30主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（三）非謂語動(dòng)詞，練習(xí)及其譯法2．閱讀理解講解2009年3月28日晚上18：30-21：00主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（四）非謂語動(dòng)詞，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．閱讀理解兩篇2009年3月29日下午15：00-17：30主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（五）被動(dòng)語態(tài)，練習(xí)及其譯法2．閱讀理解講解第六節(jié)2009年3月29日晚上18：30-21：00主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（六）被動(dòng)語態(tài)，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．閱讀理解兩篇第七節(jié)2009年4月4日下午15：00-17：30主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（七）代詞及虛擬語氣，練習(xí)及其譯法2．閱讀理解講解3．完型填空基本思路講解第八節(jié)2009年4月4日晚上18：30-21：00主要內(nèi)容：1．主要語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)（八）代詞及虛擬語氣，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．詞匯一般練習(xí)3．閱讀理解兩篇第九節(jié)2009年4月11日下午15：00-17：30主要內(nèi)容：1．詞匯一般練習(xí)，形容詞和副詞的一般譯法，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯2．閱讀理解講解第十節(jié)2009年4月11日晚上18：30-21：00主要內(nèi)容：1．詞匯一般練習(xí)2．閱讀理解兩篇、完型填空基本思路講解3．最后復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)性建議推薦教材：1．《英語筆譯綜合能力3級(jí)》，外文出版社，黃源深總主編，2006年版。（黃皮書）2．《英語三級(jí)筆譯考試真題精選》，外文出版社，盧敏編，2006年版。（藍(lán)皮書）課外閱讀材料：張培基、喻云根等，《英漢翻譯教程》。上海：上海外語教育出版社，1980年版。陳宏薇，《新實(shí)用漢譯英教程》。武漢：湖北教育出版社，1996年版。柯平，《英漢與漢英翻譯教程》。北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，1993年版。呂瑞昌、喻云根，《漢英翻譯教程》。西安：陜西人民出版社，1983年版。陸殿揚(yáng)，《英漢翻譯理論與技巧》（上、下冊(cè)）。北京：時(shí)代出版社，1958年版。楊莉藜，《英漢互譯教程》。開封：河南大學(xué)出版社，1993年版。范仲英，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1994年版。馮慶華，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》。上海：上海外語教育出版社，1997年版。郭著章，《英漢互譯實(shí)用教程》。武昌：武漢大學(xué)出版社，1996年版。10．申雨平，《實(shí)用英漢翻譯教程》。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2002年版。11．古今明，《英漢翻譯基礎(chǔ)》。上海：上海外語教育出版社，2002年版。12．王恩冕、李正中，《大學(xué)英漢翻譯教程》。北京：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社，1998年版。13．李長(zhǎng)拴，《非文學(xué)翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》。北京：中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。14．姜桂華，《中式英語之鑒》。北京：清華大學(xué)出版社。15．莊繹傳，《英漢翻譯簡(jiǎn)明教程》。北京：外研社。16．許淵沖：《翻譯的藝術(shù)》，五洲傳播出版社出版。17．包惠南著：《文化語境與語言翻譯》，中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。18．何善芬等著：《英漢語言對(duì)比研究》，上海外語教育出版社。19．曾蕙蘭：《進(jìn)出口實(shí)用英語》，外文出版社?！稘h英中華文化詞典》，上海外語教育出版社。20．《翻譯研究論文集》(1894-1948、1949-1983)(《翻譯通訊》編輯部)21．《翻譯理論與翻譯技巧文集》，中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。22．Language,Culture,andTranslation，byEugeneA.Nida,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress詞法、句法流派代表作陸殿揚(yáng)：《英漢翻譯理論與技巧》，商務(wù)印書館。張培基等：《英漢翻譯教程》，上海外語教育出版社。馮樹鑒：《實(shí)用英漢翻譯技巧》，同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社。功能流派的代表作郭頤頓、張穎，《商務(wù)英漢翻譯教程》，中山大學(xué)出版社，1995年版。張鸞鈴，《實(shí)用英漢翻譯技巧》，廣東教育出版社，1996年版。譚寶全，《現(xiàn)代英語翻譯技巧》，上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1997年版。當(dāng)代譯論流派代表作柯平，《英漢與漢英翻譯教程》，北京大學(xué)出版社。楊莉藜，《英漢互譯教程》，河南大學(xué)出版社。范仲英，《實(shí)用翻譯教程》，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社。陳宏薇，《新實(shí)用漢譯英教程》，湖北教育出版社。中文語法書目呂叔湘，朱德熙：《語法修辭講話》，遼寧教育出版社。王力：《中國現(xiàn)代語法》，商務(wù)印書館。王力：《中國古代語法》，商務(wù)印書館。高名凱：《漢語語法理論》，商務(wù)印書館。呂叔湘：《語法學(xué)習(xí)》，復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社。翻譯史 馬祖毅：《中國翻譯史》，中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司。方文華：《中國翻譯史》，西北大學(xué)出版社。譚載喜：《西方翻譯簡(jiǎn)史》，商務(wù)印書館。第一節(jié)考試內(nèi)容介紹、定語從句講解、練習(xí)及譯法第一部分考試介紹一、考試題型詞匯和語法部分50題25分25分鐘閱讀理解50題55分75分鐘完型填空20題20分20分鐘二、考試要求掌握本大綱要的英語詞匯；掌握并能夠正確運(yùn)用雙語語法；具備對(duì)常用問題英語文章的閱讀理解能力。三、筆譯綜合能力試題的基本類型第一部分詞匯和語法部分可分為三大部分：詞匯選擇（VocabularyandGrammar）1-20難度大約在四級(jí)左右；詞語替代（VocabularySelection）21-40主要找出和劃?rùn)M線部分相同意思的詞匯，難度在4級(jí)到6級(jí)之間；改錯(cuò)（ErrorCorrection）主要有詞匯和語法的兩種錯(cuò)誤。第一部分考察的內(nèi)容主要為近義詞的辨析、短語介詞和動(dòng)詞詞組的搭配；語法點(diǎn)主要包括定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句、虛擬語氣、非謂語動(dòng)詞等等。在其后會(huì)分專題來講解。第二部分閱讀理解共5篇，字?jǐn)?shù)在每篇150-450字之間，絕大多數(shù)在250字左右，每篇有5到10題，不定量。題材廣泛，選題多樣。類似于四級(jí)以上難度和題型，但是和專業(yè)四級(jí)題型更加相似。第三部分為開放性完型填空，20空，共20分。題材廣泛，選題多樣。難度和專業(yè)四級(jí)等同。四、基本復(fù)習(xí)策略綜合能力課程作為三級(jí)筆譯必修的課程，主要是考察學(xué)生對(duì)于英語基本知識(shí)的了解，特別是對(duì)雙語習(xí)慣的掌握，為了能夠更好地為實(shí)務(wù)課程打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，所以希望每一位同學(xué)都不要對(duì)這門課程產(chǎn)生掉以輕心的念頭。根據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我個(gè)人推薦以下幾個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)的策略：第一、要對(duì)大綱的詞匯做到十分熟悉，這種熟悉不是簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)識(shí)，而是要學(xué)會(huì)使用，特別是在沒有字典的幫助之下可以迅速而準(zhǔn)確地判斷搭配。第二、對(duì)于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的重視，但凡是學(xué)翻譯就必須要對(duì)語法結(jié)構(gòu)有著深入的了解，這種了解不是簡(jiǎn)單地會(huì)劃分句子成分，而是將每個(gè)句子如何組合，這將決定你實(shí)務(wù)中的句型翻譯的關(guān)鍵。第三，閱讀能力要強(qiáng)。任何考試都是得閱讀者得天下，咱們的綜合能力考試也不除外。包括實(shí)務(wù)考試，如果文章內(nèi)容沒有弄明白，那么對(duì)文章的翻譯肯定是不行的。以上三點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談，僅供參考。第二部分定語從句的講解、練習(xí)及譯法1．that和which用法比較：1)which用于非限定性定語從句中。e.g.:Hesaidhewasbusy,whichwasnottrue.他說他很忙，那是假的。Wedon’twanttoenterthehouse,whichisverycold.我們不想進(jìn)房間，因?yàn)樘淞恕?)which用于介詞后做賓語。e.g.:Theroomofwhichwindowsareoppositetotheroomislarge.窗戶正對(duì)著海的房間很大。Thechairinwhichyouaresittingismadeofiron.你坐的椅子是用鋼做的。3)that一定用于“不（不定代詞作先行詞時(shí)）止（“只是”only修飾先行詞時(shí)）最（形容詞最高級(jí)修飾先行詞時(shí)）兩（先行詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)人和物）序（序數(shù)詞修飾先行詞時(shí)）”五種情況。e.g.:Allthatyouneedishelp.你所需要的是幫助。Alotofthingsandchildrenthatarefullofthecarwerelostinthedistrict.裝滿了車的東西和孩子們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)失蹤了。ThatisonlythingthatIwanttoknow.那是我唯一想知道的事情。ThelastbookthatyouboughtisthatIwantedtobuy.你買的最后一本書是我想買的。Whatisthesizeofthelargestmapthatyouhaveseenbefore?你以前見過的最大的尺寸的地圖有多大？2．定語從句的種類定語從句可分為非限定性定語從句（描繪性定語從句）和限定性定語從句。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatpersonwhoisnoisy.他們不喜歡那個(gè)吵鬧的人。*非限定性定語從句（描繪性定語從句）和先行詞關(guān)系緊密，不可省略。e.g.:Theydon’tlikethatperson,whoisnoisy.他們不喜歡那個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗臭[了。*限定性定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系疏松，用逗號(hào)和主句隔開，可以省略。它翻譯時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。語法及詞匯練習(xí)1.Thebridgewasnamed__theherowhogavehislifeforthecauseofthepeople.AafterBwithCbyDfrom2.Therewerenotickets__forFriday’sperformance.ApreferableBconsiderableCpossibleDavailable3.__theRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.AInferiortoBSuperiortoCPriortoDPreferableto4.Cancerissecondonly__heartdiseaseasacauseofdeath.AofBtoCwithDfrom5.Itwasn'tsuchagooddinner__shehadpromisedus.AthatBwhichCasDwhat6.Americanwomenwere__therighttovoteuntil1920aftermanyyearsofhardstruggle.AignoredBneglectedCrefusedDdenied7.Theydecidedtochasethecowaway__itdidmoredamage.AunlessBuntilCbeforeDalthough8.__studentwithalittlecommonsenseshouldbeabletoanswerthequestion.AEachBAnyCEitherDOne9.Themedicineisonsaleeverywhere.Youcangetitat__chemist’s.AeachBsomeCanyDcertain10.All__isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.AwhatisneededBforourneedsCthethingneededDthatisneeded11.__withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.AWhencomparedBCompareCWhilecomparingDComparing12.After__forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.AbeinginterviewedBinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed13.__shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.AThatwasfromStephenBItwasStephenwhomCItwasfromStephenthatDItwasStephenthat14.Iftheseshoesaretoobig,asktheclerktobringyouasmaller__.AsuitBsetConeDpair15.Manynew__willbeopenedupinthefutureforthosewithauniversityeducation.AopportunitiesBnecessitiesCrealitiesDprobabilities16.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe__then.AwouldhavebeenhereBhadtobehereCshouldbehereDwouldbehere17.You__allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.Aneedn’thavedoneBmustnothavedoneCshouldn’thavedoneDcannothavedone18.Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyou__it.Amustn’thavedoneBwouldn’thavedoneCmightn’thavedoneDdidn’thavetodo19.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationsforms__backbeforethedeadline.AmustbesentBwouldbesentCbesentDweresent20.We__ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.AjusthavehadBhavejusthadCjusthadDhadjusthad21.Ihadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothes__Iheardvoices.AasBwhileCafterDwhen22.Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,__somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.AunlessBuntilCwhenDwhile23.Itwasessentialthattheseapplicationforms__backasearlyaspossible.AmustbesentBwillbesentCaresentDbesent24.Thechildrenwenttheretowatchtheirontower__.AtoerectBbeerectedCerectingDbeingerected25.Theengine__smokeandsteam.AgivesupBgivesinCgivesawayDgivesoff26.Themanagerpromisedtokeepme__ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.AtobeinformedBoninformingCinformedDinforming27.Thegoals__hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.AafterwhichBforwhichCwithwhichDatwhich28.Ishouldliketorentahouse,modern,comfortableand__inaquietneighborhood.AallinallBaboveallCafterallDoverall29.__wehavefinishedthecourse,weshallstartdoingmorerevisionwork.AFornowBNowthatCEversinceDBynow30.Whatyouhavedoneis__thedoctor’sorders.AattachedtoBresponsibletoCresistanttoDcontraryto譯法：1．定語從句的前置合譯法：Onthewhole,suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.譯文：總的來說，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。2．定語從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法：Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponsewillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.譯文：行為主義者認(rèn)為,如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素,這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展,那么,兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootsinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.譯文：希臘人認(rèn)為，語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維能力過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。3．定語從句的溶合變譯法；Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.(48words)譯文：這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣的一種謬論：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而實(shí)際上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒有人愿意掙只相當(dāng)于最低生活維持費(fèi)的錢，也沒有人愿意飽食終日、無所事事。定語從句翻譯練習(xí)：1.Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.在20世紀(jì)以前,小說中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒有任何特點(diǎn),因而無法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。2.Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力,由于這個(gè)原因,在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。3.They(thepoor)arethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobsthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來說,舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段,而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng),因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。4.ThenumberoftheyoungpeopleintheUnitedStateswhocan’treadisincredibleaboutoneinfour.大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力,這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。（前置譯法）第二節(jié)語法及詞匯練習(xí)、定語從句長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯、閱讀理解講解回顧也是一種前瞻Reviewingispreparingusforthefuture第一部分語法及詞匯練習(xí)1.Johnregretted__tothemeetinglastweek.AnotgoingBnottogoCnothavingbeengoingDnottobegoing2.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare__.AoutofworkBoutofstockCoutofreachDoutofpractice3.They__inspiteoftheextremelydifficultconditions.AcarriedoutBcarriedoffCcarriedonDcarriedforward4.Mrs.Brownissupposed__forItalylastweek.AtohaveleftBtobeleavingCtoleaveDtohavebeenleft5.He’swatchingTV?He’s__tobecleaninghisroom.AknownBconsideredCregardedDsupposed6.Mycameracanbe__totakepicturesincloudyorsunnyconditions.AtreatedBadjustedCadoptedDremedied7.Anewtechnique__,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.AworkingoutBhavingworkedoutChavingbeenworkedoutDtohavebeenwordedout8.Between1974and1997,thenumberofoverseasvisitorsexpanded__27%.AbyBforCtoDin9.Childrenwhoareover-protectedbytheirparentsmaybecome__.AhurtBdamagedCspoiledDharmed10.WhenMr.Jonesgetsold,hewill__overhisbusinesstohisson.AtakeBhandCthinkDget11.Wehadapartylastmonth,anditwasalotoffun,solet’shave__onethismonth.AanotherBmoreCtheotherDother12.Noagreementwasreachedinthediscussionasneithersidewouldgivewayto__.AtheotherBanyotherCanotherDother13.Itwasdifficulttoguesswhather__tothenewswouldbe.AimpressionBreactionCcommentDopinion14.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI__.AfinishwhatIdidBfinishedwhatIdidCwouldfinishwhatIwasdoingDfinishedwhatIwasdoing15.Weareinterestedintheweatherbecauseit__ussodirectlywhatwewear,whatwedo,andevenhowwefeel.AbenefitsBaffectsCguidesDeffects16.Willallthose__theproposalraisetheirhands?AinrelationtoBincontrasttoCinexcessofDinfavorof17.Childrenareverycurious__.AatheartBinpersonConpurposeDbynature18.Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers__amatchwithoutastandardcourt.AobjectedtohavingBwereobjectedtohaveCobjectedtohaveDwereobjectedtohaving19.Themaninthecornerconfessedto__alietothemanagerofthecompany.AhavetoldBhavingtoldCbeingtoldDbetold20.Theteacherdoesn’tpermit__inclass.AsmokeBtosmokeCsmokingDtohaveasmoke21.Aswecannolongerwaitforthedeliveryofourorder,wehaveto__it.ApostponeBrefuseCdelayDcancel22.Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyou__youneed.AalltheinformationBalltheinformationsCallofinformationDalloftheinformations23.Notuntilthegamehadbegun__atthesportsground.AhadhearrivedBwouldhehavearrivedCdidhearriveDshouldhehavearrived24.Youngpeoplearenot__tostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.AconservativeBcontentCconfidentDgenerous25.MostbroadcastersmaintainthatTVhasbeenunfairlycriticizedandarguethatthepowerofthemediumis__.AgrantedBimpliedCexaggeratedDremedied26.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo__bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.AunrecordedBtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded27.Ihavenoobjection__yourstoryagain.AtohearBtohearingCtohavingheardDtohaveheard28.Theclothesapersonwearsmayexpresshis__orsocialposition.AcuriosityBstatusCdeterminationDsignificance29.Bylaw,whenonemakesalargepurchase,heshouldhave__opportunitytochangehismind.AaccurateBurgentCexcessiveDadequate30.Youwillseethisproduct__whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertisedCadvertiseDadvertising第二部分定語從句長(zhǎng)難句成分分析及翻譯練習(xí)5.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.人們常說,通過電視可以了解時(shí)事,掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到既有教育意義又有娛樂性的層出不窮的新節(jié)目。（后置譯法）6.TakinghiscuefromIbsen`sADoll`sHouse,inwhichtheheroine,Nora,leaveshomebecausesheresentsherhusband’streatingherlikeachild,thewriterLuXunwarnedthatNorawouldneedmoneytosupportherself;shemusthaveeconomicrightstosurvive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走,因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示,從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養(yǎng)活自己,她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。（句首譯法）7.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。（倒裝、定從使用）8.Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconverted,viaoxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.隨著爆發(fā)出來的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convertinto）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。9.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent，heshowsthattheslaves’preference，revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent，wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制。10.Thispreferenceforexogamy，Gutmansuggests，mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage，which，thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother，allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻（unionwithclosekin）的禁止。第三部分閱讀理解的基本理念（見PPT）第三節(jié)非謂語動(dòng)詞，練習(xí)及其譯法，閱讀理解講解及練習(xí)第一部分閱讀理解題目練習(xí)：Whenmyfirstchildwasborn,mymother-in-lawsaidtome:‘MotherhoodisawonderfuljustaslongasyourememberthatAMother’sPlaceisintheWrong.Nomatterwhatyoudo,yourchildrenwillblameyou.’Sinethattime,almostnineyearsago,Ihavecarefullymonitoredmothersandtheirgrowingoffspringtoverifythismaxim,andfoundthatindeeditcontainsmuchtruth.If,ontheotherhand,amothersendsherlittlelambtothelocalneighborhoodschool,thelittlelambwillgrumbletearslaterthathisparentsdidnotgiveafigforeducationandthatiswhyhewasilliterateandonthedole.Ifawomanhasajob,herchildrenwillspeakmournfullyoftheexperienceofbeinglatch-keykidswhoneverknewwhatitwastocomehometothejoyandsecurityofmumbakingbreadinthekitchen.Ifsheconsidersittoebesttoendthemarriage,theywillaccuseherofcausingthem‘parentaldeprivationsyndrome’andobligationthemtogrowupin‘a(chǎn)one-parentsituation’.Truly,amother’splaceisinthewrongplaceand,yea,itgoesonevenuntothethirdgeneration.Whenyourchildrenencountertroubleordifficultiesasadults,intheirownmarriagesorintheirpersonalities,whomdoyoublame?You’vegotitinone:Mother.1.Havingthoughtabouthermother-in-lawadvice,theauthor_________________.AwasinclinedtodoubttheadviceBinterviewedwomenwhosechildrenhadgrownupCdecidedtoputtheadvicetothetestDaskedadultsabouttheirchildren2.Thepassagesuggeststhatthelocalschools___________________.AmakechildrenfeelinsecurityBhaveapooreducationalrecordCallowchildrentoomuchfreedomDareforthechildrenof‘suburbancabbages’3.Accordingtothepassage,awomanwhodivorcesherhusbandwill____________________.AbebackedbyherchildrenBbeblamedbyherchildrenCusuallyblameherhusbandDsoonlosethechildren’saffection4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatmothers_________________.AarewillingtotaketheblameBareblamedunfairlyCcannotbeblamelessDcannotavoidblameTheworldwideconsumptionofbakeryfoodproductsisincreasing.Manypopulationsthatformerlyreliedsolelyonriceorcoarsergrainsastheirmainsourceofcarbohydratesshowapreferenceforcompoundedbakeryproductsasnewindustryandincreasedincomesmakethemmorewidelyaccessible.Japanisanoutstandingexampleofcountriesfollowingthistrend.TheUnitedStateshasshownasteadydownwardtrendinpercapitaconsumptionofcereal-basedfoodsformanyyears,andtheconsumptionofsweetbakeryfoods,suchascakesorpastry,hasbeenincreasinglydisplacingbreadconsumption.Probably95%ofthewhitebreadsoldintheUnitedStatesisenrichedwiththiamine,niacin,andiron,andabout30ofthestateshavelawsrequiringwhitebreadenrichment.Formerly,calciumandvitaminDwerefrequentlyaddedtoenrichedbread,butlackofconsumerdemandandquestionablenutritionalbenefitledtogradualphasingoutoftheseenrichments.Indiahasattemptedtoencourageconsumptionofprotein-enrichedbread,withsomesuccess.Exceptforresearchprojects,littlehasbeendoneinothercountries,however.Inareaswherebakeryproductscomprisealargeproportionofthediet,theycouldprovideanidealvehiclefornutritionalsupplementation.Theneedforbetterqualityinthedailydietoccursmostlyinthedevelopingcounties,wherecarbohydratesfoodsusuallyJapanisusedinthispassagetillustrateafashioninmanycountries___________.AtoenrichbreadBtoinvestmoreinfoodindustryCtoincreaseconsumptionofbakeryfoodsDtoincreasearelianceonriceandgrains2.Becauseoflittledemandandquestionablevalue____________.AcalciumandvitaminDarenolongeraddedtobreadBcereal-basedfoodsarebeingreplacedbybakeryproductsCriceandcoarsergrainsbeingreplacedbybakeryproductsDlittlehasbeendonetoencourageconsumptionofenrichedbread3.Accordingtothepassage,popularcerealscouldbethebestwayindevelopingcountriesto___.AsupplementthedietBdisplacericeconsumptionCincreaserelianceoncarbohydratesDphaseoutnecessarybreadenrichments4.Fromthepassage,welearnthatthereisaworldwidetrendtowards_____________.AenrichingthenutritionalvalueofbreadBincreasingtheconsumptionofproteinCusingbakeryproductsasasourceofcarbohydratesDusinggrains,suchasrice,asasourceofcarbohydrates第二部分非謂語動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)講解獨(dú)立主格與非謂語動(dòng)詞：獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)一：名詞（代詞）+分詞[現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞]Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper__itclosely.AfollowedBfollowingCtofollowDbeingfollowedAllthings__,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AconsideredBbeconsideredCconsideringDhavingconsidered獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with+名詞（代詞）+分詞[句子當(dāng)中作狀語]AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys__togotoschool.AtobeencouragedBbeenencouragedCbeingencouragedDbeencouraged非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語）句子的主語決定非謂語動(dòng)詞中的分詞是用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)形式。如果是句子的主語發(fā)出動(dòng)作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動(dòng)作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出，則使用過去分詞。43.Nomatterhowfrequently__,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformedperformvt.表演，演出，演奏；tobeperformed將要被演奏；beingperformed正在被演奏；一些特殊的動(dòng)詞：第一個(gè)：remember記?。?2.Iremember__tohelpusifweevergotintotrouble.AonceofferingBhimonceofferingChimtoofferDtoofferhim第二個(gè)：want想要；48.Yourhairwants__.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.AcutBcuttingCtocutDbeingcut18.Thisroomissodirtythatitwants__.AcleaningBtocleanCbeingcleanedDcleaned第三個(gè)：mean意味；25.There'samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans__trouble.AmakingBtomakeCtohavemadeDhavingmade練習(xí)：41. Itisnotdifficultto________theideathatmachinesmaycommunicateinformationtous.A)admitB)receiveC)acceptD)convince42. Ihavenottheleast________ofhurtingyourfeelings.A)conceptB)intentionC)mindD)purpose43. Astheshortageofcertainmetalsapproaches,othersmustbefoundtotaketheir________.A)shareB)placeC)roleD)shape44. Thenewpowerstationisreported________withinthreeyears.A)tohavecompletedB)tohavebeencompletedC)havingBeencompletedD)tocomplete45. Maryisinbedwithafeverandshecan’thopeto________thecoldinafewday.A)getoverB)getawayC)getoffD)getout46. Althoughtheweatherwasveryhad,thebusesstillranon________.A)listB)planC)scheduleD)arrangement47. Thesituationtodayisobviouslyquitedifferentfrom________itwasonly50yearsago.A)whatB)whichC)whenD)such48. Soon,Americanshope,therainswillreturnandeasethehardship________U.S.farmers.A)facedB)facesC)facingD)toface49. Eversincethefamilymovedtothesuburbslastyear,they________betterhealth.A)couldhaveenjoyedB)havebeenenjoyingC)hadenjoyedD)areenjoying50. Itismucheasiertotalkaboutsocialchangethanto________.A)bringitonB)bringitaboutC)burningitupD)bringitout51. Janewashitontheheadbytherobberandwasknocked________.A)mindlessB)unawareC)brainlessD)unconscious52. Helikesdoingsomereadingathometothecinema.A)thantogoB)thangoingC)morethangoingD)ratherthantogo53. ________neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.A)AccusedofB)AccusingofC)ThathewasaccusedofD)Tobeaccusedof54. Iboughtanewhouselastyear,butI________myoldhouseyet,soatthemomentIhavetwohouses.A)didnotsellB)donotsellC)hadnotsoldD)havenotsold55. Shedidn’tregretpaying200dollarsforthebookcase.Asamatterorafact,shewouldgladlyhavepaid________forit.A)asmuchtwiceB)muchastwiceC)astwicemuchD)twiceasmuch56. BythetimeyougettoBeijingtomorrow,I________forShanghai.A)amleavingB)shouldhaveleftC)willleaveD)havealreadyleft57. Itwasessentialthatallthenecessarydocuments________tothepresident’sofficebeingtheendofthismonth.A)behandedinB)mustbehandedinC)shouldD)hadbeenhandedin58. Thecarisquite________ofpetrol.A)economicB)economicalC)savingD)sparing59. Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI________here50minutessooner.A)wouldbeB)shouldbeC)hadbeenD)wouldhavebeen60. ________hisgreatwealth,healwaysremainedamanofsimpletastes.A)ExceptforB)WithregardtoC)DespiteD)Although61. Thesocksweretoosmallanditwasonlyby________themthathemanagedtogetthemon.A)spreadingB)extendingC)lengtheningD)stretching62. Languagecanbedefinedasatoolbywhichhumanbeings________withoneanother.A)associateB)connectC)communicateD)correspond63. Asasmallboy,hewasslow________learningtoreadandwrite.A)onB)withC)inD)about64. Tonywas________amileofthehotelwhenheranoutofpetrol.A)withinB)insideC)aboutD)off65. Ithasbeenrathercostlytoinstallthemachinery,butitwillprovetobeworththemoney________.A)inthelongrunB)inconclusionC)atlonglastD)attheend66. Idon’tknowwhyhe________inthemiddleofasentence.A)brokeoffB)brokeoutC)brokethroughD)brokeaway67. I’msorryAndydidn’twanttogototheconference.________willingtogowewouldhavepaidallhisexpenses.A)BeingB)WasheC)HehadbeenD)Hadhebeen68. Theministerwastheperson________.A)whomthestatedinnerwasgiveninhonourB)forwhomthestatedinnerwasgivenhonourC)whosehonourthestatedinnerwasgivenD)inwhosehonourthestatedinnerwasgiven69. Theyoungdriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit________ontheway.A)goeswrongB)wouldgowrongC)wentwrongD)shouldgowrong70. Johnhadbeenworkinghardand________.A)sohisbrotherhadB)sohadhisbrotherC)sowashisbrotherD)sohisbrotherdid第三節(jié)非謂語動(dòng)詞的譯法1．Evenwhenweturnoffthebesidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.（現(xiàn)在分詞正常使用）即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí),電仍在為我們工作:幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱,把水加熱,或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。2．Takingthetrain,thetwofriendsarrivedinBerlininlateOctober1922,andwentdirectlytotheaddressofChou-EnLai.他們兩個(gè)人坐火車于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩來的住處。Thefarmerof1800,usingahandsickle,couldhopetocutafifthofahectareofwheataday.在1800年，一個(gè)農(nóng)民，使用鐮刀，在一天內(nèi)可望收割五分之一公頃小麥。3