小學(xué)語法匯總

1、一、名 詞表示某一事物，有具體的和抽象的之分。分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。強調(diào)：不可數(shù)名詞都默認(rèn)為單數(shù)，所以總是用is或者was；最好不要根據(jù)some、any、a lot of等詞去作判斷，以免受誤導(dǎo)。1、可數(shù)名詞如何變“復(fù)數(shù)形式”：a一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；讀音：清輔音后讀s，濁輔音和元音后讀z。b以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；讀音：iz。部分以o結(jié)尾的加es（mango，Negro, h

2、ero, potato, tomato讀音：z。c以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；讀音：z。d以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；讀音：z。foo變ee foot-feet, tooth-teeth，goose-geese（切記：只有這三個）g. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：mouse-mice, child-children, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewo

3、man-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, milkman-milkmenfish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)。如果要計算不可數(shù)名詞所表達的數(shù)量，就得在數(shù)詞和不可數(shù)名詞之間加上“量詞+of”。例如：a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice判斷步驟： 如是am、is或was原形讀句子讀該單詞認(rèn)識該單詞理解意思看be動詞 如是are或were加s或es練一練：1、寫出下列各詞的復(fù)數(shù)。 I _ him _

4、 this _ her _ watch _ mango_child _ photo _ diary _ day_ foot_ dress _ tooth_ sheep _ box_ strawberry _ thief _ engineer_ peach_ sandwich _ man_ woman_ leaf_ people_2、用所給名詞的正確形式填空。（1）Are there two ( box ) on the table?（2）I can see some ( people ) in the cinema.（3）How many ( day ) are there in a week

5、?（4）Herere five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you.（5）This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there.二、冠 詞是一種虛詞，不能獨立使用，通常放在名詞的前面，分為“不定冠詞”和“定冠詞”兩種。1、不定冠詞：a、an。用在單數(shù)名詞前，表示“一個，一件”。an用在以元音“音素”開頭的單詞前。如：an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour2、定冠詞：the。用在單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。the沒有具體意思，有時翻譯為這、

6、那。它的基本用法： （1）用來表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new. （2）表示說話者雙方都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please. （3）表示再次提到前面談過的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful. （4）用在表示世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：the sun太陽 the moon月亮 the earth地球 （5）用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。如：the Great Wall長城 （6）用在江河、湖海等專有名詞前。如：the Changjiang

7、River長江 （7）此外，序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級、樂器名稱等詞前面和一些習(xí)慣用語中一般都用定冠詞the。如：the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class確定用a、an還是the時可根據(jù)漢語意思。練一練：1、用a或an填空。 “U” ice-cream goalkeeper teapot apple English book office unit hour umbrella2、根據(jù)需要，填寫冠詞a，an或the。（1）Who is girl behind tree?（2） old man has two child

8、ren, son and daughter.（3）This is orange. orange is Lucys.（4）He likes playing guitar. We have same hobby.（5）We all had good time last Sunday.（6）She wants to be doctor.三、數(shù) 詞我們學(xué)過兩類：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)用于表示數(shù)量多少，而基數(shù)詞用于表示次序，常在日期中出現(xiàn)。區(qū)別：基數(shù)詞前面沒有“the”；序數(shù)詞前一定要有“the”。1、超過二十以上的兩位數(shù)需要在個位和十位之間加上“-”。如：21 twenty-one2、三位數(shù)以上的則需要

9、在百位數(shù)后再加上and。如：101 a/one hundred and one3、用基數(shù)詞來修飾可數(shù)名詞時，一定別忘了它的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：十八個男孩 eighteen boys4、用基數(shù)詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞時，如是復(fù)數(shù)，變它的量詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：兩碗米飯 two bowls of rice5、序數(shù)詞一般加“th”，特殊的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二十以外的整十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth “第幾十幾”：前面整十不變，后面“幾”改為序數(shù)詞。如：88 eighty-eighth練一練：

10、1、請翻譯下列短語。 （1）60名學(xué)生 （2）15本英語書 （3）九杯涼水 （4）4個孩子 （5）12月31 （6）6月2日 （7）第九周 （8）40年前 （9）11+7 （10）上學(xué)第一天 2、把下列基數(shù)詞改成序數(shù)詞。one- two- three- nine- fourteen- twenty- thirty-five- 四、代 詞有兩種：人稱代詞和物主代詞。1、人稱代詞分為：第一、第二、第三人稱，且有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。2、人稱代詞的主格在句中做主語，一般用在動詞前（疑問句除外）；賓格在句中做賓語，多用于動詞、介詞后。3、形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用，后面一定要跟名詞，表示該名詞是屬于誰的。4

11、、名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。如： This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.一般看后面有沒有名詞，如有，就用形容詞性物主代詞；如無，就用名詞性物主代詞。 請牢記下表：人稱代詞物主代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格形容詞性名詞性形容詞性名詞性第一人稱Imeweusmymineourours第二人稱youyouyouyouyouryoursyouryours第三人稱hehimtheythemhishistheirtheirssheherherhersitititsits練一練：1、按要求寫出相

12、應(yīng)人稱代詞。I（賓格） she（形容詞性物主代詞） we（名詞性物主代詞） he（復(fù)數(shù)） us（單數(shù)） theirs（主格） its（賓格） 2、想一想，把下表補充完整。IitwemeyouthemmyHisyourminehers3、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1）That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2）The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she ) 3）Is this _ watch? ( you ) No, its not _ . ( I ) 4）_ is my

13、brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he ) 5）_ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _? ( you ) 6）Show _ your kite, OK? ( they ) 7）I have a beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it ) 8）Are these _ tickets? No, _ are not _. _ arent here. ( they ) 9）Shall _ have a look at

14、 that classroom? That is _ classroom. ( we ) 10）_ is my aunt. Do you know _ job? _ a nurse. ( she ) 11）Where are _? I cant find _. Lets call _ parents. ( they ) 12）Dont touch _. _ not a cat, _ a tiger! ( it )13）_ sister is ill. Please go and get _. ( she ) 14）The girl behind _ is our friend. ( she )

15、五、形容詞、副詞1、形容詞表示某一事物或人的特征，副詞表示某一動作的特征。形容詞和副詞有三種形式：原形、比較級、最高級。比較級：+er 最高級：the +est兩個重要特征：asas中間一定用原形，than的前面一定要+er。2、形容詞、副詞比較級的規(guī)則變化如下：（1）一般直接+er。如：tall - taller, fast - faster 單音節(jié)詞如果以-e結(jié)尾，只加-r。如：late - later（2）重讀閉音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個輔音字母，須雙寫這個字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat - fatter（3）以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i，再加-er。如：hea

16、vy - heavier, early - earlier（4）雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞的比較級應(yīng)在原級前加more構(gòu)成。如：beautiful - more beautiful, careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting（5）有些不規(guī)則變化的，須逐一加以記憶。如：good/well better, bad/ill worse, many/much more, far farther/further, old older/elder練一練：1、寫出下列形容詞、副詞的比較級。big goo

17、d long tall old short thin heavy young fat light strong high far low early late well fast slow 2、用括號內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1) I can swim as ( fast ) as the fish, I think.2) Look! His hands are ( big ) than mine.3) I think you do these things ( well ) than your classmates.4) Whose bag is ( heavy ), yours or mi

18、ne?5) Does Jim run as ( slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs ( slow ) than them.6) You have seven books, but I have ( many ) than you. I have ten.7) I jump ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.8) Im very ( thin ), but shes ( thin ) than me.9) It gets and ( warm ) when spring comes here.六、介 詞1、一種

19、虛詞。不能單獨作句子成分，它只有跟它后面的賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，才能在句子中起作用。有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of, fromto, at the back of2、表示時間的介詞有：at, on, in。（1）at表示“在某一個具體的時間點上”，或用在固定詞組中。如：at ten oclock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend（2）on表示“在某日或某日的時間段”。如：on

20、 Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning（3）in表示“在某一段時間（月份、季節(jié)）里”。如：in the afternoon, in September, in summer, in 20053、in一詞還有其他的固定搭配，如：in blue（穿著藍色的衣服），in English（用英語表達），take part in（參加）。練一練：1、選用括號內(nèi)恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。1) Whats this ( at, on, in ) English?2) Christmas is ( at, on, in ) the 25th of Dece

21、mber.3) The man ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hais father.4) He doesnt do well ( at, on, in ) PE.5) Look at those birds ( on, in ) the tree.6) We are going to meet ( at, on, in ) the bus stop ( at, on, in ) half past ten.7) Is there a cat ( under, behind, in ) the door?8) Helens writing paper is ( in

22、, in front of ) her computer.9) We live ( at, on, in ) a new house now.10) Does it often rain ( at, on, in ) spring there?2、圈出下列句子中運用不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，并將正確的答案寫在橫線上。1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now. 3) They are talking to their plans. _4) How many students have their

23、 birthdays on May? 5) Womens Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning. 7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English? 9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival? 七、動 詞這里所說的動詞是指各種動詞總稱，其中包括be動詞、情態(tài)動詞、

24、助動詞、行為動詞（就是我們平時總說的那種動詞）。動詞、名詞和形容詞不太容易區(qū)分，如不能一眼看出，可用如下方法：先用“一（量詞）”（如：一個、一張等）和這個詞連起來說，如說得通，一般認(rèn)為是名詞；說不通再用“很”去判斷，就是把“很”和為個詞連起來說，說得通一般就是形容詞；都說不通就是動詞。（目前我們學(xué)過的，以后可能不同）（另外一些很明顯的，如人稱代詞、數(shù)詞、情態(tài)動詞等一下就可以知道） 1、be動詞（ am, is, are, was, were ）1）amwas, is was, are-were 口訣：我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它，所有復(fù)數(shù)全用are。2）肯定和否定句 I am (n

25、ot) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not) long. Her eyes are(not) small. 3）一般疑問句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they arent. Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. 4）be動詞的否定形式：am not（沒有縮寫形式），are not = a

26、rent ，is not = isnt 。1. be動詞。 練一練： 1、用be動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1）I _ a boy. _ you a boy? No, I _ not. 2）The girl_ Jacks sister. 3）The dog _ tall and fat. 4）The man with big eyes _ a teacher.5）_ your brother in the classroom? 6）How _ your father? 7）Mike and Liu Tao _ at school. 8）Whose dress _ this? 9）Whose socks

27、 _ they? 10）Who _ I? 11）The jeans _ on the desk. 12）Here _ a scarf for you. 13）Here _ some sweaters for you. 14）The black gloves _ for Su Yang. 15）This pair of gloves _ for Yang Ling. 16）The two cups of milk _ for me. 17）Some tea _ in the glass. 18）Gao shans shirt _ over there. 19）My sisters name _N

28、ancy.20）_ David and Helen from England? 21）There _ a girl in the room. 22）There _ some apples on the tree. 23）_ there any apple juice in the bottle? 24）There _ some bread on the plate. 25）You, he and I _ from China.26）There _ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park. 2、情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞也是一類特殊的動詞

29、，平時我們不把它說成是動詞。情態(tài)動詞可以和行為動詞同時出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中。我們現(xiàn)在學(xué)過的情態(tài)動詞有：can、must、should、would、may、could、shall。注意：情態(tài)動詞后動詞總是用原形。（不受其他任何條件影響）其否定形式：can not = cant, must not = mustnt, 注意：may not和shall not（無縮寫形式）練一練：選擇填空。( ) 1) The sign on the wall means you stay away from the building. A. must B. cant C. shouldnt( ) 2) How ma

30、ny books you see on the desk? A. may B. can C. should( ) 3) It means you make noise in the library. A. should B. shouldnt C. can( ) 4) - you like a glass of milk? - Yes, please. A. May B. Could C. Would( ) 5) - you see the sign over there? - Sorry, I cant. A. Can B. Cant C. Should( ) 6) we go to the

31、 park by bus? A. May B. Must C. Shall3、助動詞（ do, does, did ）do, does用于一般現(xiàn)在時，其過去式did用于一般過去時。它們通常用在疑問句和否定句中。它們的否定形式：do not = dont, does not = doesnt, did not = didnt。注意：在一般現(xiàn)在時中，does用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其余一律用助動詞do；助動詞do, does, did后面一定要用動詞原形。練一練：1、用適當(dāng)?shù)闹鷦釉~填空。1) you like this magazine? 2) The girl like bread for break

32、fast.3) -What she at the weekends? -She usually plays games with her friends.4) -What you do last Sunday? -I wrote to my friend.5) -Did you see a Beijing opera? -No, I .6) He not visit a farm last National Day holiday. 7) They not like playing volleyball.8) - Jim have a picnic with his family every

33、Saturday? -Yes, he .9) Helen and Yang Ling go to school on foot every day?10) -How many kites we have? -We have ten.2、找出下列句子中的錯誤，將序號填入題前括號內(nèi)，并改正。( ) 1) Did you had a big lunch with your family last Spring Festival? A B C( ) 2) -What do the boy have in his pencil-box? -He has a rubber. A B C( ) 3) The

34、y doesnt like the film. A B C( ) 4) Do Jim get up at six everyday? A B C ( ) 5) Dont giving the ball to Liu Tao. A B C 4、行為動詞 就是我們平時上課時說的動詞，表示某一動作或行為。如：sweep、live等。行為動詞我們已學(xué)過它們的四種形式：原形、第三人稱單數(shù)+s/es、現(xiàn)在分詞（也叫動名詞）+ing、過去式+ed。 （1）動詞第三人稱單數(shù)變化規(guī)則：A、一般直接加“s”，如：play plays, visit visits, speak speaks ；B、以“s”，“x”，

35、“sh”，“ch”結(jié)尾時，加“es”，如：catch catches, watch watches ；C、以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾時，變“y”為“i”再加“es”，如：carry carries, study studies 。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞（動名詞）構(gòu)成規(guī)則：A、一般直接加“ing”，如：go going, do doing, look looking ；B、以不發(fā)音的“e”結(jié)尾的單詞，去“e” 加“ing”，如：take taking, make making, have having ；C、以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞，如末尾只有一個輔音字母，需要雙寫這個字母再加“ing”，如：put putti

36、ng, stop stopping, run running, get getting, swim swimming, sit sitting, begin beginning, jog jogging, forget forgetting 。（3）過去式構(gòu)成規(guī)則：A、一般直接加“ed”，如：plant planted, visit visited, pick picked ；B、以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾，直接加“ed”，如：like liked, hope hoped, taste tasted ；C、以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾時，變“y”為“i”再加“ed”，如：try tried, carry

37、 carried, study studied ；D、有些動詞要雙寫最后一個字母，再加“ed”，如：stop stopped ；E、還有很多動詞的過去式是不規(guī)則的，請記憶：是-am(be)-was-being；是-are(be)-were-being；是-be-was, were-being；成為-become-became-becoming；開始-begin-began-beginning；彎曲-bend-bent-bending；吹-blow-blew-blowing；買-buy-bought-buying；能-can-could-；捕捉-catch-caught-catching；選擇-

38、choose-chose-choosing；來-come-came-coming；切-cut-cut-cutting；做-do, does-did-doing；畫-draw-drew-drawing；飲-drink-drank-drinking；吃-eat-ate-eating；感覺-feel-felt-feeling；發(fā)現(xiàn)-find-found-finding；飛-fly-flew-flying；忘記-forget-forgot-forgetting；得到-get-got-getting；給-give-gave-giving；走-go-went-going；成長-grow-grew-grow

39、ing；有-have, has-had-having；聽-hear-heard-hearing；受傷-hurt-hurt-hurting；保持-keep-kept-keeping；知道-know-knew-knowing；學(xué)習(xí)-learn-learned, learnt-learning；允許，讓-let-let-letting；躺-lie-lay-lying；制造-make-made-making；可以-may-might-；意味-mean-meant-meaning；會見 -meet-met-meeting；必須-must-must-；放置-put-put-putting；讀-read-r

40、ead-reading；騎、乘-ride-rode-riding；響、鳴-ring-rang-ringing；跑-run-ran-running；說-say-said-saying；看見-see-saw-seeing；將-shall-should-；唱歌-sing-sang-singing；坐下-sit-sat-sitting；睡覺-sleep-slept-sleeping；說-speak-spoke-speaking；度過-spend-spent-spending 。練一練：1、寫出下列動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)。drink _go _stay _make _look _have _pass _ca

41、rry _come _watch _plant _fly _study _brush _do _teach_ take_ see_ 2、寫出下列動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。put _give _fly _get_dance _sit_ run _plant _take _swim _ask _stop _take _write _have _smoke _ think_ want_ tell_ 3、寫出下列動詞的過去式。isam _fly _plant _are _drink _play _go _make _does _dance _worry _ask _taste _eat _draw _put _

42、throw _kick _pass _do_ 4、用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。（1）I _to school from Monday to Friday. My brother often _to school with me. Yesterday we _to school together. We like _to school very much. ( go )（2）They usually _lunch at home. But last week, they _lunch at school. ( have )（3）That_my English book. It _new. But no

43、w it _not here. It _there a moment ago.( be )（4）My sister likes _very much. She often _at our school festival. Last term, she _a lot of songs in the school hall. She _beautifully. ( sing )（5）What _ he usually _on Sunday?He usually _his homework. Look! He _his homework now._he _his homework last Sund

44、ay?Yes, he_.( do )（6）Do people usually_ moon cakes at Mid-autumn Festival? Yes, they do. Did you _moon cakes last Mid-autumn Festival? Yes, I did. I _a lot of delicious moon cakes. ( eat ) 八、there/here be結(jié)構(gòu)1、there be結(jié)構(gòu)表示“某時、某地存在著什么事物或人”，包括there is、there are、there was、there were。here be結(jié)構(gòu)與它類似，用法也完全相同

45、，只不過是表示“這里存在著什么事物或人”。2、和have、has、had的區(qū)別：（1）There be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人） ；而have、has、had表示：某人擁有某物。（2）在there be 句型中，主語是單數(shù)，be 動詞用is；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，be 動詞用are；如有幾件物品，be 動詞根據(jù)最近be 動詞的那個名詞決定“就近原則”。 （3）there be 句型的否定句在be 動詞后加not , 一般疑問句把be 動詞調(diào)到句首。 （4）there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人擁有某物。 （5）so

46、me和any在there be 句型中的運用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑問句。 （6）and 和or 在there be句型中的運用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑問句。（7）針對數(shù)量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是： How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語？ How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語？ （8）針對主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是： Whats + 介詞短語？ （9）There be結(jié)構(gòu)一般用在句子的開頭，而have等詞只能用于某一個主語后面。練一練：1、用恰當(dāng)?shù)腷e動詞填空。1) There four seasons in a year. 2) There