長(zhǎng)城英文介紹-中英文對(duì)照 2.ppt

1、,The Great Wall of China,The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are ref

2、erred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was

3、 built during the Ming Dynasty.,The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The most comprehensive archaeological survey has recently concluded that the entire Great Wall, with all of its bra

4、nches, stretches for 8,851.8km. This is made up of 6,259.6km sections of actual wall, 359.7km of trenches and 2,232.5km of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.,The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn Period. During t

5、he Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi and Yan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. To protect the empire agai

6、nst intrusions by the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empires new northern frontier. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today.,Later, the Han, Sui and Jin d

7、ynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders. Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions. However, when the gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by Wu San

8、gui, the Manchus quickly seized Beijing and established the Qing Dynasty. Under Qing rule, Chinas borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so construction and repairs on the Great Wall were discontinued.,從春秋時(shí)代開始，我國古代人民便已熟悉城墻建造技術(shù)。在從公元前5世紀(jì)至公元前221年的戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，秦、魏、趙、齊和燕各國建立廣

9、泛的防御工事來保衛(wèi)自己的邊界。公元前221年，秦始皇征服了所有反對(duì)國家而統(tǒng)一了個(gè)國，建立秦朝。為了避免匈奴人的入侵，他下沿著整個(gè)國家的北部邊界建立新的城墻，以連接殘留的防御工事。古城墻大部分已侵蝕了數(shù)百年，只有極少數(shù)路段保留至今。后來的長(zhǎng)城由漢，隋和晉朝以極大的代價(jià)來修理，改建或是擴(kuò)建長(zhǎng)城以捍衛(wèi)自己免于北方的侵略。在15世紀(jì)40-60年代，明朝修建了所謂的“遼東長(zhǎng)城”。明朝末年，長(zhǎng)城抵御了滿清帝國入侵。然而，當(dāng)山海關(guān)隘口被吳三桂打開后，滿族人迅速占領(lǐng)了北京，建立了清朝。在清朝統(tǒng)治下，中國的邊界一直延伸到長(zhǎng)城之外和蒙古，所以建造和維修長(zhǎng)城的工事被停止。,1. North Pass of Juyo

10、ngguan pass, known as the Badaling. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8meters (25.6ft) high and 5meters (16.4ft) wide. “北通”居庸關(guān)，也就是八達(dá)嶺。由石頭和磚塊砌成，這部分長(zhǎng)城高7.8米（25.6英尺）寬5米（16.4英尺）。 2. “West Pass” of Jiayuguan . This fort is near the western edges of the Great Wall

11、. “西通”嘉峪關(guān)。這個(gè)要塞靠近長(zhǎng)城的西部邊緣。 3. East Pass of Shanhaiguan. This fort is near the eastern edges of the Great Wall. “東通”山海關(guān)。這個(gè)要塞靠近長(zhǎng)城的東部邊緣。,The Great Wall is the mightiest work of man, the only one that would be visible to the human eye from the moon. - Richard Halliburton 長(zhǎng)城是人類最偉大的工程，是唯一可以從月球上直接用肉眼看到的東西。 理

12、查德哈里伯頓。 The Great Wall is a maximum 9.1 m (30 ft) wide, and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it. Based on the optics of resolving power, only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 70 mi (110 km) or more in diameter would be visible to the unaided eye from the m

13、oon. The apparent width of the Great Wall from the moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 2 miles away. To see the wall from the moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal vision. Unsurprisingly, no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall

14、 from the moon. 長(zhǎng)城最寬是9.1米（30英尺），顏色和周圍土壤的顏色相似。基于光學(xué)分辨能力，人們從月球上直接用肉眼可以看到直徑70英里（110公里）以上的物體。從月球表面看長(zhǎng)城的寬度就好比從2英里外看人類的頭發(fā)一樣。要從月球上看到長(zhǎng)城的話將需要優(yōu)于正常視力17,000倍的空間分辨率。因此，月球的宇航員從未聲稱已經(jīng)從月球上看到長(zhǎng)城也就不奇怪。,A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low earth orbit (an altitude of as little as 100 miles (160 km). NASA claims t