閱讀理解二節(jié)閱讀七選五分析及教學(xué)建議.ppt

閱讀理解第二節(jié) （閱讀七選五） 分析及教學(xué)建議,廣州市教育研究院 鎮(zhèn)祝桂 ,從小學(xué)六年級的語文作業(yè)（排序）所想到的： （ ）我的家住在江南的一個小鎮(zhèn)里。 （ ）小溪的兩邊，錯落有致地分布著一個個小院落。 （ ）花香鳥語，潺潺流水，給小鎮(zhèn)增添了無窮樂趣。 （ ）一條清澈的小溪從遠方流進小鎮(zhèn)中心，又默默地 流出。 （ ）院落前后，隨處可見一叢叢花草和一株株高大的 樹，那是鳥雀的天堂。,主位、述位概念,主 述 位 Theme & Rheme Theory,主 位,述 位,主 位 + 述 位,已知信息 Starting point : given information,已知信息+新信息 以舊帶新,新信息 New information,主位推進模式“類型”,3. 派生主位推進模式-同一主位貫穿于其后語義緊密相聯(lián)的句子中,我們都應(yīng)該為西部大開發(fā)做貢獻，我們是新時期青年，我們責(zé)無旁貸。,2.連貫主位模式-第一句的述位成為以后各句的主位,小林很喜歡這只小狗。小狗渾身雪白。這白色從遠處看來就像一團雪絨花。,1.簡單線性主位化推進模式-第一句的述位成為第二句的主位,愛迪生發(fā)明了電燈。電燈給我們帶來了光明。電燈使我們不再懼怕黑暗。,研讀: 1. 2016年廣州一模作文 Im doing a project on how British and Chinese students spend their winter holidays. In China, the winter vacation is usually about twenty days long. It falls during the Chinese New Year, so most students take part in different Spring Festival activities, such as visiting family, eating lots of foods, and most importantly, getting lucky money! During the holiday many students will also go travelling with their parents. Unfortunately they cant travel for long though because Chinese students always have a lot of homework to do during this break. Many must even attend special holiday classes.,2016年廣州一模作文,研讀: 2. 2012年廣東高考書面表達范文,Allan Stewart, of Australian nationality, was born on March 7th, 1915. He got his first degree in1936, and them his second degree of Doctor of Medicine. He believes that one is never too old to challenge himself. Therefore, in his eighties, he decided to study law, and in 2006 he set a world record for becoming the oldest person to get a masters degree. Because he was good at arranging his study time, he got praise from his teacher, and in 2012 he managed to get his fourth degree by network learning.,The and rheme theory,My father just bought a new houseThere are four bedrooms and two bathroomsI can see the garden behind the house from my bedroom windowMy father has planted fruit trees in the garden,My father just bought a new houseIn the house，there are four bedrooms and two bathrooms From my bedroom window I can see the garden behind the house In the garden my father has planted fruit trees,語段對比,缺乏主述位意識， 內(nèi)容松散，語段不自然。,My father bought a new house In the house，there are four bedrooms and two bathrooms From my bedroom window I can see the garden behind the house In the garden my father has planted fruit trees,theme,rheme,theme,rheme,theme,rheme,theme,rheme,rheme,篇章渾然一體,語 段自然流暢,主位推進模式,用主述位推進原理填空： Mary likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. _is that she has more privacy in a home. _is that it is easy to study in a private home. _is,The first reason,The second,The third,1.An English speaking contest will be held. The Students Union organizes the contest.,2. An English speaking contest will be held. It is organized by the Students Union.,3. An English speaking contest will be held, which is organized by the Students Union.,4. An English speaking contest will be held, organized by the Students Union.,用主述位推進原理改寫句子：,Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 . Trust is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake. A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D. Remember that you can expect the best in return. E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships. G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.,2015年全國卷,Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. 37. Its understandable, but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there. A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D. Remember that you can expect the best in return. E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again. F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships. G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.,培養(yǎng)語篇意識 （How is an idea worded?） Example: （小語篇） The pressure on the students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. The other part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.,Secret codes (密碼) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”,2016全國卷I,A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.,38 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Lets number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.,A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.,中心詞,一、為何考？,課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對閱讀能力，寫作能力以及閱讀能力評價三個方面的部分要求：學(xué)生“能識別不同文體的特征”，掌握“理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)”，“理解指代關(guān)系”，“理解邏輯關(guān)系”等14項閱讀技能，“能理解語言結(jié)構(gòu)有一定難度或有一定新語言現(xiàn)象的文段”，“能區(qū)分主要觀點、事實與一般支撐性事實，能辨識文段主旨的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)”，“能分辨和理解文段、語篇中主要信息及觀點的邏輯組織結(jié)構(gòu)，了解各部分相互關(guān)系”，并“能寫出語意連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，文體規(guī)范的短文”。 “考試大綱”對于閱讀的要求 ：“要求考生能讀懂書、報、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能： （5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）” 語言學(xué)習(xí)的需要：要求考生不但具備詞匯、句子、語段、語篇等方面的知識，而且要有辯證、綜合、分析、歸納方面的邏輯思維能力。這一題型能提高閱讀能力和寫作能力，更能促進思維能力的發(fā)展。,二、怎樣考？,命題時，選取一篇結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、內(nèi)容連貫、邏輯線索清晰的短文（300詞左右），從中挖出5個句子設(shè)空。將這5個句子連同2個干擾性句子，形成7個選項。 要求考生根據(jù)上下文的詞匯、內(nèi)容以及篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，弄清楚文章的主旨和段落主題、作者的寫作意圖，從所給的7個選項中選出最佳選項，使填入選項后的短文意思通順、前后連貫。所選的答案是段落中的一句話（或者是段落的小標(biāo)題）或者是段落中的主題句。,三、考什么？（1）,三、考什么？（2）,這些年高考所涉及的文章都是結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰的說明文，其中以“建議”為內(nèi)容的說明文為主。所選材料都是學(xué)生比較熟悉的話題。除2013年的考題外，其余年的考題都是主題段（1-2段）加上分述段（3-4段）的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，分述段分述各種建議或者步驟。文章的第一句都沒有設(shè)空，有幾年的第一題就設(shè)在第二句?？键c設(shè)置在主題段支撐句，分述段的小標(biāo)題、主旨句或者是分述段的支撐句，有體現(xiàn)句子之間的承接關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、總述關(guān)系以及上下義關(guān)系，同時也有體現(xiàn)詞匯重復(fù)的兩種方式：簡單重復(fù)方式及復(fù)雜重復(fù)方式。 各年難度有波動，體現(xiàn)命題者對難度的調(diào)整。每年均有1-2個題較難。2013-2015的難度較大。,四、閱讀填空的知識與能力要求（1）,語篇方面的知識與能力： （1）文本特征 （如文章的標(biāo)題與小標(biāo)題，斜體字、黑體字、不同字體、下劃線的使用，點列，圖表，圖片等的使用）。 （2）語篇中的詞匯模式（承上、搭配、與詞匯銜接）詞匯銜接方式（重復(fù)、泛指、相似性、分類關(guān)系、組合搭配）。 （3）作者提綱思想發(fā)展的邏輯性（文章各段落間的先后關(guān)系，段落擴展的方式，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)例如主題句、過渡句、總結(jié)句，段落的特點（單義段，多義段）等。 （4）結(jié)構(gòu)銜接（結(jié)構(gòu)銜接和指稱銜接，替代，省略，同構(gòu)關(guān)系等） （5）邏輯連接（添加、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、時空；詳述、延伸、增強） （6）語篇的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)（敘述語體結(jié)構(gòu)“情景-問題-解決-評估”模式；辯論語體結(jié)構(gòu)（五種）；科技語體結(jié)構(gòu)“目的-提出建議/介紹研究步驟/敘述結(jié)果/顯示圖表/說明意義”等）,四、閱讀填空的知識與能力要求（2）,寫作方面的知識與能力： （1）句子寫作的知識（句子的類型、句子的統(tǒng)一與連貫）。 （2）段落寫作的知識（段落的統(tǒng)一、連貫與過渡；段落的發(fā)展方式，如時間、空間、過程、舉例、對比與比較、因果、分類、定義等）。 （3）篇章寫作的知識（篇章組織的一些原則；篇章開頭結(jié)尾的方式；文章體裁等）。 總之：對語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征的識別與解讀； 對語篇文本特征的識別與解讀； 對語篇語言特征的識別與解讀； 對語篇邏輯與內(nèi)容（連貫與銜接）的識別與解讀,對語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征的識別與解讀,語篇結(jié)構(gòu)類型： 總-分-總；總-分；分-總；平行并列結(jié)構(gòu) 記敘：先敘后議；順敘；倒敘 議論：立論-論證-結(jié)論 提出概念-解釋、拓展概念-總結(jié) （引入）-問題-對策-（評價） 問題-假設(shè)-研究過程-結(jié)果分析-結(jié)論，等 語段句子類型：（功能與位置） 標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題、主題句、引入句、過渡句、拓展句、總結(jié)句（段首、段中、段末）,對語篇文本特征的識別與解讀, 標(biāo)題 小標(biāo)題 點列 標(biāo)注 強調(diào)內(nèi)容（黑體、斜體、大寫、下劃線等） 特殊標(biāo)點（破折號等） 圖表、照片等,對語篇語言特征的識別與解讀, 一般語法特征：主謂一致、指代一致 典型語言特征舉例：說理性記敘文 記敘文中一連串事件之間往往存在多種關(guān)系： 發(fā)生時間的先后關(guān)系 整個過程的發(fā)展變化不同階段 事件之間的因果關(guān)系 先敘事后概括（例-理；先擺觀點后舉例,對語篇邏輯與內(nèi)容（連貫與銜接）的識別與解讀, 句子內(nèi)部及句子間的邏輯關(guān)系（及銜接標(biāo)記） 并列與遞進、原因與結(jié)果、轉(zhuǎn)折與讓步、 例證與釋義、結(jié)論與概括、承接與過渡 語段內(nèi)部內(nèi)容的連貫（及手段）：內(nèi)容一致 話題詞匯緊密相關(guān) 主語或主題詞的重現(xiàn) （重復(fù)、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞、指代）,五、怎樣備考？（1）,教師首先要充實、鞏固自己的語篇知識，然后幫助學(xué)生分析語篇，如詞匯的提示、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系等； 給學(xué)生篩選補充適合高中階段的語篇知識，有計劃、有條理地在把語篇知識納入閱讀教學(xué)中，滲透語篇知識； 在教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語篇能力及思維能力。有些段落并不是一成不變的，或者沒有明顯的主題句、支撐句，但是它會通過其他方式來表明段內(nèi)的邏輯關(guān)系，或詞匯、或意義、或邏輯關(guān)系，總是能在上下文中找到依據(jù)。 擯