遺傳學(xué)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照.doc

第一章 細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)索引細(xì)胞（cell）細(xì)胞膜（cell membrane）質(zhì)膜（plasma membrane，plasmalemma）細(xì)胞質(zhì)（cytoplasm）細(xì)胞器（organelle）基質(zhì)（cytoplasmic matrix）線粒體（mitochondria）內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（endoplasimic，ER）粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（rough reticulum，rER）滑面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）高爾基體（Golgi body）中心體（centrosome）核糖體（ribosome）附著核糖體（attached ribosomes）游離核糖體（free ribosomes）核膜（nuclear membrane）核基質(zhì)（nuclear matrix）核液（nuclear sap）核仁（nucleolus）染色質(zhì)（chromatin）常染色質(zhì)（euchromatin）異染色質(zhì)（heterochromatin）結(jié)構(gòu)異染色質(zhì)（constitutive heterochromatin）兼性異染色質(zhì)（facultative heterochromatin）染色體（chromosome）著絲粒（centromere）主縊痕（primary constriction）中著絲粒染色體（metacentric chromosome）近中著絲粒染色體（submetacentric chromosome）近端著絲粒染色體（subtelocentric chromosome）端著絲粒（telocentric chromosome）次縊痕（secondary constriction）隨體（satellite）端粒（telomere）核小體（nucleosome）螺線體（solenoid）細(xì)胞（cell）細(xì)胞膜（cell membrane）質(zhì)膜（plasma membrane，plasmalemma）細(xì)胞質(zhì)（cytoplasm）細(xì)胞器（organelle）基質(zhì)（cytoplasmic matrix）線粒體（mitochondria）內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（endoplasimic，ER）粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（rough reticulum，rER）滑面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）高爾基體（Golgi body）中心體（centrosome）核糖體（ribosome）附著核糖體（attached ribosomes）游離核糖體（free ribosomes）核膜（nuclear membrane）核基質(zhì)（nuclear matrix）核液（nuclear sap）核仁（nucleolus）染色質(zhì)（chromatin）常染色質(zhì)（euchromatin）異染色質(zhì)（heterochromatin）結(jié)構(gòu)異染色質(zhì)（constitutive heterochromatin）兼性異染色質(zhì)（facultative heterochromatin）染色體（chromosome）著絲粒（centromere）主縊痕（primary constriction）中著絲粒染色體（metacentric chromosome）近中著絲粒染色體（submetacentric chromosome）近端著絲粒染色體（subtelocentric chromosome）端著絲粒（telocentric chromosome）次縊痕（secondary constriction）隨體（satellite）端粒（telomere）核小體（nucleosome）螺線體（solenoid）超螺線體（super solenoid）核型（karyotype）核型分析（karyotype analysis）核型模式圖（idiogram）C分帶（centromere banding）Q分帶（quinacrine banding）G分帶（Giemsa banding）R分帶（reverse banding）N分帶（N banding）高分辨顯帶（high-resolution banding）細(xì)胞周期（cell cycle）間期（interphase）有絲分裂（mitosis）減數(shù)分裂（meiosis）有絲分裂期（M phase）細(xì)線期（leptonema）凝線期（synizesis）偶線期（zygonema）聯(lián)會(huì)（synapsis）聯(lián)會(huì)復(fù)合體（synaptonemal complex，SC）粗線期（pachynema）雙價(jià)體（bivalent）雙線期（diplonema）交叉端化（terminalization of chiasmata）終變期（diakinesis）濃縮期（diakinesis）染色體重建（chromosome reconstruction）缺失（deletion）重復(fù)（duplication）倒位（inversion）易位（translocation）中間缺失（interstitial deletion）假顯性現(xiàn)象（pseudo dominance）順接重復(fù)（tandem duplication）反接重復(fù)（reverse duplication）不等交換（unequal crossing over）劑量效應(yīng)（dosage effect）臂內(nèi)倒位（paracentric inversion）臂間倒位（pericentric inversion）簡(jiǎn)單易位（simple translocation）相互易位（reciprocal translocation） 移位易位（shift translocation） 復(fù)合易位（complex translocation）等臂染色體（isochromosome）單倍體（haploidy）多倍體（polyploid）異源多倍體（allopolyploid）同源多倍體（autopolyploid）雙精受精（dispermy）合子（zygote）組成型多倍體（constitutional polyploid）缺倍體（nulliploid）非整倍性（aneuploidy）亞倍體（ hypoploid）單體性（monosomy）缺對(duì)性（nullisomy）超二倍體（hyperploid）三體性（trisomy）雙三體性（ditrisomy）四體性（tetrasomy），染色體不分離（nondisjunction）后期延遲（anaphase lag）后期延遲運(yùn)動(dòng)（delayed movement，lagging）混倍性（mixoploidy）鑲嵌型（mosaicism）嵌合型（chimerism）第二章 分子遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照基因 gene外顯子exon內(nèi)含子intron基因組genome密碼子codon起始密碼子 initiator同義密碼子synonym多義密碼子ambiguous codon核糖體 ibosome表觀基因組學(xué)epigenomics啟動(dòng)子promoter增強(qiáng)子enhancer沉默子silencer化學(xué)修飾 chemical modification基因突變 gene mutation)堿基 base 回復(fù)突變 reversion)暗修復(fù) dark repair)切除修復(fù) excision repair)缺口修復(fù) gap repair錯(cuò)配修復(fù) mismatch repair重組 recombination同源重組 homologous recombination轉(zhuǎn)座 transposition)限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶 restriction endonuclease載體 vector第三章 免疫遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照免疫力 immunity免疫防 immunologic defence自我穩(wěn)定 homeostasis自身免疫病 autoimmune disease免疫監(jiān)視 immunosurveillance先天性免疫 innate immunity獲得性免疫 adaptive immunity非特異性免疫 non-special immunity特異性免疫 special immunity免疫應(yīng)答 immune response細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答 cellular immune respons體液免疫應(yīng)答 humoral immune response免疫系統(tǒng) immune system免疫球蛋白 mmunoglobulin (Ig)抗體 antibody (Ab_重鏈 heavy chain (H)輕鏈 light chain (L鏈)恒定區(qū) constant region ( C區(qū))可變區(qū) variable region高變區(qū)或超變區(qū) hypervariable region ( HVR) 互補(bǔ)決 complementaity-determining region (CDR) 框架結(jié)構(gòu)或支架結(jié)構(gòu) framewo rk region ( FR) 結(jié)構(gòu)域domain絞鏈區(qū) hinge region抗原結(jié)合片段 antigen binding fragment (Fab) 結(jié)晶片段 fragment crystallizable (Fc) 型群 phenogroup調(diào)理作用 opsonization攻膜復(fù)合體 membrane attack complex (MAC) 抗體依賴(lài)性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作 antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)基因簇 gene cluster先導(dǎo)序列基因 1eader sequence (L) V區(qū)基因 variableregion (VH)多樣性基因 diversity (D)連接基因 joining (JH)C區(qū)基因 constant region (CH) 假基因 pseudogene可讀框 open reading frame (ORF) 轉(zhuǎn)換區(qū) switch region (S) 七聚體 heptamer九聚體 nanomer重組信號(hào)序列 recombination signal sequence (RSS) 類(lèi)別轉(zhuǎn)換 class switch同種型轉(zhuǎn)換 isotype switch環(huán)狀切除 circular excision抗體親和力成熟現(xiàn)象 affinity maturation主要組織相容性基因復(fù)合體 major histocompatibility complex (MHC)b2微球蛋白 2-microglobulin ( 2m)第四章 質(zhì)量性狀的遺傳中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照質(zhì)量性狀 qualititative character遺傳 descendiblity heredity inherit染色體 chromosome性染色體 sex chromosome常染色體 euchromosome伴性遺傳 sex-linked inheritance限性遺傳 sexlimited inheritance從性遺傳 sexinfluenced inheritance血型 blood group顯性上位作用 dominant epistasis隱性上位作用 recessive epistasis重疊作用 duplicate effect基因座位 gene locus等位基因 allele復(fù)等位基因 multiple alleles上位基因 epistatic gene性連鎖基因 sex-linked gene顯性性狀 dominant characters隱性性狀 recessive characters育種 breeding雜交育種 cross breeding伴性基因 sex-linked genes隱性純合子 allozygote雜合子 heterozygote顯性基因 dominant gene隱性基因 recessive gene就巢性 broodiness自別雌雄 auto-sexing騾鴨 mule duck測(cè)交 test cross隱性致死 recessive lethal半致死基因 semi-lethal gene標(biāo)記基因 marker gene父本 male parent母本 female parent繁殖力 fecundity遺傳效應(yīng) genctic effect雜交優(yōu)勢(shì) heterotic vigor經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀 practical characters堿基對(duì) base pair遺傳缺陷 genetic defects下位基因 hypostatic gene基因文庫(kù) gene library完全顯性 complete dominance不完全顯性 incomplete dominance共顯性 codominance連鎖遺傳 linkage inheritance第五章 數(shù)量性狀的遺傳中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照數(shù)量性狀 quantitative trait表型值 phenotypic value基因型值 genotypic value數(shù)量性狀基因座 quantitative trait locus主效基因 major gene系統(tǒng)環(huán)境效應(yīng) systimatic evirenmental effect隨機(jī)環(huán)境效應(yīng) randomatic envirenmental effect加性效應(yīng) additive effect顯性效應(yīng) dominance effect上位效應(yīng) epistatic effect育種值 breeding value遺傳力heritability重復(fù)力repeatability遺傳相關(guān)genetic correlation表型相關(guān)phenotypic correlation環(huán)境相關(guān)environmental correlation廣義遺傳力heritability in the broad sense狹義遺傳力heritability in the narrow sense實(shí)現(xiàn)遺傳力realized habitability最大可能生產(chǎn)力most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)持久性環(huán)境效應(yīng)permanent environment effect暫時(shí)性環(huán)境效應(yīng)temporary environmental coefficient 組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)intra-class correlation coefficient最大似然法 maximum Likelihood ( ML)約束最大似然法 restricted Maximum likelihood (REML)最小范數(shù)二次無(wú)偏估計(jì)法 minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (INQUE)最小方差二次無(wú)偏估計(jì)法 minimum variance quadratic ynbiased estimation, (MIVQUE)最佳線性無(wú)偏預(yù)測(cè)best Linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)最佳線性無(wú)偏估計(jì)best linear unbiased estimation (BLUP)混合模型方程mixed model equation (ME)方差分析analysis of variance (ANOVA)類(lèi)方差分析法ANOVA-like method第六章 性別決定與性別控制名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)雄異配型 male heterogamety雌異配型 female heterogamety異配性別 heterogametic sex同配性別 homogametic sex睪丸決定因子 (TDF) testis determining factor擬（偽）常染色體區(qū)域( PAR) pseudoautosomal-regionY染色體性別決定區(qū) sex-determiningregion of Y chromosome第二性征 （副性征） secondary sexual character性反轉(zhuǎn) sex-reversal半合基因 hemizygous gene伴性遺傳或性連鎖遺傳 sex-linked inheritance從性遺傳 sex-conditioned inheritance限性遺傳 sex-limited inheritanc第七章 遺傳病與遺傳病控制中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照染色體病 chromosomal disease單基因遺傳病 monogenetic disease多基因遺傳病 polygenetic or multigene disorder線粒體遺傳病 mitochondrial disease常染色體顯性遺傳 autosomal dominant disorder失顯 non penetrance不完全外顯 incomplete dominance不規(guī)則外顯 irreqular dominance多發(fā)性外生骨疣 multiple exostosis干骺端發(fā)育不良 metaphysialaclasis骨軟骨瘤病 osteochondromatosis并蹄 syndactylism多趾 polydactylism常染色體隱性遺傳病 autosomal recessive disorder糖原貯積病I型 glycogenosis type l，Von Gierks disease隱睪 cryptorchidism粗腿病 thick legs關(guān)節(jié)彎曲 arthrogryposis先天性肢外展綜合征 congenital splayleg syndrome赫爾尼亞 hernia小眼球 microphthalmia無(wú)眼球 anophthalmia豬的應(yīng)激綜合征 porcine stress syndrome (PSS)惡性高熱綜合癥 milignant hyperthermia syndrome (MHS)PSE pale，soft，exudativeDFD dark，firm，dry性連鎖遺傳病 sex-linked disorder血友病 hemophilia睪丸雌性化 syndrome of testicular feminization假肥大性肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良癥 duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)三體綜合征 trisomic syndrome單體綜合征 monosomic syndrome卵巢囊腫 ovarian cyst平衡易位 balanced translocation貓叫綜合征 cri du chat syndrome兩性畸形 hermaphroditism真兩性畸形 true hermapheroditism假兩性畸形 pseudo hermaphroditism性轉(zhuǎn)變 sex reversal肛門(mén)閉鎖 atresia ani誘變劑 mutagen斷裂劑 clastogen致畸劑 teratogen抗病育種 breeding for disease resistance第八章 畜禽品種中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照西弗里斯蘭省 west-friesland荷爾斯坦省 holstein 物種 species 品種 breed 品系 strain, line專(zhuān)用品種 special-purpose breed 兼用品種 dual-purpose breed海福特牛 hereford夏洛萊牛 charolais利木贊牛 limousin安格斯牛 angus阿伯丁-安格斯牛 aberdeen-angus契安尼娜牛 chianina荷斯坦牛 holstein中國(guó)荷斯坦牛 china holstein美國(guó)荷斯坦-弗里生協(xié)會(huì) Holstein-Friesian Association of America娟姍牛 jersey西門(mén)塔爾牛 simmental伯爾尼省大委員會(huì) the great council of bern province世界西門(mén)塔爾牛聯(lián)合會(huì) WSF丹麥紅牛 danish red摩拉水牛 murrah尼里-拉維水牛 nili-ravi婆羅門(mén)牛 brahman圣格魯?shù)吓?santa gertrudis肉牛王 beefmaster婆朗格斯牛 brangus婆羅福特牛 braford西門(mén)婆羅牛 simbrah契安尼娜牛 chianina夏白雷 charbray辛地紅牛 red sindhi純血馬 thoroughbred阿爾登馬 ardennes澳洲美利奴羊 australian merino超細(xì)毛型 super fine merino細(xì)毛型 fine merino中毛型 medium wool merino強(qiáng)毛型 strong wool merino羅姆尼羊 romney marsh薩?？搜?suffolk諾福克羊 norfolk無(wú)角陶賽特羊 poll dorset考力代羊 corriedale夏洛萊羊 charollais薩能山羊 sannen安哥拉山羊 angora goat努比亞山羊 nubian波爾山羊 boer goat大白豬 large white長(zhǎng)白豬 landrace杜洛克豬 duroc漢普夏豬 hampshire皮特蘭豬 pietrain隱性白羽雞 recessive white來(lái)航雞 leghorn羅斯褐蛋雞 ross brown layer海波羅肉雞 hybro broilers咔嘰康貝爾鴨 khaki campbell ducks楓葉鴨 maple ducks櫻桃谷肉鴨 cherry valley meat ducks萊茵鵝 rhine geese郎德鵝 landoise geese王鴿 king pigeons美國(guó)七彩雉雞 american seven-colour common pheasants非洲鴕鳥(niǎo) african ostriches第九章動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的規(guī)律中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照生長(zhǎng)growth發(fā)育development胚胎期term of embryo生后期term of birth after累積生長(zhǎng)accumulation growth相對(duì)生長(zhǎng)relative growth絕對(duì)生長(zhǎng)absolute growth生長(zhǎng)波growth wave生長(zhǎng)中心growth center第十章 動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)性能測(cè)定中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照生產(chǎn)性能測(cè)定 performance testing測(cè)定站測(cè)定 station test場(chǎng)內(nèi)測(cè)定 on-farm test肉用家畜 butchers beast肉嫩度 meat tenderness豬應(yīng)激綜合征 porcine stress syndrome （PSS）體尺測(cè)量 body measurement線性外貌評(píng)定 linear classification system產(chǎn)奶量 milk yield排乳速度 milking rate產(chǎn)蛋性能 egg laying performance蛋品質(zhì) egg quality羊毛品質(zhì) wool quality繁殖性能 breeding performance第十一章 質(zhì)量性狀選擇原理與方法中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照質(zhì)量性狀 qualitative trait顯性基因 dominant gene隱性基因 recessive gene伴性遺傳 sex-linked inheritance選擇 selection隨機(jī)交配群體 mendelian population or randomized mating population測(cè)交 test cross檢驗(yàn)概率 probability of detection第十二章 數(shù)量性狀的選擇原理與方法中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照多性狀的選擇multiple-trait selection單性狀的選擇single trait selection間接選擇indirect selection直接選擇direct selection表型值phenotypic value選擇差selection differential選擇反應(yīng)selection response選擇強(qiáng)度selection intensity選擇指數(shù)selection index順序選擇tandem selection獨(dú)立淘汰independent Culling （level）家系family家系內(nèi)選擇intra-family selection家系選擇family selection遺傳進(jìn)展genetic gain數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)quantitative genetics閾模型threshold model閾性狀threshold trait閾值threshold value遺傳同化genetic assimilation第十三章 個(gè)體遺傳評(píng)定中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照分子血緣相關(guān)陣 numerator relationship matrix估計(jì)育種值 estimated breeding value （EBV）估計(jì)傳遞力 estimated transmitting ability （ETA） 相對(duì)育種值relative breeding value （RBV）綜合育種值 total breeding value經(jīng)濟(jì)加權(quán)值 economic weight系譜測(cè)定 pedigree testing同胞測(cè)定 sib testing后裔測(cè)定 progeny testing順序選擇法 tandem selection獨(dú)立淘汰法 independent culling綜合選擇指數(shù) selection index最佳線性無(wú)偏預(yù)測(cè) best linear unbiased prediction （BLUP）混合模型方程組法 mixed model equations （MME）動(dòng)物模型 animal model公畜模型 sire model公畜-母畜模型 sire-dam model外祖父模型 maternal grandsire model孟德?tīng)柍闃?Mendelian sampling對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)迭代 iteration on data生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量 quality of production (張勤)第十四章 交配系統(tǒng)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照交配體制 mating system交配系統(tǒng) mating system選型交配 ssortative mating同型交配 positive assorrtative mating異型交配 negative assortative mating近交 inbreeding遠(yuǎn)交 utbreeding近交衰退 inbreeding depression生長(zhǎng) growth繁殖 reproduce適應(yīng)性 adaptability活力 vigor環(huán)境條件 critical environmental conditions敏感 susceptible）。遺傳致死因子 hereditary lethals畸形 abnormalities 近交系數(shù) inbreeding coefficient親緣系數(shù) coefficient of relationship第十五章 雜交體系與雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)的利用中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照級(jí)進(jìn)雜交 grading crossing導(dǎo)入雜交 Introduction crossing育成雜交 rearing crossing簡(jiǎn)單經(jīng)濟(jì)雜交 simple corssing三元雜交 threeway crossing輪回雜交 rotational crossing頂交 top crossing生產(chǎn)性雙雜交 double cross近交系 inbred line專(zhuān)門(mén)化品系 specialized strain合成系 synthetic strain雜種優(yōu)勢(shì) heterosis一般配合力 general combining ability特殊配合力 specific combining ability雙列雜交（diallel crossing）合成群體 synthetic population相互輪回選擇 reciprocal recurrent selection第十六章 品種與品系培育中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照艾維因avian單系monooringinator line迪卡delcalb地方品系local line，local strain地方品種local breed父系sire line近交系inbred line母系dam line品系strain，line品系繁育1ine breeding品種breed群系polygenesic line通用品系general purpose line物種species育成雜交crossbreeding for formation a new breed正反交反復(fù)選擇法reciprocal Recurrent Selection中國(guó)荷斯坦牛chinese Holstein專(zhuān)門(mén)化品系specialized line群體遺傳學(xué)population genetics基因頻率gene frequency基因庫(kù)gene pool隨機(jī)交配random mating遺傳漂變genetic drift群體有效含量population effective size保種breeds conservation質(zhì)量性狀qualitative character數(shù)量性狀quantitative character數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)quantitative genetics加性效應(yīng)additive effect顯性效應(yīng)dominant effect平均數(shù)mean標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差standard deviation變異系數(shù)coefficient of variation相關(guān)系數(shù) correlation coefficient純合子homozygote雜合子heterozygote表型值phenotype value育種值breeding value遺傳力heritability遺傳相關(guān)genetic correlation育種breeding繁育體系breeding & multiplication system純種purebred品種退化degeneration品群variety population群體繼代選育法systematic breeding家系family純種繁育pure breeding雜交繁育cross breeding系譜 pedigree后裔測(cè)驗(yàn)progeny test種畜breeding stock選種selection世代間隔generation interval遺傳進(jìn)展genetic progress, genetic advance個(gè)體選擇individual selection家系選擇 family selection綜合指數(shù)選擇法comprehensive index method選配mating system同質(zhì)選配mating like to like異質(zhì)選配 mating unlike to unlike近交 inbreeding近交系數(shù)inbreeding coefficient雜交crossing雜種crossbred, hybrid雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)heterosis, hybrid vigor配合力combining ability第十七八章 動(dòng)物遺傳資源保護(hù)與利用中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照遺傳資源 genetic resources生物多樣性 genetic diversity遺傳多樣性保護(hù) genetic diversity conservation物種入侵 species invade形態(tài)學(xué) morphological擴(kuò)增片段長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)性 amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP）隨機(jī)擴(kuò)增多態(tài)DNA random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）單位點(diǎn)微衛(wèi)星多態(tài)性 single locus microsatellite polymorphism序列標(biāo)記微衛(wèi)星 sequence marker polymorphicDNA單鏈構(gòu)象多態(tài)性 DNA single strand conformational polymorphism平均數(shù) mean變異系數(shù) variation coefficient基因頻率 gene frequency基因型頻率 genotype frequency參數(shù) parameter平均雜合度 average heterozygosity核苷酸多態(tài)性 nucleotide polymorphism核苷酸替代平均數(shù)目 nucleotide substitution average number系統(tǒng)發(fā)育 phylogeny 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) database生態(tài)系統(tǒng) ecosystem生物群落 biopopulation基因組 genome遷徙 migration數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng) database management system地理信息系統(tǒng) geography information system圖象分析系統(tǒng) imaging analysis system遠(yuǎn)程登陸 Telnet internet 家畜 livestock細(xì)胞庫(kù) cell bank細(xì)胞系 cell line第十八章 現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)與動(dòng)物育種中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照生物技術(shù) biotechnology基因工程 gene engineering蛋白質(zhì)工程 protein engineering細(xì)胞工程 cell engineering發(fā)酵工程 fermentation engineering人工授精 artificial insemination (AI)胚胎移植 embryo transfer ( ET)核移植 nuclear transplantation遺傳標(biāo)記 genetic marker免疫遺傳標(biāo)記 immunogenetical marker型群 phenogroup生化遺傳標(biāo)記 biochemical genetic marker動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)基因技