外文翻譯--電控機械式自動變速器

附 錄 附錄 A 電控機械式自動變速器 （ AMT）是在傳統(tǒng)的手動齒輪式變速器基礎上改進而來的；它揉合了 AT（自動） 和 MT（手動）兩者優(yōu)點的機電液一體化自動變速器； AMT 既具有 液力自動變速器 自動變速的優(yōu)點，又保留了原手動變速器齒輪傳動的 效率高、成本低、結構簡單、易制造的長處。它揉合了二者優(yōu)點，是非常適合我國國情的機電液一體化自動變速器。它是在現(xiàn)生產的機械變速器上進行改造的，保留了絕大部分原總成部件，只改變其中手動 操作系統(tǒng) 的換檔桿部分，生產繼承性好，改造的投入費用少，非常容易被生產廠家接受。它的缺點是非動力換檔，這可以通過電控 軟件 方面來得到一定彌補。在幾種自動變速器中， AMT 的性價比最高。 AMT 用先進的 電子技術 改造傳統(tǒng)的手動變速器 ,不僅保留了原齒輪變速器效率高、低成本的長處 ,而且還具備了液力自動變速器采用自動換檔所帶來的全部優(yōu)點。它以特有的經(jīng)濟、方便、安全、舒適性而備受所有駕駛者的歡迎 ,成為各國開發(fā)的熱點。駕駛員通過加速踏板和操縱桿向電子 控制單元 （ ECU）傳遞控制信號；電子控制單元采集發(fā)動機轉速傳感器、車速傳感器等信號，時刻掌握著車輛的行駛狀態(tài)；電子控制單元（ ECU）根據(jù)這些信號按存儲于其中的最佳程序，最佳換檔規(guī)律、離合器模糊控制規(guī)律、發(fā)動機供油自適應調節(jié)規(guī)律等，對發(fā)動機供油、離合器的分離與結合、變速器換檔三者的動作與時序實現(xiàn)最佳匹配。從而獲得優(yōu)良的燃油經(jīng)濟性與動力性能以及平穩(wěn)起步與迅速換檔的能力，以達到 駕駛員 所期望的結果。 AMT 是對傳統(tǒng)干式離合器和手動齒輪變速器進行電子控制實現(xiàn)自動換檔的新式變速器，其控制過程基本是模擬駕駛員的操作?？刂茊卧?(ECU)的輸入有：駕駛員的意圖 -加速踏板、檔位選擇；汽車的工作狀態(tài) -發(fā)動機轉速、節(jié)氣門開度、車速等。控制單元 (ECU)根據(jù)換檔規(guī)律、離合器控制規(guī)律、發(fā)動機節(jié)氣門自適應調節(jié)規(guī)律產生的輸出，對節(jié)氣門開度、離合器、換檔操縱三者進行綜合控制，有效配合 。 AMT 由于繼承了齒輪傳動固有的傳動效率高、機構緊湊、工作可靠等優(yōu)點，并可以實現(xiàn)手動和自動兩種模式選擇，因此有較強的可靠性和適應性。一些專家認為，它具有比 AT 更大的發(fā)展優(yōu)勢。 AMT 在美國和 歐洲 已實現(xiàn)了商品化。據(jù)預測，到 2008 年，歐洲近 50%的 MT 將被 AMT 代，部分 AT 市場也會被 AMT 占據(jù)。 近幾年重型汽車發(fā)動機功率 200 350kW，輸出扭矩 900 2200Nm ，需要 爬行檔 速比為 10 17，要求 檔位 間隔小，速比階小于 30%，這就需要使用更多的 檔位 (8 16 個前進擋 )，而且越來越多地采用副變速器的 多檔位 變速器 。副變速器的采用和 檔位 數(shù)的增多，加大了駕駛員的操縱難度和勞動強度，變速器的故障率上升，手動機械式操縱機構已不適應當今重型汽車的發(fā)展。 我國從 20 世紀 80 年代初就開始了 AMT 技術的研究工作，并取得了一系列成果。在 AMT 技術理論上的研究與國際水平相當，但在產品化方面，與國外的差距較大。 在 AMT 技術理論研究取得一系列成果后，目前國內研究主要集中在提高系統(tǒng)可靠性、適應性和降低成本上。北京理工大學正在與國內幾家汽車公司和變速器生產廠家合作開發(fā) AMT 產品，這促進了 AMT 技術商品化、產業(yè)化。經(jīng)過 20 余年的探索和發(fā)展，我 國對 AMT 技術的研究已經(jīng)逐步走向成熟，已具備了向商品化、產業(yè)化轉變的條件。推廣 AMT 系列化產品不僅符合我國國情，而且市場發(fā)展?jié)摿薮?。歐洲最大的獨立汽車變速器供應商 GETRAG 公司在我國進行了廣泛的市場調查后也認為，我國的重型汽車 AMT 市場前景廣闊。 附錄 B Electronically controlled automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is in the traditional manual transmission gear based on the improvement comes； it combines the AT (automatic) and MT (manual) the advantages of mechanical and electronic integration between the two automatic transmission； AMT bothautomatic transmission with a hydraulic automatic transmission advantage of retaining the original manual transmission, gear transmission, high efficiency, low cost, simple structure, easy manufacturing strengths.It combines the advantages of the two is very suitable for Chinas mechanical and electronic integration automatic transmission.It is now on the production of mechanical transmission, transformation, retaining most of the original assembly of components, changing only one manual shift lever part of the operating system, the production of inheritance is good, less the cost of transformation of inputs, very easy to be producedmanufacturers to accept.The disadvantage non-power shift, which can be electronically controlled by a certain software to make up.In several automatic transmission, AMTs cost-effective. AMT with advanced electronic technology to transform traditional manual transmission, gear transmission, not only retained the original high efficiency, low-cost advantages, but also with a hydraulic automatic transmission with automatic shift all the advantages brought about.Its special economic, convenience, safety, comfort and much welcomed by all drivers, as countries in the development of the hot spots.Driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) to pass control signals； electronic control unit acquisition engine speed sensors, speed sensors and other signals, always hold the state of the vehicle； electronic control unit (ECU) based on these signals bystored in one of the best procedures, the best shift schedule, clutch fuzzy control law, rules and other adaptive engine oil, engine oil, the separation and combination of clutch, transmission shift action and timing to achieve the three mostgood match.To obtain good fuel economy and dynamic performance and a smooth start with the ability to quickly shift to achieve the desired results the driver. AMT is a traditional dry clutch and manual transmission, electronic control gear shift of the new automatic transmission, the control process is basically a simulation of the drivers operation. Control unit (ECU) of the input are: the drivers intentions - the accelerator pedal, gear selection； car working condition - engine speed, throttle opening, vehicle speed and so on. Control unit (ECU) according to shift schedule, clutch control law, law of the engine throttle adaptive output generated on the throttle, clutch, gear shift control manipulation of the three comprehensive and effective cooperation. In recent years heavy vehicle engine power 200 350kW, the output torque of 900 2200N m, need to crawl stall speed ratio of 10 to 17, requires a small stall interval, the ratio is less than 30% of the order, which need to use more Stalls (8 to 16 forward gears), and more and more use of multi-gear transmission, auxiliary transmission. The use of auxiliary transmission and increase the number of stalls, increasing the drivers manipulation of the difficulty and labor intensity, the failure rate of increase in transmission, manual mechanical control mechanism is not suited to the development of todays heavy vehicles. Of the early 80s from the 20th century began AMT technology, research, and made a series of achievements. Theoretical research in AMT technology and international level, but the products are concerned, the larger the gap with foreign countries. Theoretical research in AMT technology made a series of results, currently mainly focused on improving system reliability, flexibility and lower costs. Beijing Institute of Technology is working with several domestic auto comp