注塑成型設(shè)備機械課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻翻譯/中英文翻譯/外文翻譯

中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院  本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯  系     別：         工程技術(shù)系          專     業(yè)：   機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化    姓     名：          賈朋渤          學     號：        05211628          2015 年  4 月  1 日  外文資料翻譯譯文  近年來，隨著塑料工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展和通用與工程塑料在強度和精度等方面的不斷提高，塑料制品的應(yīng)用范圍也在不斷擴大，如：家用電器、儀器儀表，建筑器材，汽車工業(yè)、日用五 金等眾多領(lǐng)域，塑料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。一個設(shè)計合理的塑料件往往能代替多個傳統(tǒng)金屬件。工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和日用產(chǎn)品塑料化的趨勢不斷 上升 塑料工業(yè)的機械和裝備的水平對該工業(yè)的發(fā)展起著關(guān)鍵作用。比起傳統(tǒng)的塑料擠出機，單螺桿塑料擠出機有他積極的優(yōu)勢，通常他能加工出高分子量、高粘度熱塑性好的塑料。其中有高生產(chǎn)率低熔點、高熔體強壓力的塑料有利于化學降解，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高，因此是最佳的塑料生產(chǎn)這使得單螺桿塑料擠出機生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟，特別適用于穩(wěn)定的擠壓。  所謂注塑成型（ Injection Molding）是指，受熱融化的材料由高壓射入模腔 ，經(jīng)冷卻固化后，得到成形品的方法。該方法適用于形狀復(fù)雜部件的批量生產(chǎn)，是重要的加工方法之 一。  注射裝置是使樹脂材料受熱融化后射入模具內(nèi)的裝置。從料頭把樹脂擠入料筒中，通過螺桿的轉(zhuǎn)動將熔體輸送至機筒的前端。在那個過程中，在加熱器的作用下加熱使機筒內(nèi)的樹脂材料受熱，在螺桿的剪切應(yīng)力作用下使樹脂成為熔融狀態(tài)，將相當于成型品及主流道，分流道的熔融樹脂滯留于機筒的前端（稱之為計量），螺桿的不斷向前將材料射入模腔。當熔融樹脂在模具內(nèi)流動時，須控制螺桿的移動速度（射出速度），并在樹脂充滿模腔后用壓力（保壓力）進行控制。當 螺桿位置，注射壓力達到一定值時我們可以將速度控制切換成壓力控制。  螺桿的回轉(zhuǎn)航程和固定筒壁的相互作用是擠出機的泵出過程中必要的參數(shù)。為了運輸塑料材料，其摩擦在螺桿的表面要低，但在固定的筒壁要高。如果達不到這個基本標準，塑料可能會隨著螺桿旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是在軸向 /輸出方向上移動。在輸出區(qū)域，螺桿和機筒的表面通常都覆蓋著的溶解物以及來自溶解物和螺桿通道之間的外力，而其除了  處理有極高粘性的材料時都是無效的，如硬質(zhì)  PVC 材料和有超高分子量的聚乙烯。溶解物流在輸出部分是  受內(nèi)摩擦系數(shù)（粘度）影響，尤其是當模具提供了一 個高阻力的熔體流時。   常見且更多使用的單螺桿型使用的是傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計，即機筒和螺桿保持基本一致的直徑，包括具有例如減小螺  桿通道體積，有連續(xù)可變速度、壓力控制，和通風（揮發(fā)）系統(tǒng)的擠出機。一些特殊的設(shè)計使用了圓錐或  拋物線外形的螺桿，用以達到特殊的混合和捏合效果。它們可以包含偏心的核心，根據(jù)不同坡度變化的動  程，揉捏轉(zhuǎn)子，適應(yīng)性的核心環(huán)，和間歇的軸向運動。桶內(nèi)可能有螺紋，可伸縮的螺桿形狀以及進料設(shè)備。   一個成功的擠出操作需要密切注意很多細節(jié)，如（ 1）進給材料的質(zhì)量和在適當溫度下的物質(zhì)流，（ 2）足以  融化、但不 會分解聚合物的溫度曲線，以及（ 3）不會分解塑料的啟動和關(guān)機。   應(yīng)采取措施，防止促進塑料表面上水分的膠合和濕氣的吸收凝結(jié)，如顏料濃縮物中的色素。料斗干燥機已被  證明在干燥塑料中非常有用。它們還可以在操作中提高擠出機受加熱和熔解能力限制的輸出的能力。圖  顯示了與加熱輸入擠出機所需的熔化塑料，有或沒有料斗干燥機作為預(yù)熱器時相關(guān)的不同。擠出機使塑料  熔體均勻熔化，并使之通過與產(chǎn)品的橫截面形狀關(guān)聯(lián)的模具口。所形成的  TP 的熔體（擠出的）是冷了卻的，或是加熱的 TS 熔體，因為它是向下放置的進而得以遠離模具出口或是通過 下游設(shè)備拔出。   注射成型是塑料加工中最普遍采用的方法。該方法適用于全部熱塑性塑料和部分熱固性塑料，制得的塑料制品數(shù)量之大是其它成型方法望塵莫及的，作為注射成型加工的主要工具之一的注塑模具，在質(zhì)量精度、制造周期以及注射成型過程中的生產(chǎn)效率等方面水平高低，直接影響產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量、成本及產(chǎn)品的更新，同時也決定著企業(yè)在市場競爭中的反應(yīng)能力和速度 。  外文原文  In recent years, with the rapid development of plastics industry and general and engineering plastics in the intensity and precision, continuous improvement, the application of plastic products is also expanding, such as: household electrical appliances, instruments, construction equipment and automobile industry, Japan with hardware and many other fields, the proportion of plastic products is rapidly increasing.  A well-designed plastic parts can often replace the more traditional metal parts.  Household products plastic industrial products and the rising trend. The level of working equipment plays a pivotal role in the development of the plastic industry.The processing of very high-molecular-weight and high-viscosity thermoplastics in single-screw extruders today is usually done only in extruders with a positive-advantages over conventional extrusion. Among these are high output at low melting temperatures and high melt pressures; reduced shear of the plastics, which makes this system energy-saving and very economical; gentle plastic of the plastics; on thermal or chemical degradation, hence optimum product quality; and particularly stable extrusion so that output, pressure and melting temperature surges are prevented. Called Injection Molding (Injection Molding) refers to the heat melting the material by the high-pressure injection mold cavity, cooled after curing, are molded method.  This method is suitable for mass production of complex shaped parts, is an important processing methods. Injection device is heated to melt the resin material after the injection mold device.   From the resin material to squeeze into the first barrel, by turning the screw will melt delivered to the front barrel.  In that process, the role of the heater heating the resin material to machine cylinder to heat, shear stress in the screw under the action of a molten resin, forming the equivalent of goods and main channel, shunt molten resin stuck in the front barrel (called measure), the constant screw the material injected into the cavity.  When the molten  resin flows in the mold, to control the screw speed (injection speed), and in the resin after cavity filled with a pressure (holding pressure) control.  When the screw location, injection pressure reaches a certain value, we can speed control switch pressure control.  The essential parameter in the extruders pumping process is the interaction between the rotating fights of the   screw and the stationary barrel wall. For the plastic material to be conveyed, its friction must be low at the screw surface but high at the barrel wall. If this basic criterion is not met, the plastic will probably rotate with the screw   and not move in the axial/output direction.   In the output zone, both screw and barrel surfaces are usually covered with the  melt, and external forces between   the melt and the screw channel walls have no effect except when processing extremely high viscosity materials   such as rigid PVC and ultrahigh molecular weight PE. The flow of the melt in the output section is affected by the   coefficient of internal friction (viscosity), particularly when the die offers a high resistance to the flow of the melt.   The usual and more popular single screw types use conventional designs with basically uniform diameters of the screw and barrel. Examples include extruders that have decreasing screw channel volume, continuous variable speed, pressure control, and a venting (devolatilization) system. Special designs use conical or parabolic screws for   special mixing and kneading effects. They can include eccentric cores, variable pitch superimposed flights of different pitch, kneading rotors, fitted core rings, and periodic axial movement. Barrels may have internal threads,telescopic screw shapes, and feeding devices.  A successful extrusion operation requires close attention to many details, such as (1) the quality and flow of feed material at the proper temperature, (2) a temperature profile adequate to melt but not degrade the polymer, and (3) a startup and shutdown that will not degrade the plastic.   Care should be used to prevent conditions that promote surface condensation of moisture on the plastic and   moisture absorption such as by the pigments in the color concentrates. Hopper dryers have proven very useful in drying plastics.  They can also enhance extruder capacity in operations where the output is limited by the heating and melting capacity of the extruder. The relative difference in heat input required from the extruder to melt the plastic, with and without the hopper dryer used as a preheater. The extruders form a homogeneous plastic   melt and force it through a die orifice that is