淺析大學(xué)英語四級寫作.doc

大學(xué)英語四級寫作記敘文記敘文是以記人、敘事、寫景、狀物為主要內(nèi)容，以記敘、描寫為主要表達(dá)方式的一種文體，通常分為三類：1. 以人物為主的記敘文，即以人物為中心組織材料，圍繞這個人物來寫一件事或兩件事。2. 以事件為主的記敘文。即以事件為中心組織材料，圍繞中心事件可以寫一個人或幾個人。3. 以寫景狀物為主的記敘文，應(yīng)注意的是，在一篇記敘文中，寫人、寫景、寫事往往是交織在一起的，不可截然分開，但各有側(cè)重。寫記敘文通常應(yīng)遵循以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 交待要素，即人、時(shí)、地、事。2. 按事件發(fā)生的先后順序敘述，做到完整具體。3. 重點(diǎn)突出，目的明確，不要玩弄詞藻，講清言明即可。寫作時(shí)還要注意，用第一人稱時(shí)主要是本人的經(jīng)歷或耳聞目睹之事；用第三人稱時(shí)則主要是他人的經(jīng)歷和事情。記敘文所記的都是過去發(fā)生的事，所以原則上通常都用過去時(shí)態(tài)寫，但有時(shí)也用歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)和戲劇現(xiàn)在時(shí)。范文1：一對外發(fā)行的英文報(bào)紙有“人物剪影”欄目，請根據(jù)下面的提示寫一篇短文，介紹我國著名乒乓球運(yùn)動員王楠。提示：1. 王楠：1978年10月出生于遼寧。2. 身高1.62米，體重54公斤。3. 7歲開始打球，1989年進(jìn)入遼寧隊(duì)，1993年入選國家隊(duì)。4. 訓(xùn)練刻苦，與隊(duì)友相處融洽。5. 喜歡上網(wǎng)，交友。網(wǎng)址：.6. 在國際比賽中獲得幾十枚金牌，為國家爭得了榮譽(yù)。注意：1. 題目自擬；2. 不要逐條翻譯提示，可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，使短文連貫。3. 詞數(shù)100140Wang NanWorld Champion in Ping pongWang Nan， a world champion in Ping Pong， is 1.62 meter tall with the weight of 54 kilograms. She was born in Loaning Province in October 1978. She began to play ping pong at the age of seven. She worked in Loaning Team for three years before she came to the national team in 1993. She trained hard and got along well with her teammates. Wang Nan has won scores of gold medals in international table-tennis games and won great honor for our motherland. She likes going on the net and she enjoys chatting with friends through the Internet. You can find more information about her at Wangnanwang-nan net.范文2：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Most Favorite Programmer. You should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1.我最喜愛的電視(或無線電)節(jié)目是2.這類節(jié)目的內(nèi)容和特點(diǎn)3.我喜歡它的原因My Most Favorite ProgrammerThe News Report has always been my favorite TV program. Almost everyday I turn on the TV at 6:30 p.m. and wait for the news program. This has become a part of my life.The News Report contains a large amount of information C from the international political. situation to the latest foot-ball game. And the most important character is its fast pace. Because of this fast pace, news programs can contain much information in a short time.In my opinion, the News Report is more than a TV program. It is a way of communication. From this program, people can know and understand world affairs. The world thus becomes smaller. I especially appreciate this benefit of watching the news.范文3：今天是教師節(jié)，請根據(jù)以下提示寫一篇記敘你的英語老師的短文，約220詞左右。1. 李老師教課生動活潑，印象深刻。2. 上課前班長通知說李老師要動手術(shù)，暫時(shí)不能來上課，誰能代課還未決定。3. 同學(xué)們悄然無聲，似乎都擔(dān)心她不再來上課了。4. 李老師走進(jìn)教室，她說不愿意耽誤同學(xué)們的功課，要求醫(yī)生推遲了手術(shù)時(shí)間。并說新老師明天就來，希望同學(xué)們同老師很好地相處，她病愈即返校。Miss Li is our English teacher. She always impresses us deeply with her lively English class.One day when the first bell rang， the monitor stood up and said， “Our English teacher is going to have an operation today. It has not been decided yet who will give us the lesson. ”The class turned silent at his words. It seemed that no one would believe him. In fact， all of us were afraid that Miss Li would no longer be with us. At this moment， Miss Li appeared at the door. She looked tired and pale.“Ill be missing you badly， ”she said in a low voice， “I have asked the doctor to put off the operation till tomorrow because I dont want you to miss a single class. ”She went on， “A new teacher will take my place and I hope youll get on well with him. Ill come back as soon as Im better. ”Hearing this， all of us were moved to tears. What a good teacher we have.議論文議論文是作者對某個問題或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評論，表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場、態(tài)度、看法、主張的一種文體。寫議論文要把握三性和三要素。三性指準(zhǔn)確性、鮮明性和生動性。三要素指論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。論點(diǎn)的基本要求：觀點(diǎn)正確，概括全面，見解新穎，有實(shí)際意義，要恰當(dāng)?shù)鼐C合運(yùn)用各種表達(dá)方式。論據(jù)的基本要求，真實(shí)可靠、充分典型。論證的基本要求：推理必須合乎邏輯，論證要講究順序，論證要符合正確的推理形式。簡而言之，英語議論文共有三大特點(diǎn)： 1、 觀點(diǎn)鮮明的開頭； 2、 緊扣主題的結(jié)尾； 3、 有主題句并且銜接自然的中間段落。 這三點(diǎn)當(dāng)中，第1、2點(diǎn)早已為絕大多數(shù)中國學(xué)生所熟知，因?yàn)殚_頭點(diǎn)題和結(jié)尾扣題同樣也是漢語文章的要求。但在長時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)過程中，這樣的要求被很多學(xué)生以為是“老土”而得不到足夠的重視。如果將這種思想帶到英語議論文寫作當(dāng)中，直接的后果就是中心分散、觀點(diǎn)不明確，加上中國學(xué)生普遍英文表達(dá)能力不強(qiáng)，這些因素就為整篇文章的失敗埋下了隱患。 另外，英語文章和漢語不同的是段落的主題句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的寫作習(xí)慣放在段落的中間或者最后，在英文應(yīng)試寫作中更加如此。正因?yàn)闆]有“主題句”的思想，所以中國學(xué)生在寫英語文章時(shí)經(jīng)?！跋氲绞裁矗蛯懯裁础?，這在英語議論文中是不能接受的。 (二) 中心統(tǒng)一 在中心統(tǒng)一這個問題上，英語議論文和漢語議論文的概念也有所不同。中國人在寫議論文時(shí)常常遵循“中庸”的原則，其具體的表現(xiàn)就是認(rèn)為世界上沒有任何事情是絕對的。當(dāng)他們在文章中表揚(yáng)一件事物或一種現(xiàn)象的時(shí)候，總要指出其不足；同樣，在批評一件事物或一種現(xiàn)象的同時(shí)，也總不忘記指出其也有合理之處。這種做法從道理上來講并沒有什么不妥，但卻不符合英語議論文的寫作習(xí)慣，因?yàn)橛⒄Z作家在寫議論文時(shí)關(guān)注的是自己的辯論技巧和其結(jié)果對公眾的影響力。換句話說，如果作者告訴大家兩面都有道理也就等于說兩面都沒有道理，因?yàn)樽x者在讀了文章之后仍舊不知道作者的看法是什么，以及自己在這種情況下到底該怎么做。 所以，既然四級考試考的是英語文章，大家就應(yīng)該遵循英文議論文的寫作思路和習(xí)慣：表示支持則旗幟鮮明地支持；表示反對就徹徹底底地反對，而不能采取“墻頭草兩邊倒”的做法。 (三) 段落的連貫性文章引用自： 在確定好一條條的擴(kuò)展句后，怎樣把這些句子流暢而連貫地組合在一起呢？這便是關(guān)聯(lián)詞發(fā)揮作用的時(shí)候了。在英語中，句與句之間、段與段之間一般都有連詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接，通過這些詞讀者能夠很清楚地明白文章前后的邏輯聯(lián)系。適當(dāng)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞是四級寫作必備的技能，大家應(yīng)該要引起特別重視。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞分為四類：1、列舉類列舉法常用在議論文中，當(dāng)作者提出一個論點(diǎn)后，可通過列舉出一系列事實(shí)對其進(jìn)行說明或論證。列舉類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：first(ly), second(ly),. finally; for one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the other hand; moreover; furthermore; whats more; in addition; besides; first of all; in the first place, in the second place; (at)last; then; next; the last but not the least2、舉例類舉例法是用事例或數(shù)據(jù)對中心觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明論證的方法，舉例類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：for example; for instance; such as; like; take.for example; a case in point; namely; in other words; that is; especially; in particular3、比較和對比比較是把兩種或兩種以上的事物進(jìn)行比較，以辨別出它們的相似之處；對比是將這些事物進(jìn)行對照，辨別其差異而指出各自的特征和本質(zhì)。這類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：but; however; yet; otherwise; while; in contrast; by contrast; on the contrary; similarly; likewise; like; conversely; rather than; instead; on the other hand; equally; nevertheless; nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same way; compared with.4、因果類as a result; since; because(of); thanks to; due to; owing to; for this reason; hence; thus; therefore; on this/that account; on account of; consequently5、總結(jié)類總結(jié)法是指在表達(dá)了一個觀點(diǎn)或舉了一個例子后，進(jìn)行總結(jié)、給出概括，這類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：in this case; according to; in a word; in brief; in short; to sum up.范文1：“Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?”Some people think that certain numbers will bring good luck to them. Numbers such as six, eight, sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers. There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers. However, some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck. They believe in their own rather than” lucky numbers”. They dont do things according to certain numbers. As far as I am concerned, I think it is a persons own business whether he believes in a certain number or not. The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well. As to the belief in numbers, it is his personal choice. 范文2：Career or Family: which is more important? When asked about their opinion of career and family, people always respond differently. Some people deem it more important to pursue their career, while there are always other people who argue that family should be the number one in ones life. It goes without any question that career plays a key role in our life. In the very first place, career can give us an aim to live on. Without career, much of our living time will be certainly wasted. Whats more, career can provide us with a means to live on. Most of the people earn their income from a job. On the other hand, family is also an indispensable part of life, as many people will admit. Family is always regarded as a place where we can escape from troubles in life. In addition, we can obtain a sense of belonging to from family. Without it, anyone will feel lonely and desperate. In my opinion, career and family are not in opposition to each other. Rather, they can enhance each other so that ones life can become better and better. Therefore, its not a choice between right and wrong, but one between ideal and practical.范文3：Just at the Beginning“We are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book whose pages are infinite.”I do not know who wrote those words, but I have always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want to make it. We can take the mysterious, hazy future and carve out of it anything that we can imagine, just like a sculptor carves a statue from a shapeless stone.We are all in the position of the farmer. If we plant a good seed, we reap a good harvest. If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we reap a useless crop. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.I want the future to be better than the past. I dont want it contaminated by the mistakes and errors with which history is filled. We should all be concerned about the future because that is where we will spend the reminder of our lives. The past is gone and static. Nothing we can do will change it. The future is before us and dynamic. Everything we do will affect it.Each day will brings with it new frontiers, in our homes and in our businesses, if we will only recognize them. We are just at the beginning of the progress in every field of human endeavor.說明文說明文是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式用來說明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過揭示概念來說明事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律性，給人準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)知識或正確思想。一般可分為實(shí)體事物說明和抽象事物說明兩大類，詞典、教材、論文、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品說明書、廣告、解說詞及科學(xué)小品等都屬于說明文。按寫作方法,英語說明文主要分為下面六種類型:1.例證法 這是用具體例子來說明人或事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法,所用例子必須有代表性、典型性,能體現(xiàn)人或事物的本質(zhì)特征。這是用特殊來說明一般的方法。通常在主題句后,用Forexample或Forinstance等短語引導(dǎo)出具體的例子。例如:Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Forexample,machineshavemadeourlifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods-everything.Factoriesuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell. 這段主要是講能源問題。第一句為主題句,概括地說出我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴能源。接著用舉例的方法從三方面說明能源的作用。2.定義法 下定義就是給說明對象一個明確概念。這是科學(xué)而嚴(yán)密的說明方法。它既能揭示事物的本質(zhì)特征,勾勒其大概,描繪其輪廓,同時(shí)也能確定事物的范圍和界限。下定義是多方面的,可以給人、事物、思想等下定義。例如:Anidealteachermusthavethefollowingcharacteristics.Heshouldknowhissubject,buthecanmakemistakesifheiswillingtolearn.Hispersonalityisasimportantashisscholarship.Anidealteachermustbeenthusiastic.Heshouldbeabitofanactorandheshouldntbeafraidtoshowhisfeelingsandexpresshislikesanddislikes.Anidealteacherisonewhogrows,learns,andimproveshimselfalongwithhisstudents. 本段的展開是通過對一個模范教師下定義的方法,關(guān)鍵詞idealteacher在文中多次重復(fù),能加深讀者的印象。3.分類法 分類法是對同屬不同類或同類而不同種的人或事物,根據(jù)不同性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分門別類地說明的方法。分類是人類認(rèn)識客觀世界的重要手段之一。分類必須遵守分類規(guī)則,使分類對象具有統(tǒng)一屬性,依據(jù)同一分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并使分類的子項(xiàng)相互排斥,不互相包蘊(yùn)。例如:Asfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtooidealistic.Thirdarethemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup. 本段把人按政治觀點(diǎn)分為三類:保守派(conservativepeople)、自由派(liberalpeople)和溫和派(moderatepeople),并對他們各自的特征進(jìn)行了簡要的分析。4.因果關(guān)系法 事物變化的原因和結(jié)果是緊密相關(guān)的。如果某個現(xiàn)象的存在必然引起另一個現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,那么,這兩個現(xiàn)象之間就具有因果關(guān)系。因果關(guān)系包括由果推因(由結(jié)果去推測原因)和由因推果(由原因去推測結(jié)果)兩種情況。因果關(guān)系符合人們的日常思維邏輯,因而在寫作中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,常用because,as,since,so,nowthat,if.then,thereasonisthat.等表示因果關(guān)系。例如:Ofthefourseasons,Ilikespringbest.Ipreferspringbecauseitisaseasonofmuchjoyandgaiety.Newlifeburstsouteverywhere.Plantswearagreencoagainandcolorfulflowersblossomingardensandmountains.Theoldcomeoutdoorsforfreshairandtheyoungplanforoutdooractivities.Lifebecomessoenergeticandhappy. 第一句為本段主題句,末句是總結(jié)句。在主題句后,作者用了四個句子闡述自己喜歡春天的理由。5.比較對照法 有意識地把兩種相反、相對的事物或同一事物相反、相對的兩個方面放在一起,用比較的方法加以描述或說明,指出其相同點(diǎn),這種寫法叫做比較;指出其不同點(diǎn),叫做對照。比較和對照各有不同的側(cè)重,但兩種方法經(jīng)常結(jié)合使用。進(jìn)行比較對照通常有兩種方式。第一種方式采用先A后B的結(jié)構(gòu),即A1,A2,A3.; B1, B2, B3.。第二種方式采用AB交錯結(jié)構(gòu),即A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3.。第一種方式采用先A后B的結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是把一個段落(或一篇文章)分割為兩部分,先全面講A,再全面講B,這樣做較難收到強(qiáng)烈的對比效果。多數(shù)人認(rèn)為第二種方式比較好,因?yàn)榘褜Ρ鹊碾p方AB逐點(diǎn)交錯,可以避免行文的單調(diào)沉悶,對比的效果也會更鮮明突出。例如:Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentspublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.這段采用先A后B的對照方式,闡述勝利者和失敗者的不同特征。這種寫法較易操作,但行文往往比較平淡單調(diào)。再來看看AB交錯的比較方式:Ilikehavingatwinsister.Whensheshappy,Imhappy.Whenshefeelsunhappy,Ifeelthesame.Often,Iknowwhatshesgoingtosay.Sometimes,Iknowwhatshesthinking.Ilikewhatshelikes.Ihatewhatshehates.Welikethesamemusic,thesamefoodandthesamebooks.這段采用AB交錯的比較方式,闡述孿生姐妹的相同特征。這種寫法較流暢自然,給讀者的印象也更鮮明突出。6.過程分析法過程分析法就是把事物發(fā)展過程分為若干步驟,然后逐一加以分析說明。這種寫法在說明文中使用得相當(dāng)廣泛。過程分析與敘事和因果關(guān)系等寫法有密切關(guān)系,但彼此又有明顯區(qū)別:敘事研究的對象是Whathappens;因果關(guān)系研究的對象是Whyithappens,而過程分析研究的對象是Howithappens。例如:Thereareseveralstepstoplantatree.First,digaholelargeenoughforthetree,buttheholeshouldnotbetoodeep.Second,putthetreeintheholesothatitisstraight.Third,puttheearthbackintotheholeagain.Pushitdownhardwithyourfootseveraltimes.Finally,waterthetreewell,asoftenaspossible.這段分析了植樹過程中的幾個步驟。全段層次分明,連接詞語(first,second,third,finally)的使用加強(qiáng)了語句的連貫性。還必須說明的是,在實(shí)際寫作中,我們很少單獨(dú)采用上述幾種方法中的某一種。不少段落(或文章)的寫作都是綜合使用各種不同的寫作方法。同時(shí)還應(yīng)明確,在寫作中有意識地側(cè)重使用某一種方法是有好處的。此外,上述這些說明文的寫作方法在議論文中也常被采用。如何使用這些方法,寫出一篇好的文章來,還需在平時(shí)認(rèn)真積累,勤加練習(xí)。范文1:以“早起是好習(xí)慣”為題寫篇議論文。請圍繞以下幾點(diǎn)來寫：早起與健康；早起與學(xué)習(xí)；早起與一天的活動。(字?jǐn)?shù)80120，要求自擬標(biāo)題)Getting Up Early Is a Good HabitGetting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on. First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day. If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good.7范文2：Writing: 1. 校學(xué)生會將組織一次暑期志愿者活動，現(xiàn)招募志愿者。 2.本次志愿者活動的目的，內(nèi)容、安排等。 3.報(bào)名條件及聯(lián)系方式。 Volunteers NeededA voluntary activity in the summer vacation will be organized by the University Students Union. The Student Union will open free English classes for the youngsters in S.O.S Childrens Village. The classes will last for a week. Currently, we will recruit 5 volunteers to work as English teachers. The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English. Those with English teaching experience are preferable. Besides the English skills, we expect the volunteers to be patient, open-minded with a loving heart. The Childrens Village will provide the volunteers with three meals a day and transportation from and to the university during the class days. Those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address before June 30th. The office of the Student Union will contact the chosen candidates for an interview before July 10th. 范文3：MY COMPUTER I have a computer which was bought by my parents for my birthday present. Its a new one ,its name is Lenovo which was made in China. It can store and work with large quantities of information and can do hard mathematical problems fast and help a person work with word and pictures. With this computer I have learn lot of knowledge of computer, besides it I can use it for learning and interment such as chatting with others, watching TV and playing games. It was so useful that I can help but like it very much.圖表作文第一段：The table/graph/chart shows, as far as _(is/are)concerned, _.第二段：（第二段分為三種情況：1、一直上升；2、一直下降；3、一部分上升，一部分下降。下面針對這三種情況進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)模仿）。1、（以1978年到1998年城鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)村收入的穩(wěn)步較長圖為例）。a.一直上升According to the figures show in the graph, we can see that_, had been increasing at a steady rate from the year of 1978 to 1998. In addition, during the period, _had raise from 349.9 Yuan to 5425 Yuan, more than 5 times .Meanwhile, _had also grown from 133.6 Yuan to 2100 Yuan.b. 一直下降A(chǔ)ccording to the figures show inthe graph, we can seethat_, had been decreasing at e steady rate from the year of 1978 to 1998. In addition, during the periond,_had reduced from 349.9 Yuan to 5425 Yuan, more than 5 times .Meanwhile ,_had also gone down 133.6 Yuan to 2100 Yuan.2、以從1995年到1999年西安人的日常生活支出（食物、服裝和娛樂）的變化為例c. 一部分上升，一部分下降：According to the figures in the graph, we can see that_hadbeen increasing by 9% and 7%, respectively from the year of 1995 to1999. However,_(the expenses on food)had been decline by30% ,during the same period. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely toone another.第三段：There are several reasons for that phenomenon. On the hand, _;On the other hand,_,_.注：橫線部分為自己需填充的內(nèi)容，這只是整篇文章的格式,紅色橫線部分視考題而定，可填充的內(nèi)容經(jīng)濟(jì)類/發(fā)展類/旅游類/文化交流類：1. The policy ofreformation and opening spreader widely in China should be taken into account firstly, when considering the reason for the steady increase of the citizens income.2. The people of China has the spirit of working hard in order to improve their living.3. Chinas rapid economic development lays the base. 4. In the past twenty five years, remarkable changes have taken place in Chinas tourism rank in the world.5. The economy of China has developed so fast in twenty years that China now becomes more and more important in the world. 6. Im confident that with the development of China the numbers of visitors and the foreign exchange earrings will certainly continues to increase in the future. 7. With the rapid development of technology and the global economy ,the world is becoming international, cultural exchanges are becoming more and more frequent ,which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries.食品類：1、In order to live a healthy long life, we have to restrict our calorie intake eating the food with less fat. 2、We should make our diet more nutritional and balance the calorie i