非謂語動詞3.ppt

TheInfinitiveTheGerundTheParticiplePracticeonParticiples TheNonpredicate非謂語動詞 概說Prevue 帶to的不定式 to infinitive 和不帶to的不定式 bare infinitive 有進(jìn)行時 完成體 被動語態(tài)不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)模式1 不帶主語的不定式Ihopetoseeyousoon 不定式的邏輯主語是I 2 帶主語的不定式不定式也有自己的主語 這個主語通常由for引導(dǎo) Iamanxiousforthepartytobeasuccess 帶疑問詞的不定式Iwonderwhotoinvite Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation 不定式的句法功能 不定式可充當(dāng)主語 表語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語 名詞詞組修飾語 狀語等 1 不定式作主語不定式能直接置于句首擔(dān)任主語 一般指特定動作 心中有說話的對象 Tohesitateisapity Toknowthemainfactsisnotsufficient tobehereisagreatpleasure 上述這種形式一般用得不多 現(xiàn)代英語中常用先行詞it 把不定式分句后置的形式 Itisapitytohesitate Itisnotsufficienttoknowthemainfacts It sagreatpleasuretobehere 也適用于主句動詞不是連系動詞的句子 Ittook us fivehourstogethere Itneededhardworktofinishthejob 如果是疑問句或感嘆句 則只能用上述形式 Isitagoodideatoopenabankaccount Whatisitliketobehere Howlongdidittakeyoutogethere 不定式作主語通常表示具體動作 有時抽象 這點與動名詞作主語恰恰相反 2 不定式作表語有兩種情況 1 主語和表語都是不定式 其含義往往一是條件 一是結(jié)果 Toseeistobelieve Todecideistoact Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople 2 主語是以aim ambition duty hope idea intention mistake plan purpose suggestion等為中心的名詞詞組 或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞分句表示 后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容 Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth Ourplanistomakebetteruseofthesemedicinalherbs 草藥 Yourmistakewastowritethatletter WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce 注意 不定式作表語時常帶to 但在某些句型中也可省略to 請觀察這些句型中的特點 AllIdidwasemptythebottle Allyoudoistalkaboutcars Allsheseemstodoisgossipwithherneighbours 與鄰居聊天 TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself WhatIreallywantedtodowasdriveallnight 上述例子中的不定式之所以能省略to 有一個條件 即主語部分必須有一個動詞do 這個do的形式不論 3 不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有兩種 一種是能直接跟帶to不定式作賓語 另一種是能跟有疑問詞 帶to不定式作賓語 1 動詞 帶to不定式能直接跟帶to不定式作賓語的動詞 常見的有 afford agree aim apply arrange ask choose claim decide decline demand desire determine expect hope learn long manage offer pretend promise refuse seek swear threaten want wish等 Heagreedtosmokenomorecigarettes Sheappliestoworkonlyatweekends I vearrangedtomeethimatteno clock Sheclaims 聲稱 totypeat100wordsaminute Shepromisestomakenomistakesatall Ofcoursewehopetogetafewmore Hepretendednottoseeme IexpecttobebackonSunday 2 動詞 疑問詞 帶to不定式能用于這個結(jié)構(gòu)的常用動詞有 decide findout forget inquire know learn remember see settle think consider understand wonder becurioustoknow 等 疑問詞可以是what where who m when how whether which why除外 whattodo wheretogo Idon tknowwho m toask whentostop howtogetthere Ihaven tdecidedwhethertosellitornot Shedidn tknowwhichonetobuy 4 不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語1 動詞 賓語 不定式能用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞 大體有如下幾類 a see hear feel watch notice observe等表示感覺的動詞 改為被動時不定式加to Didyouseehimgoout Iheardhersing Ifeltsomethingcrawlupmyarm Didyounoticeanyonecomein Thepolicemanobservedthemanopenthewindow Thecarwasseentostop b have let make advise cause allow ask beg drive encourage expect forbid force get intend invite permit persuade remind teach tell trust urge want warn等表示 致使 等意義的動詞 Whatwouldyouhavemedo Letmehaveyourhomeworknow Youmademelaugh whydidyouadvisehertodothat Wecan tallowtheraintospoilourday Yousurelydon texpectmetodoallthat Ican tgethertotalk 上述動詞中 除了have let make以外 都接帶 to不定式作賓補(bǔ) have不用被動 其它轉(zhuǎn)被動時帶to c consider declare find consider prove think know believe discover feel think imagine judge suppose understand等表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞 Weconsiderhim tobe agoodofficer Theaccuseddeclaredhimself tobe innocent Wefoundhim tobe dishonest WehadprovedKeith tobe wrong Wethoughther tobe quiteaclevergirl Weknowhimtobereliable believejudge d arrangefor askfor longfor preparefor providefor waitfor wishfor call up on counton depend up on relyon等介詞動詞 Iwillarrangeforyoutocome ShallweaskforMarytocometoo Wewaitedforthattobedone 5 不定式作名詞修飾語 即定語 不定式作修飾語通常只能置于被修飾的名詞中心詞之后 Isthatthewaytodoit It stimetogotobed ThenextmantocomewasGrey Hisanxietytogowasobvious Heshowedawillingnesstoplease 取悅于人 Ifeeldoubtfulabouthisabilitytodothework 在處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下 如果不定式屬于不及物動詞 其后還得加上一個結(jié)構(gòu)上或含義上所需的介詞 Iuseapentowritewith I vebroughtthisstooltositon Isthereanyonetotalkto Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter Thisisagoodruletogoby 遵循 You vegivenmemuchtothinkabout 6 不定式作狀語1 表示目的Hewenthometoseehismother I msavinguptobuyasewing machine I vecometoaskifJanecangoswimmingwithme 2 表示結(jié)果不定式表示結(jié)果常見于下列搭配 a so asto Willyoubesogoodastotellhimso Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle b such asto Hisillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety Heissuchafoolastothinkthathisidlechatter 胡扯 caninfluenceothers c enoughto Thatlooksalmostgoodenoughtoeat Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon d too to 太 而不 Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters That smuchtooheavyforyoutolift 但下列句子中too to 不表示結(jié)果 也無否定意義 Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome It stookindofyoutohavetoldmethat Youareverykindtohavetoldmethat Youaretooreadytofindfaultwithothers Youareveryfondoffindingfaultwithothers 有時不定式還可以表示一個隨后發(fā)生的動作 不定式相當(dāng)于一個并列限定動詞詞組 這種不定式 其前有時有only 也表示結(jié)果 通常是一個未曾料到的不愉快的結(jié)果 Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill Shehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginahospital Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone TheGerund動名詞 1 動名詞作主語1 兩種位置a 正常的主語位置上Seeingisbelieving Readingislearning butapplyingisalsolearningandthemoreimportantkindoflearning Speakingalanguageisamosteffectivewayoflearningitpleasantlyandnaturally b 用it作形式主語 把 ing置于句末 這通常用于某些形容詞或名詞之后 important essential necessary等形容詞不適用于上述結(jié)構(gòu) It sinterestingplanningaholiday It srathertiringwalkingaroundinacity It snicetalkingtoyou Erin It sbetterturningthekeythatway It sfoolishbehavinglikethat It llbeenjoyablestudyingandworking It sworthwhiletryingtoanswertheeasiestquestionsfirst 又如在某些名詞之后 It sfunhavingguestsfortheweekend It snogoodcomplaining It sawasteoftimetryingtoreasonwithsuchastick in the mud 守舊的人 Wedon tthinkit sabore 使厭煩的事 doingthesamekindofworkeveryday 2 作主語的動名詞與不定式在意義上的區(qū)別由上述例子可以看出 動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作 而不定式作主語通常表示具體動作 It snousecryingoverspiltmilk 抽象動作 Hismotherhadadvisedhim however thatitwasnousetoarguewithSelma 具體動作 2 動名詞作表語動名詞作表語通常用于連系動詞之后 Seeingisbelieving Myfavouritesportisswimming Hishobbywascollectingstamps Ourdutyisservingthepeopleheartandsoul Thereisnothingfrighteningaboutdifficulties Theonlythingtoworryaboutisbeingafraidofthem 從這些例子中可看出 動名詞作表語往往說明主語的內(nèi)容 注意與現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時的區(qū)別 3 動名詞作賓語動名詞作賓語的動詞有兩類 只能帶動名詞作賓語 既能帶動名詞作賓語又能帶不定式作賓語 1 只能帶動名詞作賓語的動詞常用的有 avoid consider delay dislike enjoy escape excuse fancy finish giveup cannothelp imagine include keep on don tmind miss practise putoff resist risk cannotstand suggest等 Icouldn triskmissingthattrain Shecan tstandbeingkeptwaiting Shecan timaginewantingtogofishing Hedenied 否認(rèn) havingbeenthere Fathersuggestedgoingbybus 上述例子中動名詞的邏輯主語是誰 有些一望而知 有些要從特定的情景或上下文中推定 如要明確表示動作的執(zhí)行者 動名詞可帶上自己的主語 IwanttoavoidMary Mary sthinkingIdon twanttohelp Idon tmindJane Jane sbuyinganotherone Ican texcuseherpretendingtobeignorant We reconsideringhim hisgoingthere 這里動名詞的主語可用名詞或代詞的賓格表示 也可用它們的屬格 2 既能帶動名詞作賓語又能帶不定式作賓語的動詞 常見的有 attempt begin cannotbear continue dread fear forget hate intend like love neglect omit plan prefer propose regret remember start try undertake等 這些動詞雖兩者都可更帶 但用法不盡相同 主要有以下幾種情況 a 在begin start continue cannotbear hate like love prefer propose等動詞后 用動名詞和不定式作賓語意義無甚出入 Theteachersaid Youbeginwritingnow andthechildrenbegantowrite Willyoustartreading toread b 在attempt intend plan等動詞后用不定式多于動名詞 Don tattempttodo doingitbyyourself MrSmithplannedtotake takingaholidayabroad Shedidn tintendtopay payingthebillthismonth c 在need want后用主動態(tài)動名詞表示被動意義 與用被動態(tài)的不定式意義并無差別 但以用動名詞較為普遍 Thedooriscracking Itneedsoiling tobeoiled Theroomwantscleaning tobecleaned require deserve也能這樣用 但不及need want普通 d 在remember forget regret后 用動名詞或不定式意義上有明顯區(qū)別 動名詞指先于主句動詞的動作 不定式指后于主句動詞的動作 Irememberpostingtheletter 寄信 發(fā)生在 記得 之前 Irememberedtoposttheletter 寄信 發(fā)生在 記得 之后 It sfunny I vequiteforgottenputtingitthere It sfunny I vequiteforgottentoputitthere IregrettellingyouthatJohnstoleit IregrettotellyouthatJohnstoleit e 在try cannothelp mean stop leaveoff goon后 用動名詞還是用不定式取決于它們本身的含義與用法 Hetriedtowritebetter 盡量努力地寫 Hetriedwritingwithabrush 用毛筆試著寫 Icouldn thelpfinishingit 不能不結(jié)束某事 Icouldn thelptofinishit 不能幫助結(jié)束某事 Doyoumeantotellmeyoudidn tpostit 打算做某事 Ifyoudidn t it llmeanwaitingandwaitingagain 意味著做某事 動名詞結(jié)束 TheParticiple分詞 1 分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞 ing 或過去分詞 ed 兩種 現(xiàn)在分詞帶有主動和進(jìn)行的含義 過去分詞帶有被動和完成的含義 e g amusingstory abrokencup 現(xiàn)在分詞有以下形式 但過去分詞只有done 主動形式被動形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone Nowlet scomparethefollowingsentencesandwewillseethedifferencesbetween ing ed Sentenceswith ingSentenceswith edThenewsisexciting Wewereexcitedtohearit Heisaninterestingman Interestedmemberswillmeetat2 Takingadictionary sheTakenseparately theproblembegantoprepareherlessons arenotdifficulttosolve IheardsomeoneopeningIheardthedooropened thedoor Note 個別的分詞 多數(shù)是一些不及物動詞 并不表示被動的意思而有完成的意思 如 therisensun 升起了的太陽 fallenleaves 落葉 fadedflowers 萎謝的花 returnedstudents 歸國的學(xué)生 retiredworkers 退休工人 departedfriends 離去的朋友 escapedprisoners 逃犯 thenewlyarrivedvisitors 新到的客人 2 分詞的句法功能1 作表語通常現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語所具有的特征 過去分詞多表示主語所處于的狀態(tài) Thesituationisencouraging That sfascinating Thestorywasinteresting Hisreasoningsoundstobequiteconvincing 有說服力的 Thedooris remainslocked Maryseemsworriedatthenews 這類分詞幾乎都已變成了形容詞 英文中有不少分詞現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完全形容詞化了 這些分詞形式具有形容詞的各種特征 如可有副詞修飾 可有比較級形式 一般在詞典中單獨列出 它們能作表語 但要注意更分詞作表語時的不同 常見的這類形容詞有 amusing annoying boring charming comforting confusing disappointing discouraging encouraging exciting fascinating interesting inviting missing misleading pleasing promising puzzling shocking striking surprising等 Thebookisveryinteresting Thatfilmismoreexcitingthantheoneyousawyesterday 2 作定語修飾限定名詞或代詞的稱為adj 單個分詞一般放在被修飾n pron的前面 分詞短語一般放在被修飾n pron的后面 a 單個分詞adevelopingcountry acountrywhichisdevelopingabrokencup acupwhichisbrokenawrittentest atestwhichiswrittenapromisingyoungman ayoungmanwhoispromising注意 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語與動名詞作定語的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞動名詞waitingcarwaiting roomworkingpeopleworkinglanguagessleepingchildsleeping car 動名詞作定語是說明名詞的用途 可以改寫成roomforwaiting languagesforworking carforsleeping 而現(xiàn)在分詞是說明一個在進(jìn)行的動作 可以改寫成carwhichiswaiting peoplewhoareworking childwhoissleeping b 分詞短語分詞短語作定語 相當(dāng)于一個定語從句 Hereyoucanseeanoldchurchbuiltin1819 whichwasbuiltin1819 What sthelanguagespoken thatisspoken inthatarea c 用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時 注意分詞所表示動作發(fā)生的時間 大體有下面兩種情況 1 表示正在進(jìn)行的動作 變從句時須用進(jìn)行時 Cometomorrowandgivetheapplicationtothemansitting whowillbesitting atthatdesk 2 表示經(jīng)常性動作或現(xiàn)在 或當(dāng)時 的狀態(tài) 變從句時用一般時 Theylivedinaroomfacing thatfaced thesouth Thefactorymaking thatmakes thesecomputersisastate ownedone 3 其它情況不宜用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語 Themanwhocamethismorningisourlegaladviser Theaccidentwhichhappenedyesterdaysurprisedeveryone Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion 3 分詞作賓補(bǔ) 1 能用分詞作賓補(bǔ)的幾類動詞a see hear feel smell find notice observe lookat listento等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞 I 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)Wesawalightburninginthewindow Iheardsomeoneknocking Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder Canyousmellanythingburning Ididn tnoticehimwaiting Listentothebirdssinging Lookattherainfallingintorrents 傾盆而下 II 過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery HeonceheardthesongsunginGerman Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind Hewassurprisedtofindhisroomthoroughlycleanedandeverythingarrangedingoodorder b have set keep get catch leave等表示 致使 等意義的動詞 I ing作賓補(bǔ)Iwon thaveyoudoingthat Theykeptuswaitingforalongtime Ican tgettheclockgoingagain Youwon tcatchmedoingthatagain 你看吧 我決不會這樣做了 Hiswordsleftmewonderingabouthisrealpurpose 懷疑他的真正目的 Thesmokestartedhercoughing II ed作賓補(bǔ)Weshouldkeeptheminformedofwhatisgoingonhere Makeyourselfunderstoodwhentalking You dbetterhaveyourhaircutthisafternoon Wemustgetitdonerightaway Ishouldlikethismattersettledimmediately Hewillneverleaveajobunfinished 2 有關(guān)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的兩點說明a 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)與不定式賓補(bǔ)的語義區(qū)別要表示動作的進(jìn)行 即非全過程 用現(xiàn)在分詞 Isawhimcrossingtheroad Weheardhimplayingtheviolin Icansmellthecakescooking Wewatchedthechildrenclimbingupthehill 要表示動作的完成 即全過程 用不帶to的不定式 Ididn tseetheballbreakthewindow Didyounoticehimpausetotakebreath Didyouhearhimsaythat Iwatchedhercrossthestreet b 句子改為被動時 原來作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞便轉(zhuǎn)換為主補(bǔ)Theyheardhimsinginginthenextroom Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom Ifoundhimworkingathisdesk Hewasfoundworkingathisdesk Isawhimcrossingtheroad Hewasseencrossingtheroad 4 分詞作狀語作狀語是分詞的一個重要功能 也是分詞的關(guān)鍵部分之一 ing分詞作狀語 主要是對謂語加以修飾或作為陪襯 ed分詞作狀語 用來修飾謂語 說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況 可以分為時間 伴隨 方式 原因 條件等狀語 I 時間狀語Walkingthroughthepark wesawalotofbirds Whilewewerewalking Standingonthetower wecouldseethewholecity Whenwestoodon Seenfromthehill thetownlooksmagnificent Whenitisseenfrom II 伴隨狀語Mymothersatinthechair readingtheBible andshewasreadingtheBible Themanagerapproachedussmiling andhewassmiling Someleftthehallstillweeping andtheywerestillweeping Justthenawhite hairedwomanenteredsupportedbyagirl andshewassupportedbyagirl Heturnedawaydisappointed andhefeltdisappointed IV 原因狀語Beingsopoorinthosedays wecouldn taffordtosendtheboytohospital Aswewereso Notknowingheraddress wecouldn tgetintouchwithher Seeingnobodyathome shedecidedtoleavethemanote Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice shedidn twanttogotothemovies Influenced Astheywereinfluenced byhisexample theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds Bornintoapoorfamily hehadonlytwoyearsofschooling Deeplymovedbyhisspeech theystartedtodothejobrightoff V 條件狀語 常用于過去分詞 Givenmoretime Icandoitbetter IfIamgivenmoretime Ican Comparedwithyou westillhavealongwaytogo Onceseen itwillneverbeforgotten Ifitisseen itwillnever Keptinrefrigerator thedrugshouldremaineffectiveforatleastthreemonths Right Right Wrong Wrong 在使用上述分詞時有以下幾點值得注意 分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致 試比較 Walkingalongtheriverbank wesawalotofboatsintheriver Walkingalongtheriverbank theboatsintheriverlookedverybeautiful Seenfromthetopofthebuilding wefoundthecityverycharming Seenfromthetopofthebuilding thecitylookedverycharming 現(xiàn)在分詞如表示時間 分詞所表示的動作如果跟主句所表示的動作是完全同時發(fā)生的 多用when while加分詞結(jié)構(gòu) Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet Whenleavingtheairport theywavedagainandagaintous ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing Don tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim 當(dāng)然如果分詞表示的動作完成了以后 謂語表示的動作才發(fā)生 則分詞需用完成形式 Havingfinishedthework hebegantowatchTV 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前面我們說到 在用分詞作狀語時 分