考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)講義.doc

考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)講義一、簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句1. 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種形式： （1）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(不及物動(dòng)詞）； （2）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（及物動(dòng)詞）+賓語(yǔ)； （3）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)； （4）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)； （5）主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。 兩類(lèi)系動(dòng)詞：be動(dòng)詞； 一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用作系動(dòng)詞：feel, taste, smell等；2. 并列句：一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中包含兩個(gè)或更多互不相依存的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，中間用一些連接詞連接起來(lái)的句子。 并列句不能只用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，而要用連接詞連接。 連接詞：（1）并列關(guān)系句型：連接詞有and, as well as, eitheror，neithernor,not onlybut also eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends. Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.（2）轉(zhuǎn)折概念并列句型：轉(zhuǎn)折詞有but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.（3）對(duì)比關(guān)系的并列句型： eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps. 練習(xí)：2009年6月閱讀 Cerlings team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.（簡(jiǎn)單句） Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. （并列句） 簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句是復(fù)合句的基礎(chǔ)。二、句子成分句子六大成分：主謂賓、定狀表。 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)：通常由代詞或者名詞構(gòu)成， 定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞； 狀語(yǔ)：修飾形容詞或者動(dòng)詞； 表語(yǔ)：接在系動(dòng)詞后面；（一）.代詞：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞。 1人稱代詞：第一、二、三人稱，主格、賓格、所有格； I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its. 2 物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞：my, your, his, her, our, their，后面加名詞； 名詞性物主代詞：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs，后面不能加名詞。 eg: May I borrow your pen? Mine is missing. 3反身代詞：通過(guò)反身代詞指代主語(yǔ)，使動(dòng)作發(fā)出者把動(dòng)作在形式上反射到發(fā)出者本人。強(qiáng)調(diào)人稱問(wèn)題。 eg：I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself. 4. 指示代詞：this, that, these, those 5. 不定代詞：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything. 一些比較重要的不定代詞之間的區(qū)別： （1）all, each, every： all和every可以指代三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物；all可以表示所有東西的總和，是一個(gè)不可分割的整體； each只能表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人，側(cè)重個(gè)體； all和every側(cè)重整體，each側(cè)重個(gè)體； eg：Every staff of the university contributed to the fund. Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each. （2）everyoneevery one everyone等同于everybody，all people ，指的是所有的人； eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here. every one既可以指人，也可以指物，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)個(gè)體，通常用every one of ； eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings. Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes. （3）no onenone no one 只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面還可以接of； eg：No one failed the examination. None of the students failed the examination. 6. it 的用法 （1）指代人，通常用于口語(yǔ)中； （2）書(shū)面語(yǔ)： it 用來(lái)指代時(shí)間、距離、溫度、天氣等 eg：Its three years since I saw him. it 用來(lái)前指或者后指 eg：Ive lost my book. Where is it？ There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher. it 做形式主語(yǔ) eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？ it 做形式賓語(yǔ)，通常放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（形容詞）之間，真正的賓語(yǔ)放在賓補(bǔ)之后 常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg：She thinks it no use telling me. He has made it clear that he wouldnt agree to the plan. it 用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句，構(gòu)成句型Itsthat/who 如何區(qū)分強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的it和形式主語(yǔ)中的it？ eg：Its clear that they have won. 如果Its和that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能構(gòu)成完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句；否則，即為形式主語(yǔ)。（二）名詞1. 可數(shù)名詞 有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，若名詞為單數(shù)，通常前面要加冠詞a/an、the進(jìn)行限定；若名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，可以加上the，或者直接用復(fù)數(shù)名詞，或者加上數(shù)詞來(lái)進(jìn)行限定。 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以直接加s/es，以y 結(jié)尾的，變y 為i ，再加es,還有一些特殊形式的。 有些單數(shù)名詞的形式，是集合名詞，可以用作復(fù)數(shù)，如police，cattle，people，mankind等； eg：Several hundreds police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday. Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common. 不可數(shù)名詞：通常是物質(zhì)名詞或者抽象名詞2. 不可數(shù)名詞：通常是物質(zhì)名詞或者抽象名詞，其前可以不加任何東西，若有特指，可以加the. 前面可以加上單位詞，進(jìn)行分類(lèi)： 常見(jiàn)單位詞： a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse a bit of、an item of、an article of3. 名詞在翻譯中遇到的問(wèn)題： （1）不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換形式： eg：waterwaters（水域、海洋），sandsands（沙灘），woodwoods（樹(shù)林），goods（商品），ash和ashes（廢墟） （2）名詞表示特指時(shí)，可以加冠詞 不定冠詞：a/an，通常表示一，但是不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，翻譯時(shí)注意； eg：Germany is a European country. 定冠詞：表示特定或特指 eg：Is this the book that you are looking for? 定冠詞還可以使用于一些比較獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象：如指代地球或宇宙這種獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物 the+名詞：表示全部或者整體 eg：Do you know who invented the computer？ 用于樂(lè)器或?qū)Ｓ忻~前，如play the piano、the Thames（三）數(shù)詞數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞1. 表示大約的詞匯：about， approximately，around，roughly，some，more or less, or so; eg：About 200 people were killed in the crash. The town is 5 Miles or so from here.2. 表示多于的詞匯：above，more than, over3. 表示少于，不到的詞匯：almost，below，less than, under eg：Its 2:57, and its almost 3 oclock4. 一些可以直接表示數(shù)字的單詞： dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million 這些詞前面出現(xiàn)基數(shù)詞，表示確切的數(shù)時(shí)，不能加復(fù)數(shù)；若不能表明確切數(shù)字，只是說(shuō)大約有多少的時(shí)候，以上這些詞不可以加確切的基數(shù)詞，但是可以將其變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，后加of； eg：There are millions of kinds of matter in the world.（四）形容詞和副詞1. 定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾名詞，通常是形容詞；若是單個(gè)形容詞，一般放在修飾名詞前；若為詞組，一般放在修飾名詞之后； 形容詞詞組的兩種情況： （1）成對(duì)的形容詞； eg：She has many pencils, blue and red. （2）形容詞短語(yǔ)： eg：I think he is a man suitable for the job.形容詞還可以做表語(yǔ)，放在be動(dòng)詞之后；英語(yǔ)中有一些詞語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)和作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，含義會(huì)有所不同： （1）certain： 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示特定的: eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you. 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示當(dāng)然的，一定，相當(dāng)于be sure；（2）complete： 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示完全的: 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示完成的或完美的；（3）ill：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示壞的；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示有病的； （4）late: 作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示已故的；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示晚的、遲到的； （5）ready：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)成的；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示準(zhǔn)備好的、愿意做； （6）present：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示目前的，相當(dāng)于current；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示出席，參加；the+形容詞：表示一類(lèi)人； eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded2. 狀語(yǔ)： 通常由副詞構(gòu)成，副詞可以修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，乃至整個(gè)句子； 副詞通常是褒義的，有部分是有否定含義的，常見(jiàn)否定含義副詞有seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely； 其它副詞通常是表示肯定的概念；3. 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)： （1）一些沒(méi)有比較級(jí)的形容詞和副詞： 單詞本身的含義是表示比年長(zhǎng)、比優(yōu)秀、比優(yōu)等時(shí)，沒(méi)有比較級(jí)概念； 如supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior at ，后面搭配的介詞一般是to，而不用than. 有些單詞本身的含義即是最，獨(dú)一無(wú)二，沒(méi)有比較級(jí)概念； 如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.（2）同級(jí)比較和異級(jí)比較： 同級(jí)比較：asas/times as 異級(jí)比較：（倍數(shù)或修飾詞，表示多或少）+比較級(jí)+than 常見(jiàn)的修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal或者倍數(shù)； eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth. 比較級(jí)特殊用法詞匯： morethan： eg：He is more clever than honest. the+比較級(jí)：越來(lái)越 eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn.三、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一般進(jìn)行完形現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)（一）時(shí)態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作； eg：I get up at 7 o clock in the morning. I leave school for home at 6 every evening. （2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)； eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 兩種變化形式：在動(dòng)詞后加ed或不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞； 在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)： 常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等； eg：Did you go to Shanghai last week?補(bǔ)充：used to/be used to （1）used to + do：過(guò)去常常，表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在； eg：Mike used to take a walk. （2）be used to + doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或習(xí)慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞； eg：Mike is used to taking a walk. He is used to taking a shower with cold water. （3）be used to do：被用來(lái)做 eg：Leaves are used to fight enemies in Kong fu movies as the weapons.典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。 一般過(guò)去式和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的對(duì)比：（1）過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去的過(guò)去； eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai. 一個(gè)句子里有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，一個(gè)發(fā)生在前，一個(gè)發(fā)生在后，發(fā)生在前的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，發(fā)生在后的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)； eg：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示原本，卻未能 eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didnt. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣： 若虛擬的現(xiàn)象與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)； eg：If you had come to my birthday party, you would have seen Yaoming. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣中可以用had+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬； 3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) （1）shall/will, shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替; eg：Which paragraph shall I read first？ （2）be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)；表示要發(fā)生的事情有了預(yù)先的計(jì)劃、準(zhǔn)備或有跡象表明要發(fā)生； eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon? will表示純粹的將來(lái)；（3）be +不定式：表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事； eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday. （4）be about to +不定式：意為馬上做某事，后面不可以接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)； eg：He is about to leave for Beijing.注意： （1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)有時(shí)也可表將來(lái)； eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 趨向性動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)，主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。 eg：When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 在時(shí)間或條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)； eg：Ill write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表將來(lái)：通常用于口語(yǔ)，翻譯為打算； come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)；4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響。 （1）過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛完成； （2）從過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛告一段落，但是后面會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)生； eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days.過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： （1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 eg：I came to Beijing in 1995. I have stayed in Beijing since 1995. （2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)； 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October（具體時(shí)間） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far（長(zhǎng)期的段時(shí)間） eg：He had dinner with me yesterday. I have played basketball for 3 hours.（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等； eg：He got married two years ago. I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 （1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.（2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題-Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。 since和for的用法： since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度; eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. for后面多接一段時(shí)間，而since后面則接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，若since后面也出現(xiàn)時(shí)間段，則在時(shí)間段后加ago； eg： I have lived here since twenty years ago. 錯(cuò)句：I have worked here since many years.since句型： It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句，since從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)； eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. It is three years since I joined the army.5. 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：一般進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)；6. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+doing 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： eg：It has rained for 3 days. It has been raining for 3 days. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作在某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)某動(dòng)作持續(xù)發(fā)生。 eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years.（二）語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般 進(jìn)行 完成 現(xiàn)在 am/is/are+過(guò)去分詞 am/is/are+being+過(guò)去分詞 have/has+been+過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去 was/were+過(guò)去分詞 was/were+being+過(guò)去分詞 had+been+過(guò)去分詞 將來(lái) will+be+過(guò)去分詞 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)基本形式：be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞； eg：Forest have been cleared. They were given a warm send off. Their wedding will be held in the church. 不強(qiáng)調(diào)施動(dòng)者，而只強(qiáng)調(diào)受動(dòng)者； eg：The book was written 20 years ago.四、真題舉例：1. 真題2009年12月： Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never _(放棄對(duì)知識(shí)的追求). 放棄：give up, abandon，quit 追求：pursuit give up/abandon/quit the pursuit of knowledge gave up/abandoned/quit the pursuit of knowledge2. 真題2009年6月： The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is _ (與缺乏鍛煉密切相關(guān)) is+doing/形容詞： be closely related to： the lack of exercises：缺乏鍛煉； is closely related to the lack of exercises3. 真題2008年12月： Through the project, many people have received training and (決定自己創(chuàng)業(yè)) have received：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)； decided to：決定； 創(chuàng)業(yè)：launch their own enterprise decided to launch their own enterprise4. 真題2008年6月： I cant boot my computer now. Something must （一定出了毛病）with its operating system. 出了毛?。簅ut of control Something must be out of control/wrong with五、定語(yǔ)從句： eg：I know the girl. The girl comes from Beijing. I know the girl who comes from Beijing. 步驟： 1.找到兩個(gè)句子中相同的名詞； 2.將兩個(gè)名詞中的一個(gè)進(jìn)行替換，若是人，用who替換；若是物，用which替換；that既可以指人，又可以指物； 3. 將who 或which引導(dǎo)的句子放在相同名詞之后； eg：I like reading books. The books were written by O Henry. I like reading books which were written by O Henry.eg：I planted a tree. The tree is taller than the house. The tree which I planted is taller than the house.1. who/that/which所引導(dǎo)的句子必須放在相同名詞之后； eg：The teacher prized the boy. The boy is my neighbor. The boy who the teacher prized is my neighbor.eg：This is the book. You are looking for the book. This is the book which you are looking for. eg：This is the book. You are interested in the book. This is the book which you are interested in.2. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（結(jié)構(gòu)）和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系：關(guān)系緊密關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)； 關(guān)系緊密：謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞合成在一起，聯(lián)系緊密，不可分割，一旦分割意思就會(huì)發(fā)生改變； eg：look for, be interested in , look after, look at 定語(yǔ)從句中如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密，則介詞必須保留在謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的后面，不能做任何位置的改動(dòng)；如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)，介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面； eg: This is the book which you are looking for. This is the book which you are interested in. This is the book in which you are interested. This is the book which you asked for.3. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞： eg：Beijing is the place. I was born in the place. Beijing is the place which I was born in. Beijing is the place in which I was born. 定語(yǔ)從句中，如果介詞+which表示地點(diǎn)，則可以用where替換； Beijing is the place where I was born. eg: I cant forget the day. I join the army on the day. I cant forget the day which I join the army on. I cant forget the day on which I join the army. I cant forget the day when I join the army.判斷：This is the mountain village where I visited last year. This is the mountain village in which I visited last year. This is the mountain village which I visited in last year. 正確：This is the mountain village which/that I visited last year.4. 判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法：（1）不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞； 若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，則一定使用關(guān)系代詞；若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，且其后沒(méi)有介詞，則一定使用關(guān)系副詞； eg：I will never forget the days when I worked together with you. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. I will never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（2）通過(guò)判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分 eg：Is this the museum （that ） you visited a few days ago? the museum：充當(dāng)visit的賓語(yǔ) Is this the museum ( in which/where ) the exhibition was held?關(guān)系代詞：前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的成分；介詞+which，恰好表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，可以替換成when，where這樣的關(guān)系副詞；5 限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 (1) 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：先行詞（即名詞）后有一個(gè)逗號(hào)； eg: In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定語(yǔ)從句） In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定語(yǔ)從句） 限定性定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密，刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后，整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變； 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后，整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變，定語(yǔ)從句只起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意義； eg：This is the house which we bought last month.（2）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：先行詞是前面的整句話； eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year. This is the house, which we bought last month. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在后面，as則只能放在句子前面； eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. Smoking is harmful to our heath, as we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath. eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss（ ） came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. which(3)that和which的區(qū)別：什么時(shí)候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，即逗號(hào)之后； eg：The tree, that is 400 years old, which is very famous here.什么時(shí)候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，即逗號(hào)之后；介詞后面不能用that，只能用which； eg：The tree, that is 400 years old, which is very famous here. We depend on the land, from which we can get our food. in that：因?yàn)?；?）什么時(shí)候不能用which，只能用that： 前面的先行詞是不定代詞，包括all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little等； eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said? 如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了the only, the very等； eg：This is the only way that we can think out. 如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)； eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 如果先行詞中即有人，又有物； eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.例：Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems (他們至今還沒(méi)找到答案）. They havent found solutions/answers to these problems. There are many problems which they havent found solutions/answers to.例：（與我成長(zhǎng)的地方相比），this town is more prosperous and exciting. Compared with the place in which/where I grew up,例：（聽(tīng)到他告訴我的消息），I couldnt help laughing Hearing the news which/that he told me,例：Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.當(dāng)先行詞中是the way的時(shí)候，后面的連接詞可以用that，可以用which和in which，甚至可以不填；六.名詞性從句名詞性從句：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句；定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子，且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等成分；（1）同位語(yǔ)從句 eg：I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School. 同位語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)前面名詞的進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)?英語(yǔ)中的簡(jiǎn)單句：陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句。 eg：He is a student. Are you a student? Who is a student? 同位語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系詞不再和前面的名詞有關(guān)系，而是取決于后面的從句； eg：I know