2014年四六級段落翻譯預(yù)測.doc

1 孔子（Confucius）是春秋時期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒家學(xué)派（Confucianism）的創(chuàng)始人，是古代中國人心目中的圣人?？鬃拥难哉摵蜕交顒佑涗浽谟伤牡茏踊蛟賯鞯茏泳幊傻恼撜Z（The Analects）一書中。論語是中國古代文化的經(jīng)典著作。在孔子之后幾千年的中國歷史上，沒有哪一位思想家、文學(xué)家和政治家不受論語的影響。不研究論語，就不能真正把握中國幾千年的傳統(tǒng)文化。As a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects. As an enduring classic of Chinese culture, The Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years Chinese history after Confucius. No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book.2 大約在兩千多年前，中國就出現(xiàn)了蠟染（wax printing）。在中國服飾中，蠟染是一種流傳時間長、流行范圍大、使用領(lǐng)域廣的服裝工藝。蠟染是在布匹著色的過程中，以蜂蠟（beeswax）作為防止染色的材料。蜂蠟干了之后，會產(chǎn)生一些裂紋，這些裂紋在染色過程中滲透進(jìn)靛藍(lán)色，于是形成了如冰花式樣的美妙紋理。這樣自然天成的紋理可以說是蠟染的靈魂所在。 Wax printing appeared in China about 2,000 years ago. Wax printing has long been a widespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion. During the dyeing process, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed. When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the process of dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice. These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and soul of wax printing.3 景泰藍(lán)（cloisonn）是馳名中外的傳統(tǒng)工藝，它集青銅藝術(shù)、瓷器和雕刻諸種工藝制作技巧于一身，是一門地道的北京絕活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人們居家使用的精美物品。這項(xiàng)工藝始創(chuàng)于明代景泰年間，初創(chuàng)時的顏色主要是藍(lán)色，故得名“景泰藍(lán)”。到了成化年間，景泰藍(lán)技術(shù)進(jìn)一步成熟，這個時期的作品沉穩(wěn)凝重又透明靈動，而且銅胎也極為講究。 Cloisonn is a traditional art widely known in and outside China. It is a kind of superb local expertise form of Beijing, which combines the skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts. It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments for daily use. The making of cloisonn first appeared during the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used being blue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on. By the time of the Chenghua reign, the techniques for making cloisonn were further developed, with products of this period looking heavy and dignified yet not lacking in eloquence or vividness. Moreover, its cast was always made of choice copper.4西塘在浙江嘉興，位于上海和杭州之間。這個占地規(guī)模并不大的古鎮(zhèn)有著悠久的歷史，它初建于春秋時期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吳國和越國的交界處。西塘的大致規(guī)模在宋代之前就已經(jīng)形成，今所見西塘著名的橋梁望仙橋（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的遺跡。在明清時期，西塘既是遠(yuǎn)近聞名的魚米之鄉(xiāng)，又是著名的絲綢制造之地，還以制陶業(yè)（ceramics）而享譽(yù)全國。Xitang is located in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, between Shanghai and Hangzhou. Though small in size, this ancient town boasts a long history. It was first built during the Spring and Autumn Period, at the border between the states of Wu and Yue. The present layout had already taken shape before the Song Dynasty, and the famous Wangxian Bridge in Xitang is a legacy of the Song. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xitang had become a well-known trade centre for farm products, silks and ceramics, all produced in the surrounding areas and famous throughout the country.5 秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中國漢族的一種傳統(tǒng)民間舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作迅速有力。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上觀看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳舞來保持健康，同時他們也樂在其中。The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces. Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick. During holidays, such as the lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside. In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.6 中國的青銅器時代（Bronze Age）從夏開始，經(jīng)歷商、西周到春秋時期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持續(xù)了一千五百多年的時間。大量出土的青銅器物表明，中國創(chuàng)造了燦爛的青銅文明。這些青銅器物不僅有豐富的政治和宗教內(nèi)涵，而且還具有很高的藝術(shù)價值。今藏于中國歷史博物館的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中國青銅器時代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）時期的作品，距今大約有三千多年。The Bronze Age in China lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, to the Spring and Autumn Period. Large numbers of unearthed artifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilization in the country. They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artistic value. A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is now preserved in the Museum of Chinese History. It was cast about 3,000 years ago during the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty.71911年，中國爆發(fā)了歷史上的第一次資產(chǎn)階級革命the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中國封建社會的最后一個朝代清朝，廢除了中國延續(xù)了2000多年的封建帝制，建立了中國的第一個民主共和國中華民國。民國政府成立以后，要求全國人民都剪掉頭上的辮子（queues），選擇自己喜歡的發(fā)型。至此，在中國延續(xù)了280多年的辮子法令終于被解除。In 1911, the first bourgeois revolution in Chinese history the Revolution of 1911 broke out. The last dynasty of the Chinese feudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had a history of more than 2,000 years was abolished. The Republic of China, the firstdemocratic republic in China, was founded in 1912. After its foundation, the government of Republic of China had required the citizens to cut off their queues and make the haircut they liked. Since then, the wearing-queue order that had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished.8 出現(xiàn)在中國五代時期的婦女纏足（foot-binding），雖然最初是宮廷舞女為了方便跳舞而采用的一種行為，但由于有人認(rèn)為腳裹起來更好看，所有很多人就開始效仿起來。到了宋代，封建社會的綱常思想非常嚴(yán)重，受到男尊女卑的封建禮教的影響，女子裹腳的風(fēng)氣被傳承下來，并逐漸成為一種習(xí)俗。為了與婦女的小腳相適應(yīng)，宋代還出現(xiàn)了專門為裹足婦女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。The practice of foot-binding for women appeared in the Five Dynasties, but in the beginning, it was only adopted by the court dancers for convenience while dancing. Since people thought the foot-binding made womens feet look more beautiful, many females rushed to follow suit. By the Song Dynasty, due to the importance of feudal ethical thoughts and influence of the feudal male superiority conception, the practice of foot-binding was inherited and became a custom. In the Song Dynasty, to meet the needs of womens small feet, a kind of specially designed shoes gongxie was made.9據(jù)中國古代史書記載，治水有功的大禹通過禪讓制接替舜成為部落聯(lián)盟首領(lǐng)。但大禹死后，他的兒子夏啟卻破壞禪讓的傳統(tǒng)，自立為國王，建立了中國歷史上第一個奴隸制國家夏。從此，王位實(shí)行世襲制度，中國社會從此步入階級社會。夏代處在中國社會從原始社會向奴隸社會過渡的時期，社會生活的各個方面依然保存著原始社會的種種痕跡。According to the Chinese ancient documents, the legendary leader Shun abdicated and handed over his leadership to Da Yu who had made great contribution to controlling the flood of the Yellow River of China. When Da Yu died, his son Xia Qi breached the tradition of demise system and set himself as the king. Xia, the first slavery nation in Chinese history, was founded. Since then, the hereditary system had been practiced. Thus, China stepped into a class society. The Xia Dynasty was a transition from primitive society to slave society. At that time, all aspects of social life still reserved traces of primitive society.10北京烤鴨是自封建帝王時代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被認(rèn)為是中國的一道國菜。這道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及廚師們在客人面前片鴨子的真實(shí)情形而著稱。專門用于制作烤鴨的鴨子在養(yǎng)殖65天后就被屠宰了，鴨子在烤制前要先用調(diào)料腌制（season），然后才送進(jìn)燜爐或者掛爐。鴨肉通常配上蔥（scallion）、黃瓜和甜面醬，用薄餅卷著食用。Peking duck is a famous duck dish that has been popular since the imperial era in Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China. The dish is prized for the thin, crisp skin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced in front of the diners by the cook. Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven. The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweet bean sauce.11秦始皇是中國歷史上一位很有作為的皇帝，他生前動用了大量人力、物力為自己修造陵墓。秦陵兵馬俑（Terracotta Warriors and Horses）就是為陪葬這位皇帝而制作的陶兵和陶馬。秦始皇陵兵馬俑被發(fā)現(xiàn)于1974年。三個兵馬俑坑（terracotta figurines pits）占地約20,000多平方米，8,000多個與真人真馬一般大小的陶俑陶馬，排列成整齊的方陣，再現(xiàn)了秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國時兵強(qiáng)馬壯的雄偉軍陣。秦始皇陵兵馬俑被稱作世界第八大奇跡。The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, known as Qing Shi Huang, made great achievements in Chinese history. While still alive, he mobilized huge manpower and used a great deal of materials to build his tomb. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were made as burial objects to accompany the emperor in the after world. They were first discovered in 1974. Archaeologists had unearthed some 8,000 lifelike soldiers and horses from three terracotta figurines pits occupying about 20,000 square metres. Standing in formation, they indicate the powerful array of troops of Qin Shi Huang when he unified China. They are regarded as the eighth wonder of the world.12筷子是廣泛適用于東亞各國的傳統(tǒng)餐具?？曜拥臍v史起源于中國古代，最早可以追溯到商代?？曜油ǔＳ芍褡?、塑料、木材或不銹鋼制成。第一雙筷子可能用于烹飪，撥火而不是作為飲食器具。直到漢代，筷子才開始用作餐具。直到明代，筷子才開始被普遍使用于上菜或者吃飯。然后它們被取名“筷子”，并擁有了今天的形狀。Chopsticks are used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries. Chopsticks originated in ancient China and dates back to as early as the Shang Dynasty. They are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood or stainless steel. The first chopsticks were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire and not as eating utensils. Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks were widely used for both serving and eating. They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape.13公元960年，宋朝建立，后統(tǒng)一了中國大部分地區(qū)。宋朝的統(tǒng)治者建立了有效的中央集權(quán)制；廣泛任用民間的學(xué)術(shù)文人；地方的軍事官員及其黨羽都被中央任命的官員所替代。宋朝在城市發(fā)展方面是非常顯著的，這不單指其在管理上的職能，而且還包括其作為貿(mào)易、工業(yè)和海上貿(mào)易的中心的職能。在文化上，宋朝發(fā)展了歷史文獻(xiàn)、繪畫、書法及堅硬光滑的瓷器等。 In 960, Song Dynasty was founded, and later it reunified most of China. The rulers of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials. Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. The Song Dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry and maritime commerce. Culturally, the Song refined historical writings, painting, calligraphy and hard-glazed porcelain, etc.14 中國科舉制度（Chinese Imperial Examination System）是指中國古代官僚機(jī)構(gòu)選拔行政官員的考試制度。古代的中國人要想成為一位官員首先必須通過多種考試?？婆e考試的歷史可以追溯到隋朝，在唐朝得到進(jìn)一步鞏固和完善，在清朝走到了盡頭?？婆e制度在中國已經(jīng)存在了約1300年。它對中國古代的社會結(jié)構(gòu)和政治體制有深刻的影響。即使是現(xiàn)代選拔公務(wù)員的考試制度也是間接地從科舉制度演變而來的。Chinese Imperial Examination System refers to an examination system of selecting the administrative officials for the ancient Chinese bureaucracy. Ancient Chinese who wanted to be an official had to pass multiple of examinations first. Its history dates back to the Sui Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, the system had been further consolidated and perfected. The system came to an end during the Qing Dynasty. The Imperial Examination System has existed for about 1,300 years in China. It exerts deep influence on social structure and political system in ancient China. Even the modern examination system for selecting civil service staff also indirectly evolved from the imperial one.15唐代文化是中國文化的一個高峰。尤其是古典詩歌到唐代發(fā)展到全盛時期。在唐代300余年的歷史中，產(chǎn)生的流傳于后世的詩歌就有48,900多首。如此豐富的作品也使2,300多位詩人在歷史上留下了他們的名字。唐詩在創(chuàng)作方法上，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與浪漫主義并舉。唐代最著名的詩人是李白和杜甫，他們都是具有世界聲譽(yù)的詩人，后人將他們合稱為“李杜”。The Tang Dynasty witnessed a peak in Chinese culture. Especially, ancient poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In more than 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, some 48,900 poems were handed down and remain widely known today. So many works also made more than 2,300 poets famous in history. As far as the writing technique is concerned, the Tang poetry combined realism and romanticism. The best-known poets of the Tang Dynasty were Li Bai and Du Fu, who are very prestigious in the whole world and people of later generations called both of them as “Li Du” collaboratively.16江蘇菜，又叫淮陽菜，流行于長江下流區(qū)域，以水產(chǎn)作為主要原料，注重原料的鮮味。其雕刻技術(shù)十分珍貴，其中瓜雕（melon carving）尤其著名。烹飪技術(shù)包括燉、烤、焙、煨（simmering）等。江蘇菜的特色是淡、鮮、甜、雅。江蘇菜系以其精選的原料，精細(xì)的準(zhǔn)備，不辣不溫的口感而出名。因?yàn)榻K氣候變化很大，江蘇菜系在一年之中也有變化。味道強(qiáng)而不重，淡而不溫。Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach region of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well-known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, roasting, baking and simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu Cuisine is well-known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation, and its “not-too-spicy, not-too-bland” taste. Since the climate varies considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. The flavor is strong but not too heavy; light but not too bland.17王安石，北宋宰相、政治家、文學(xué)家、江西臨川人。1042年，王安石考中進(jìn)士，踏上了仕途，從此積極投身于改革大業(yè)。他曾給宋仁宗寫了一封萬字的諫書（remonstrance），主張朝廷全面改革法度，卻沒有得到重視。直到宋神宗時，王安石才得以有計劃制定新的法度，大刀闊斧地展開以富國強(qiáng)兵為目的的變法運(yùn)動。這就是中國歷史上著名的“王安石變法”。 Born in Linchuan, Jiangxi province, Wang Anshi was a statesman, poet and prose writer in the Song Dynasty. In 1042, Wang Anshi outstood others in the feudal exam and became a Jinshi, marking his first step in his political career and the beginning of his commitment to the reform. He once wrote a remonstrance of ten thousand characters to Emperor Renzong, advocating an all-out reform of the feudal laws and systems. The letter, however, was neglected. It was not until the reign of Emperor Shenzong that he finally got the opportunity to carry out the reform aimed to strengthen the countrys power. This is the famous “Wang Anshis Reform” in the Chinese history.18 秦腔（Qingqiang Opera）起源于唐、宋年間的陜西農(nóng)村，經(jīng)明、清兩代的發(fā)展，演變成現(xiàn)在以“直起直落，慷慨激昂，蕩氣回腸”為主要特征的表現(xiàn)形式。在陜西境內(nèi)，根據(jù)不同語言特色和生活習(xí)慣，秦腔又分為東、中、西、南四路。西安秦腔吸取東、西兩路秦腔的長處和京劇等外來劇種的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，既有高亢激昂、粗獷豪放的風(fēng)格，又有柔和清麗、精致細(xì)膩的格調(diào)。 Qinqiang Opera originated in the Tang and Song dynasties from the rural areas of the ancient Shaanxi in China and took shape in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Now this folk opera is featured by melodies that do not have many changes yet sound impassioned and soul-stirring. Since the dialects and living habits vary from place to place within Shaanxi province, Qinqiang opera is classified into four schools: the eastern school, the central school, the western school and the southern school. Qinqiang opera performed in Xian has absorbed the merits of the eastern and western schools as well as those of other operas such as Peking opera. Thus it sounds loud and rough sometimes, soft and gentle at other times.19根據(jù)中國的陰陽五行學(xué)說，世界上所有的事物都是由金、木、水、火、土五種元素構(gòu)成，這五種元素相生相克，白色代表金，綠色代表木，黑色代表水，紅色代表火，黃色則代表土。中國社會發(fā)展到漢代以后，黃色開始被人所接受，并認(rèn)為是最尊貴的顏色。唐代以后，服飾制度規(guī)定只準(zhǔn)皇室穿黃色的服飾，其他人一概不允許。According to the Chinese thought of yin, yang and the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), all things in the universe consist of the five elements; there is a phenomenon of mutual promotion and restraint among the five elements. The white stands for metal, the blue for wood, the black for water, the red for fire and the yellow for earth. Since the Han Dynasty in Chinese history, the yellow had been accepted by all people and regarded as the most distinguished colour. By the Tang Dynasty, the clothing system stipulated that all the people were prohibited from wearing yellow clothes except the royal family.20張擇端是北宋時期的一位宮廷畫師，擁有大量杰出作品，但最著名的應(yīng)當(dāng)是被后人稱為“神品”的清明上河圖（A River Scene at Qingming Festival）。它是一部寫實(shí)主義的精品，以當(dāng)時開封城的景象為題材繪制而成。圖中人物多達(dá)500余人，真實(shí)地再現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時開封清明時節(jié)的盛況。全圖結(jié)構(gòu)完整，描繪準(zhǔn)確，被傳為稀世珍品。清明上河圖將那個時代的繪畫藝術(shù)推向了頂峰。Zhang Zeduan is a royal painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, he left many outstanding works, but the most renowned one is A River Scene at Qingming Festival. With various scenes in Kaifengas raw materials, the painting paints more than 500 people and thus is a lively portrayal of Kaifeng on the day of Qingming Festival. So complete in organisation and so vivid in painting, A River Scene at Qingming Festival is deemed as the peak of painting at that time.21 清朝是中國的最后一個封建王朝。它由滿族人（Manchus）建立，是中國歷史上第二個由非漢族人創(chuàng)建的統(tǒng)一王朝。滿族人以前也被稱為女真（Jurchen），他們居住在明朝境內(nèi)東北部、長城關(guān)外。在努爾哈赤（Nurhaci）統(tǒng)一女真各部落并建立了一個獨(dú)立的部落之后，他們成為了明朝晚期的主要威脅。滿族人聯(lián)合明朝的將軍吳三桂打下了北京，并將其作為清朝的首都。在這之后他們繼續(xù)南下剿滅（subdue）明朝的殘余反抗勢力。在滿族征戰(zhàn)中國的過程（16181683）中，總共造成了2500萬人喪生。The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China. Founded by the Manchus, it was the second non-Han Chinese dynasty that ruled the whole country. The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchen, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall. They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming Dynasty after Nurhaci had united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent one. The Manchu allied with the Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing Dynasty, and then proceeded to subdue the remaining Mings resistance in the south.22明朝是中國歷史上最后一個由漢族建立的王朝，歷經(jīng)十二世、十六位皇帝，國祚276年。明朝初期明太祖朱元璋定都于南京市。1421年由明成祖朱棣遷都至北京市。明朝是繼漢唐盛世后又一個興盛的中原王朝，也曾是手工業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)最繁榮的國家之一。明史（The History of Ming）認(rèn)為洪武、永樂在位時期，“治隆唐宋”、“遠(yuǎn)邁漢唐”。明朝時期，無漢唐之和親，無兩宋之歲幣，天子御國門，君主死社稷，為后世子孫所敬仰。The Ming Dynasty is the last dynasty established by the Han Chinese in Chinese history. It had 16 emperors of 12 generations in its 276 years. Zhu Yuanzhang, founder of the Ming Dynasty, set its capital in Nanjing in the early years. Emperor Zhudi moved its capital to Beijing in 1421. The Ming Dynasty is a follow-up to the prosperous Han and Tang dynasties, when the handicraft industry and economy flourished. The History of Ming suggests that during the reign of Emperor Hongwu and Yongle, the Ming Dynasty was much more developed than the Han, the Tang and the Song dynasties. The Ming Dynasty was never forced to establish marital relationships with neighboring kingdoms like Tang Dynasty, neither did it pay any tribute like the Song did. Emperors in the Ming Dynasty all dedicated to its country and are respected by their descendants.23年畫（New Year Painting）是中國畫的一種，始于古代的門神畫（door god painting），在清朝光緒年間正式被稱為年畫。北宋年間，每逢過年過節(jié)家家戶戶貼年畫已成為一種風(fēng)尚。木板年畫歷史悠久，堪稱中國民間藝術(shù)寶庫中的一顆明珠。木版年畫，顧名思義，就是用木板印出來的年畫，不但具有極高的收藏價值，而且還極具觀賞性。朱仙鎮(zhèn)木板年畫和天津楊柳青、山東濰坊、江蘇桃花塢年畫并稱中國四大年畫。朱仙鎮(zhèn)木版年畫采用的是手工木刻制作，制作工藝非常地講究。New Year Painting is a kind of Chinese painting originated from ancient door god painting. In the period of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, it was formally known