土木工程專業(yè)英語第二版(段兵延)Lesson13.doc

UndergroundSpaceUtilization地下空間的利用Therapidgrowthof world civilization will have a significant impact ontheway humans live inthefuture. Astheglobal population increases and more countries demand a higher standard of livingthedifficulty of doing this is compounded by three broad trends:theconversion of agricultural land to development uses the increasing urbanization oftheworlds population and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement oftheenvironment especially regarding global warming andtheimpact of populationgrowth.Undergroundspaceutilizationas this chapter describes offers opportunities for helping address these trends. 全球城市化進程的加快將會對人類將來的生存方式產(chǎn)生重大影響。隨著全球人口的增長以及更多國家要求提高生活水平，世界必須提供更多食物，能源以及礦物資源來維持此增長趨勢。解決這一難題的辦法有三大渠道復(fù)合而成：農(nóng)業(yè)用地的保護從而得到更深入的利用；日益增長的全球城市人口；對保護和改善環(huán)境日益增長的關(guān)注，特別是關(guān)于全球氣候變暖以及人口增長帶來的影響。地下空間的利用，作為本章要描述的內(nèi)容，將提供針對這些趨勢的解決辦法。 By moving certain facilities and functionundergroundsurface land in urban areas can be used more effectively thus freeingspacefor agricultural and recreational purpose. Similarlytheuse of terraced earth sheltered housing. Using underground space also enables humans to live more comfortably in densely populated areas while improvingthequality of live.通過將特殊器材設(shè)備置于地下，城市地表可被更有效地利用，這樣就可釋放出空間供農(nóng)業(yè)和娛樂使用。類似的，在陡峭的山坡上使用階地掩土住宅會有助于在多山地區(qū)保護寶貴的可耕平地。利用地下空間也可以提高人們在人口高密集去的居住舒適度，改善生活質(zhì)量。 On an urban or local leveltheuse ofundergroundfacilities is rising to accommodatethecomplex demands of todays society while improving the environment . For example both urban and rural areas are requiring improved transportation utility and recreational services.Thestate of traffic congestion in many urban areas oftheworld is at a critical level forthesupport of basic human living and it is difficult if not impossible to add new infrastructure at ground level without causing an unacceptable deterioration ofthesurface environment or an unacceptable relocation of existing land uses and neighborhoods. 以城市或當(dāng)?shù)厮疁?zhǔn)，地下設(shè)施的利用正日益滿足當(dāng)今社會對于改善環(huán)境的需求。例如不論城市還是農(nóng)村都需要提高運輸，實用以及娛樂服務(wù)。世界上許多城市的交通堵塞問題已經(jīng)處在滿足人類基本生存需求的臨界點上，并且在不破壞地表環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ)上不增加新設(shè)施或是不重新規(guī)劃現(xiàn)有土地及周邊地帶上的建筑的基礎(chǔ)上想要解決這一難題是十分困難的。 On a national level in countries aroundtheworld global trends are causing the creation and extension of mining developments and oil or gas recovery at greater depths and in more inaccessible or sensitive locations. Three trends have also led to the developments of improved designs for energy generation and storage systems as well as national facilities for dealing with hazardous waste including chemical biological and radioactive waste and improved high-speed national transportation systems .All these developments involve use oftheunderground.以世界上許多國家的國家水平，全球化的趨勢導(dǎo)致對煤炭，石油，天然氣的開采已達到更深的地層以下，觸及更難以讓人接受或是更敏感的區(qū)域。這些趨勢同樣導(dǎo)致針對能源繁衍存貯系統(tǒng)以及用于處理危險廢料（包括化學(xué)，生物以及放射性廢料）的國家設(shè)施設(shè)計的改善和提高，同樣也改善了國家高速運輸體系。所有這些發(fā)展均涉及地下工程。 Land Use Pressures Placing facilitiesundergroundis a promising method for helping ease land use pressures caused bythegrowthand urbanization oftheworlds population. Although the average population density intheworld is not largethedistribution of population is very uneven. A map of population density intheworld is not large areas of the world are essentially uninhabited . These areas are forthemost part deserts mountainous regions or regions of severe cold that do not easily support human habitation. 用地壓力 將設(shè)施置于地下是緩解由于世界人口增長所帶來的城市化問題的一種有希望的辦法。雖然世界平均人口密度并不大，但人口分布卻極不均勻。世界人口密度圖顯示世界上大部分地方根本不適合居住。這些大方大部分是沙漠山區(qū)，或是極度嚴(yán)寒地帶等人類不易居住區(qū)。 If one examines China for exampletheaverage population density is approximately 100 persons per square kilometer butthevat majority oftheone billion-plus population lives on less than 20 percent oftheland area. this isthefertile land that can support food production. However due to population growth urbanization and economicgrowththis same land must now support extensive transportation systems industrial and commercial development and increasing demands for housing Asthepopulation and economy growtheland available for agriculture shrinks andtheproblems of transporting food and raw materials to an urban population increase. Bytheyear 2000 it is estimated that 70 percent of the worlds population will inhabit urban areas.以中國為例，平均人口密度大概是每平方公里 100 人，但是 10 億多的絕大部分人口居住在少于 20的國土上。這是那些可以提供糧食產(chǎn)品的肥沃土地。然而，由于人口增長和城市化，這些土地同樣要被用于創(chuàng)建更廣闊的運輸系統(tǒng)，被用于工商業(yè)的發(fā)展，以及日益增長的住房需求。隨著人口和經(jīng)濟的增長，農(nóng)業(yè)用地減少，向城市人口運送食物和原材料的問題日益增長。據(jù)估計，到 2000 年，世界人口的 70將居住在城市。 Thesame trend are evident in Japan where approximately 80 percent ofthe land area is mountainous90 percent ofthepopulation lives onthecoastal plains and economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic centers .Theflat-lying land is generally the most fertile and is historicallytheregion of settlement . Other factors adding to population density includethetraditional building style which is low-rise and Japanese law that contain strong provisions for maintenance of access to sunlight .Also to retain domestic food production capabilitytheJapanese government has protected agricultural land from development.Thecombination of these historical and political factors together with a strong migration of businesses and individuals totheeconomic centers has created enormous land use pressure. The result is an astronomically high cost of land in city centers as high as US 50000 per square meter and difficulty in an providing housing transportation and utility services forthepopulation. Typical business employees cannot afford to live near the city center where they work and may have to commute one to two hours each way from an affordable area. To servicetheexpanding metropolitan area public agencies must upgrade roads and build new transit lines and utilizes. Land costs for such work are so high that in central Tokyo thecost of land may represent over 95 percent of the total cost of a project.同樣的問題在日本也很明顯，大約 80的土地是山區(qū)，90的人口居住在海邊平原經(jīng)濟發(fā)展集中在幾個相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟中心。平原通常是最肥沃的土地，從歷史上看也是人類的定居地。其他附加于人口密度的因素包括：傳統(tǒng)低層的建筑模式，而且日本法律規(guī)定必須建造靠近陽光的堅固的維護設(shè)施。同樣，為了保護家庭糧食生產(chǎn)能力，日本政府保護農(nóng)業(yè)用地。這些歷史，政策因素導(dǎo)致大量商業(yè)，個人向經(jīng)濟中心移民造成了巨大的土地使用壓力。結(jié)果是市中心土地價格驚人昂貴（高達 50 萬美圓/平米）并且很難為人們提供住房，交通，設(shè)施服務(wù)。普通公司雇員無法承擔(dān)住在他們工作的市中心附近而不得不搭乘公汽單程花 1.2 個小時從他們負(fù)擔(dān)的起的住處到公司。為了為日益擴大的大城市區(qū)域提供服務(wù)，市政當(dāng)局必須升級道路并且興建新的交通線和設(shè)施。東京市中心的土地價格如此昂貴以至于用于購買土地的花費可能會占到工程總花費的 95。 Theproblem of land use pressures and related economic effects of high land prices are of great interest inthestudy ofthepotential uses of undergroundspace. When surfacespaceis fully utilizedundergroundspacebecomes one ofthefew development zones available. It offersthepossibility oftheadding needed facilities without further degradingthe surface environment. Without high land prices however the generally higher cost of constructing facilitiesundergroundis a significant deterrent to their environmental or social grounds-luxuries which many developing nation cannot afford at present and which developed nations are reluctant to undertake except in areas of special significance. 土地使用壓力和由于高土地使用價格帶來的相關(guān)經(jīng)濟影響使得對地下空間的潛在利用的研究變得相當(dāng)有趣。當(dāng)?shù)乇硗恋匾驯焕么M，地下空間將變成可開發(fā)的區(qū)域之一。這為不需深度破壞地表環(huán)境而附加需要設(shè)備提供了一種可能。雖然沒有高額地價，但是建造地下設(shè)施的高額花費將是地下空間利用的一大攔路虎。因為地下設(shè)施不具有經(jīng)濟競爭力，因此在考慮建造前必須在美學(xué)，環(huán)境或者是社會效應(yīng)方面給予綜合評估，除非是一些有特殊標(biāo)志性意義的設(shè)施否則將會造成現(xiàn)階段國家無法承擔(dān)或是很勉強承擔(dān)的奢侈浪費。Planning ofUndergroundSpaceEffective planning forundergroundutilizationshould be an essential precursor to the development of majorundergroundfacilities. This planning must consider long-term needs while providing a framework for reforming urban areas into desirable and effective environments in which to live and work. If underground development is to providethemost valuable long-term benefit possible then effective zones beneath public rights-of-way in older cities aroundtheworld. The tangled web of utilities commonly found is due to a lack of coordination and the historical evolution in utility provision and transit system development.地下空間規(guī)劃 對地下空間利用的有效規(guī)劃是發(fā)展地下設(shè)施的前奏。這個計劃必須是為長遠(yuǎn)考慮的，并根據(jù)人們理想的工作和居住環(huán)境重構(gòu)城市建筑格局。如果地下空間開發(fā)可以提供最具價值的長期效益，那么對這些資源的有效計劃就應(yīng)得以實施。不幸的是，在世界范圍內(nèi)，靠公眾權(quán)力來開發(fā)近地表空間已經(jīng)太遲了。紊亂的設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)司空見慣歸咎于缺乏協(xié)調(diào)以及使用設(shè)施的歷史性變革以及交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。 Theundergroundhas several characteristics that make good planning especially problematical: l Once undergroundexcavations are madetheground is permanently altered.Undergroundstructures are not as easily dismantled as surface buildings. l Anundergroundexcavation may effectively reserve a large zone ofthestability of theexcavation.l Theundergroundgeologic structure greatly affectsthetype size and costs of facilities that can be constructed buttheknowledge of a regions can only be inferred from a limited number of site investigation borings and previous records. l Largeundergroundprojects may require massive investments with relatively high risks of construction problem delay and cost overruns.l Traditional planning techniques have focused on two-dimensional representations of regions and urban areas . This is generally adequate for surface and aboveground construction but it is not adequate forthecomplex three-dimensional geology and built structures often foundunderground. Representation of this three-dimensional information in a form that can readily be interpreted for planning and evaluation is very difficult. l 地下空間具有如此特征導(dǎo)致要做一個好的規(guī)則需要特別注意一些問題l 1.一旦開始地下開挖，土地將被永久改變。地下建筑不象表面建筑那樣容易拆掉。l 2.開挖一片地下空間需要一大片土地作為開挖加固區(qū)。l 3.土地的地理構(gòu)成極大地影響了地下設(shè)施的種類，形式以及開銷。但現(xiàn)有關(guān)于地表建筑的知識僅有很有限的內(nèi)容與此相關(guān)，因此需要查閱鉆探資料和以前的記錄。l 4.大型地下工程需要大量調(diào)查，涉及更大的建造問題，工期拖延以及預(yù)算超支等風(fēng)險。l 5.傳統(tǒng)規(guī)則技術(shù)主要側(cè)重于對于城市地形區(qū)域的二維描述。這基本上僅適合地表及上部結(jié)構(gòu)但并不適合建造在處于復(fù)雜三維地理環(huán)境中的地下結(jié)構(gòu)。用同一種模式來描述這種三維信息并立刻反映到規(guī)則評估中是件非常困難的事 In Tokyo for examplethefirst subway line Ginza Line was installed as a shallow line 10 meters deep immediately beneaththeexisting layer of surface utilities. As more subway lines have been added uncluttered zones can only be found atthedeeperundergroundlevels.Thenew Keiyo JR line in Tokyo is 40 meter deep. A newundergroundsuper highway from Marunouchi to Shinjuku has been proposed at a 50-meter depth. For comparisonthedeepest installations in London are at approximately a 70-meter depth althoughthemain complex of works and sewers is at less than 25 meters. Compounding these issues of increasing demand isthefact newer transportation services such astheJapanese Shinkansen bullet trains orthe French TGV often require larger cross-section tunnels straighter alignments and flatter grades. Ifspaceis not reserved for this type of use very inefficient layouts ofthebeneath urban areas can occur. 例如，在東京，第一條地鐵（Ginza 線）是在現(xiàn)存地表層設(shè)施下作為一個影子工程線路（10m 深）建成的。隨著填加更多的地鐵線，在更深土層中才會發(fā)現(xiàn)比較規(guī)整的區(qū)域。在東京，新的KEIYO JR線深達40M。一條從M帶S的高速干線已經(jīng)被設(shè)計到50M深。作為比較窄倫敦最深的設(shè)施大約70米深，其主要的復(fù)雜部分以及排水設(shè)施至少超過25m綜合日益增長的需要，有一個事實就是這類新型運輸服務(wù)（例如日本的新干線子彈頭列車或是法國的TGV）通常需要大量交叉隧道，筆直的隊列以及平坦性。如果地下空間不是此類用途，那么城市下面將會產(chǎn)生非常無效率的布局。Environmental Benefits 環(huán)境效益Another major trigger for under groundspaceusage isthegrowing international concern overtheenvironment which has led to attempts to rethinkthefuture of urban and industrial development.Themajor concerns in balancing economic development versus environmental degradation and world natural resource limitations revolve around several key issues. These are:地下空間利用的另一個主要產(chǎn)物是引來國際上對環(huán)境越來越多的關(guān)注，它導(dǎo)致人們試圖重新思考城市和工業(yè)發(fā)展的未來。對平衡經(jīng)濟發(fā)展對抗環(huán)境的降級和世界自然資源限制的主要關(guān)注是以幾個關(guān)鍵問題為中心。它們是：l Theincreasing consumption of energy compared tothelimited reserves of fossil fuels available to meet future demand.l 越來越多的能源的消耗與能滿足將來需求的化石燃料的有限儲備量之間的矛盾。l Theeffect ontheglobal climate of burning fossil fuels.l 燃燒化石燃料對全球氣候的影響。l Thepollution oftheenvironment fromtheby-products of industrial developmentl 工業(yè)發(fā)展的副產(chǎn)品帶來的環(huán)境污染。l Thesafe disposal of hazardous wastes generated by industrial and military activites. l 由工業(yè)和軍事活動產(chǎn)生的有害廢物的安全處置。Preservingtheenvironment and extending the life of the worlds resources while promoting economic growth and maintaining individual life styles will be complex if not impossible. However a high standard of living and high gross domestic product do not have to be proportionately dependent on resource consumption and environmental degradation.促進經(jīng)濟增長和保持個人生活方式的同時，要保護好環(huán)境和延續(xù)世界資源的生存，如果可能的話，也是很復(fù)雜的。然而，一個高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的生活和高的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值卻不必要相應(yīng)地依靠資源消耗和環(huán)境降級。Undergroundspaceutilizationcan help solvetheenvironmental/resource dilemma in several ways .Undergroundfacilities are typically energy conserving in their own right. More importantly by using underground space,higher urban densities can be supported with less impact on the local environment.In addition totheobvious benefit of preserving greenspaceand agricultural land there is strong evidence that higher urban density can lower fuel resource consumption地下空間利用能在一些方面幫助解決環(huán)境/資源的困境。典型的是，地下設(shè)施憑其本身的質(zhì)量可做到能源節(jié)省。更重要的是，通過使用地下空間，在對當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境產(chǎn)生較少的影響下就能支撐較高的城市密度。除了保護綠色空間和農(nóng)業(yè)土地這明顯的好處外，有更強烈的跡象表明較高的城市密度能降低燃料資源的消耗。TheFuture ofUndergroundSpaceDevelopment Although existingundergroundfacilities throughouttheworld provide some models for future development they are all limited in scale ,in use,or in their lack of a comprehensive vision forthetotal city environment. As a complement to more detailed planning and research studies it is useful to examinethevisions of extensive underground complexes even entire cities that have been proposed by futuristic planners and designers. 雖然全世界已有的地下設(shè)施提供了未來發(fā)展的一些模式，但是它們在規(guī)模上，在使用上，或者在對于整個城市環(huán)境缺乏綜合的遠(yuǎn)見上都是受限的。作為對更詳細(xì)的規(guī)劃和調(diào)查研究的補充，調(diào)查龐大的地下綜合設(shè)施甚至整座城市的遠(yuǎn)景是有用的，這已經(jīng)被未來的規(guī)劃者和設(shè)計者提出來了。Geotech90 a conference and exhibition held in Tokyo in April 1990 was a major forum fortheundergroundindustry in Japan. More than a dozen underground concepts were displayed ranging fromthetypical transit and utility uses to undergrou