人教版高中英語語法復習資料.doc

實用文檔語法：是一門研究英語語言構成規(guī)律的學科。 詞 法 語法句法簡單句：在句子中只包含一套主謂結構。并列句：通常由一個連詞連接的并列的句子。復合句：大句套小句一氣：虛擬語氣二詞：非謂語動詞、情態(tài)動詞三句：名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句形容詞名詞數詞代詞動詞介詞副詞感嘆詞冠詞連詞詞法陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句句法目的 結構時態(tài)、語態(tài)非謂語動詞情態(tài)動詞 語法名詞性從句狀語從句定語從句句法目的 結構句法目的 結構句法目的 結構簡單句復合句并列句陳述句疑問句祈使句感嘆句非謂語動詞一、 在句中不能作謂語的動詞叫做非謂語動詞二、 啥樣呢？1. 不定式：To do2. 動名詞：Doing3. 分詞：DoneEg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.圍繞著群島的海洋是深藍色的Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done.非謂語動詞的賓補，其邏輯主語為前面賓語 方法一：口訣法非謂語，三要點。變否定，NOT前。哼哈將，時邏關。七仙女，記心間。（一） 變否定（二） 哼哈將 1.動詞不定式邏輯關系時間關系時間關系主動關系被動關系一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done進行式To be doing(To be being done)完成進行式To have being doing(To have been being done) 一般式：不定式的動作和謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或在謂語動詞之后的動作發(fā)生。 ABB A：謂語動詞 B：不定式 完成式：不定時動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生。 AB A：謂語動詞 B：不定式Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黃河大合唱 last night. 進行式：不定時的動作和謂語動詞動作同時正在進行B AA：謂語動詞 B：不定式Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. 完成進行式：不定時的動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生，一直持續(xù)到謂語動詞動作，到謂語動詞動作為止。不定時的動作有可能剛剛結束，還有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。 ABBBBA：謂語動詞 B：不定式Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years.邏輯關系2.動名詞 （同時具有動詞和名詞的雙重性質，Doing）時間關系主動關系被動關系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 一般式：動名詞動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。 ABA：謂語動詞 B：動名詞若非謂語動詞動作在謂語動詞動作之后發(fā)生，則通常用“To do” 完成式：動名詞動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生。 ABA：謂語動詞 B：不定式Eg6. She didnt acknowledge having received my flowers.Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so lucky that it had just missed being caught.一般式 To Do Doing（ 1.固定搭配；2.Eg. mean to do計劃 mean doing意味著 ) 某些詞(need, demand要求, deserve應得, allow, want, worth, require)后，用動名詞的主動形式表示被動。 Eg8. The house needs repairing. Be worthy of being done=Be worthy to be doneEg9. Want +to do(想要) / doing(想要被)3.分詞1）Doing & Done& 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞相區(qū)分的三大原則 a. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生 The falling man 過去分詞表示已經完成 The fallen man b. 非謂語動詞作定語，其邏輯主語就是其所修飾的詞 The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞被動主動Eg10. The amazing man（A）The amazed man（B）A.小丑 B.觀眾邏輯關系 c. 現(xiàn)在分詞有時間邏輯上的變化，而過去分詞沒有時間關系主動關系被動關系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 三個區(qū)分： Done & Being done Done 已經被 Being done 正在被 Done & Having done Done & Having been done 已經被（通?？苫Q）過去分詞更強調一種由始至終的動作，Having been done更強調分詞的動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to the restaurant.2)獨立主格自己的 主語Eg13. She was standing behind the door with a book in her hand.獨立主格：（兩大語法功能）a. 具有自己本身的邏輯主語，這個主語不是句子中真正的主語b. 獨立主格結構在整個句子中充當狀語句意 adj. adv.（With）+n.(邏輯主語)+將來 介詞短語 不定式 Doing 主動 Done 被動Eg14. The job _A_, we went straight home. A. finished B. finishing C. had finished D. was finished（三） 七仙女七仙女非謂語主語賓語介詞賓語賓語補足語狀語定語表語不定式動名詞分詞邏輯主語本身通常是句子本身主語通常是句子本身主語賓語句子本身主語所修飾的詞通常是句子本身主語1) 作主語區(qū)分 Dong 更強調經常性、習慣性動作To do 更強調一次性動作& DoingTo do 轉換Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.& It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do（To do做真正主語）& It is / was+no good/use+doing2) 作賓語區(qū)分 & like/love/hate/prefer+to do+doing (To do更強調一次性動作；Doing更強調經常性、習慣性動作) Eg16. I like dancing but I dont like to dance with you now. & (見例)To do 表將來， Doing 表事已做過To do 表將來 Eg17. RememberDoing 已做過的事 Forget Regret 方法二：講故事法& Eg18. mean+to do/doing Stop/go on+to do/doing3) 作介詞賓語區(qū)分& prep.+doingEg19. On being introduced to strangers British people often shake hands.&prep+疑問詞+to doEg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings.& Look forward to doing 盼望著做某事習慣于做某事Be used to doingBe accustomed to doingDevote oneself / ones life to doingCant help but do = Have to do& Used to do 過去習慣做某事（表示現(xiàn)在不干了） Am/is/are used to doing 現(xiàn)在習慣于做某事 Be used to do 被用來作為 Was/were used to do 過去被用來做某事（不強調現(xiàn)在）4) 作賓語補足語區(qū)分& ask sb to do sth.& 感官動詞：see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelEg21. do 看見某人做某事（整個過程）See sb doing 看見某人正在做某事 being done 看見某人正在被 done 看見某人被& 使役動詞“使”（共四個） Let, Get, Make, HaveEg22. Let sb do Get sb to do(主) / done(被) I cant get the car start. Make sb do(主) / done(被) Be made to do Have to do / done Have sth to do 注意：區(qū)分have意思Eg23. Excuse me, where is Room 301/ Just a minute. Ill have Bob show you your room.5) 作狀語區(qū)分句子， (狀語) 非謂語動詞 成分& 不定式作狀語 通常表示目的、結果、程度 常譯為“為了”& 分詞作狀語 通常表示伴隨、條件、方式、原因Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, weve got a wonderful view.Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. 常用搭配：1. To tell you the truth, 2. tooto3. only to(通常引出意想不到的結果)4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.5. enough to 足以6. generally speaking 通常情況下說7. judging from / by 6) 作定語區(qū)分 & 不定式 通常放在被修飾詞之后，用來表示一次性或將來的動作 & 動名詞 通常放在被修飾詞之前，用來表示被修飾詞的性質、特征、用途 & 分詞 既可放在被修飾詞之前，又可放在被修飾詞之后，通常表示一個動作； 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或一種持續(xù)狀態(tài)； 過去分詞表被動 7) 作表語區(qū)分系動詞：Like, get, come, see, smell& 不定式 通常具有名詞性質，用來表示主語所具有的內容，更強調一次性或將來的動作& 動名詞 通常具有名詞性質，用來表示主語所具有的內容，更強調經常性、習慣性動作& 分詞 通常具有形容詞性質，用來表示主語所具有的興趣和特性Eg26. My job is feeding / to feed pigs.名詞性從句1.（Whoever comes here）knows him.2. We all know that he can fly.3. The news that he succeeded in the end is well-know.4. The problem is that he always eats a lot.5. We are sure (that) he will go to the moon to date Sister Change.一、通常由一個引導詞引導的一個小句具有名詞的性質，在整個大句中充當一個成分（主、賓、表、同位、補） 主語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句 表語從句 補語從句語時俱進引導詞考點二、“豬頭”不省1.引導詞分類引導詞詞形詞義從句中充當的成分省略連接詞That主、同位不可?。槐?、賓可省Whether是聯(lián)想諧音記頭法（千萬孤獨）If否連接代詞特指（泛指）Who(ever)誰主、表Whom(ever)誰賓What(ever)什么主、賓、表Which(ever)哪一個主、賓、定Whose(ever)誰的定有選擇項用“Which”,沒有選擇項用“What”“Whose”必須和后面名詞同時省略連接副詞When(ever)時間狀語Where(ever)地點Why原因How(ever)方式、程度Eg27. This is what I like.找查原則找從句 查成分vi.Eg28. This is where I runRunvi 析： S+謂（eg. I ran） S+謂+（介+賓）/狀Eg29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).2.語時俱進1）語序：疑問句在從句中要按正常語序排列（疑問詞+S+謂）2）時態(tài)：要保持一致Whether與If & 主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中通常用Whether & 介詞后，不定式前，通常用Whether & “Whether or not”與“If”不可互換 “Whetheror not”與“If”可互換4. 常見考點1） 主語從句 & 放在句前，主句謂語動詞用單數 & 固定搭配 It is / was +adj./n./done +that從句 & It seems /happens + that Eg30. Which way you turn is up to you.2） 表語從句正如 似乎好像 因為 As As if As though Because虛擬語氣Eg31. He looks as if he were drunk.& The reason is /was + that& It is /was + the reason + why (定語從句) & It / That / This + is /was + Because 那是因為 Why 那就是的原因Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.3） 賓語從句 & S + vt. + OS + vi. + prep + OS + v (tell, teach, give, show, make, send) + O + OEg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人& S + 謂 + it + adj. + that從句/to do & 疑 + do you think /suppose + 從句主語 + 從句謂語 + 其它 & 客觀真理一般現(xiàn)在時4） 同位語從句 & 通常由that引導，放在某些固定的名詞（plan, idea, news, fact, hope）之后 & n.= that (同位語從句用來解釋說明前面的名詞所具有的內容) Eg34. The news that she had received the flowers was true.(同位語從句) The news that she had heard was true.(定語從句)關系代詞關系副詞ThatWhyWhichWhereWhoWhenWhom(But)WhoseAs定語從句Eg35. I saw a flying pig in the sky. I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.一 關系代詞&關系副詞 “三板斧”原則1. 砍逗號That, but, why不引導非限制性定語從句2. 砍先行詞（人、物、時間、地點、原因）3. 砍成份（定語從句中缺少的成分主語、賓語、介詞賓語、狀語、定語）分類引導詞詞形先行詞從句中充當的成分范圍關系代詞Who1. 人（含人名）2. 擬人的物3. all, those等,指人時4. 集合名詞表個體時（people, police,team, class, enemy,committee, group）1. 主語2. 賓語（口語中）限&非限Whom（同上）1. 賓語（可省略）2. 介詞賓語限&非限 prep + whom, whom不可省略 prep +whom, whom可以省略ThatEg. The girl that /- /whom I wrote a letter to is1. 人2. 物3. 人和物（sb.+sth.）4. 不定代詞5. 先行詞被最高級序數詞（only, very, all, few, many, much, little等）修飾1. 主語2. 賓語（可省）3. 介詞賓語 prep不能放在that前且可以省略限Which1. 物2. 集合名詞表物3. 句子4. 不明性別的嬰兒1. 主語2. 賓語(可省)3. 介詞賓語限&非限prep + which, 介詞賓語不可省prep + which,介詞賓語可省Whose1. 人2. 物定語限&非限 必須和后面的名詞同時出現(xiàn) Whose = n.+ of + whom /whichEg The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throwinto the sky.Eg. New Zealand has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.關系代詞或關系副詞要盡量靠近先行詞ButEg.Theres nobody but has his faults.1. 人2. 物主句變否定句But = who not= that not主語限AsAs we all know /expectSuch /That + n. + thatAs often happens1. 人2. 物3. 整句1. 主語2. 賓語3. 表語4. 狀語限&非限 As VS Which1. Which 不能放在整句句首2. As 要多譯一個“正如”關系副詞Where=prep + which1. 地點2. 時間3. 原因狀語限&非限When=prep + which1. 地點2. 時間3. 原因狀語限&非限Why=for which1. 地點2. 時間3. 原因狀語限二 定從中的主謂一致1. 定從中的謂語動詞取決于先行詞（先行詞為單數，謂語動詞為單數）2. which & as 若替代整個句子的句意，則定從中的謂語動詞用單數3. 若先行詞為one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語動詞用復數；若先行詞為the only one of the + n.(pl.), 則謂語動詞用單數三 “限制性定語從句”與“非限制性定語從句”的區(qū)分Eg36. Xiao Qiang, who lives in Beijing, is my brother. Xiao Qiang who lives in Beijing is my brother.1.“，”逗號2. 限制性定語從句只能用來限制、修飾先行詞，不能省略，通常放在先行詞前，與主句譯為一句；非限制性定語從句起補充說明作用，通?？墒÷?，翻譯時與主句譯為兩句。3. Which & As 在引導限制性定語從句時，只能用來替代先行詞詞義；引導非限制性定語從句時，還可替代整個句子的句意。狀語從句（時間、地點、原因、讓步、條件、方式、目的、結果、比較）比方讓木（目）條原地開花結果實（時）基本不考（一） 比較狀語從句 “三要”：AS之間要原形, （“asas”結構，中間加adj./adv.原形） 比較對象要對立， eg. YY likes dogs more than I (do).eg. ZZ sings better than anyone else in our department.Anyone elseAny other + n.(單) The other + n.(pl.)The others THAN后主賓要分清 （二） 方式狀語從句 As正如，像似乎，好像 As if As though（三） 讓步狀語從句1. Though /All though /Even if /Even though /While 后面不加“but”,“however” ;可以出現(xiàn)yet, still, nevertheless2. Whatever =No matter what, 引導名詞性從句時不可替換，引導狀語從句時可以替換。3. Adj.+ as /though +S + FAdv.Article +n.VerbEg37. Ugly as I am, I am tender.（四） 目的狀語從句 In order that So that Sothat（五） 條件狀語從句(條件狀語從句中不能用將來時)1. if 主將從現(xiàn)2. unless = ifnot 除非3. as long as 只要在條件下provided thatproviding thaton condition that（六） 原因狀語從句 Seeing that Considering that In that 因為（引導原因狀語從句）（七） 地點狀語從句 Wherever, Where, Anywhere, Everywhere Eg38. People dont lack strength they lack will.（八） 結果狀語從句1. so +adj./adv. + thatso many /few /much /little +n. +thatso +adj. +a /an +n. +that2. such +n. + thatsuch + a lot of +n. +thatsuch a /an +adj. +n.+ that（九） 時間狀語從句1. When, While, As突然 然而 伴隨2. before & after3. as soon as 可用在任何時態(tài)=hardly had done when did=scarcely had done when did=no sooner had done when didEg39. The students had hardly seen me when they ran off. Hardly had the students seen me when they ran off.情態(tài)動詞完全情態(tài)動詞：can / could, may / might, will / would, hall / should, must, ought to半情態(tài)動詞: need, doneEg27. Can 本義：能夠；推測：可能 Cant 本義：不能；推測：不可能虛擬語氣通常提出一種不可能存在的假設或與事實相反的假設& 對現(xiàn)在:If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do& 對將來： If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do If+were to do / should do, S+would / should / could / might+do& 對過去：If+had done, S+ would / should / could / might+have done虛擬語氣中的被動此一律用Was情態(tài)動詞專題基礎知識（一）情態(tài)動詞的定義情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。（二）情態(tài)動詞的特點1）有一定詞義；2）不受主語人稱和數的變化影響；3）與主要動詞的原形（或稱不帶to的不定式）一起構成謂語（除ought to作固定詞組看待）。（三）情態(tài)動詞的基本用法1. can (could)1）表示能力，could主要指過去時間。Two eyes can see more than one. 兩只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school? 這女孩上學前能識字嗎？2）表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）。The temperature can fall to 60, that is 60 below freezing. 氣溫可降至60，也就是零下60。He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。You mustnt smoke while youre walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走時勿吸煙，那樣可能會引起火災。3）表示允許。Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎？He asked whether he could take the book out of the readingroom.他問他可不可以把書帶出閱覽室。4）表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中。Where can (could) they have gone to? 他們會去哪兒了呢？He cant (couldnt) be over sixty. 他不可能超過六十歲。How can you be so careless? 你怎么這么粗心？5）比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 幫我一把好嗎？Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today. 恐怕我們今天不能給你答復。-2. may (might)1）表允許，might可以指過去時間，也可指現(xiàn)在時間，語氣更委婉。You may take whatever you like. 你喜歡什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎？在回答以may引起的問句時，多避免用這個詞，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免顯得太嚴峻或不客氣。2）表可能（事實上）?？梢灾高^去時間，也可以指現(xiàn)在時間，但語氣更加不肯定。He may be at home. 他可能在家。She may not know about it. 她可能不知道這件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他擔心他們可能不同意他的意見。They might be having a meeting, but Im not sure. 他們有可能在開會，不過我不肯定。-3. must1）表示義務。意為“必須”（主觀意志）。We must do everything step by step. 我們一切都必須循序漸進地做。You mustnt talk to her like that. 你不可能那樣對她說話。-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now? 我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習本嗎？-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不必。（這種情況下，一般不用mustnt）2）表示揣測。意為“想必、準是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他準是病了。他的臉色蒼白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴著鉆石項鏈，一定很有錢。-4. shall1）表征詢意見，用于第一、第三人稱疑問句。Shall I get you some tea? 我給你點茶好嗎？Shall the boy wait outside?讓那男孩在外面等嗎？What shall we do this evening? 我們今晚做什么？2）表說話人的意愿，有“命令、允諾、警告、決心”等意思，用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。You shall do as I say. 按我說的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答復。（允諾）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他會后悔的，我告訴你。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項計劃。（決心）-5. will1）表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句。I will do anything for you. 我愿為你做任何事。None is so blind as those who wont see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you.如果你愿意讀這本書，我會把它借給你。2）表請求，用于疑問句。Will you close the window? Its a bit cold. 請你把窗戶關上好嗎？有點冷。Wont you drink some more coffee? 再來一點咖啡好嗎？3）表示某種傾向或習慣性動作。Fish will die out of water. 魚離開水就不能活。The door wont open. 這門打不開。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個鐘點，看著車輛行人通過。-6. should1）表義務。意為“應該”（某件事宜于做），用于各種人稱。You should be polite to your teachers. 你對老師應該有禮貌。You shouldnt waste any time. 你不應該浪費時間。2）表推測，意為“想必一定、照說應該、估計”等。The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors. 這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計拍得很好。They should be home by now. 照說他們現(xiàn)在應當已經到家了。-7.would1）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他們不讓他進去因為他衣著破舊。I said I would do anything for you. 我說過我愿意為你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出請求、建議或看法。Would you like another glass of beer? 再來杯啤酒好嗎？Would you mind cleaning the window? 請把窗戶擦一下好嗎？They wouldnt have anything against it. 他們不會有什么反對意見。3）表過去反復發(fā)生的動作或過去的一種傾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻煩都會向她求助。-8. ought to 1）表義務，意為“應該”（因責任、義務等該做），口氣比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父親，應當管他。You oughtnt to smoke so much. 你不應該抽這么多煙。2）表推測，暗含很大的可能，語氣較弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號碼。Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.今天有晚霞，明天應該是個好天。-9. used to 表示過去的習慣動作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不復發(fā)生或存在。疑問式和否定式有兩種。He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他過去住在鄉(xiāng)下，現(xiàn)在住在城里。There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角處過去有座樓房，現(xiàn)在拆了。I usednt (didnt use) to smoke. 我過去不抽煙。Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你過去常步行去學校嗎？ -虛擬語氣是一種表達方式，當我們要表達自己或某人的主觀愿望的時候，就用到虛擬語氣了。虛擬語氣 （高二內容，但虛擬語氣在高考的選擇題中已多年未出現(xiàn)，主要放在閱讀理解中）Verb可以決定1pattern句型2 mood語氣（1）陳述（2）祈使（3）虛擬1if一般含蓄2語氣should句3原型4其他簡單的說虛擬語氣可以分4類（1，2，4考的比較多）1if條件句（一般）if條件句主句現(xiàn)在if+主語+were/v-ed,主語+would(shouldcouldmight)+do過去if+主語+had+v-ed,主語+would(shouldcouldmight)+have+v-ed將來if+主語+v-ed/wereto/should,主語+would(shouldcouldmight)+do$省略if的用法1去掉if2should/had/were提前$錯綜主句和從句發(fā)生的時間不同,（有些會給你時間狀語）ifIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenthatposition.從句現(xiàn)在主句過去ifhehadlistenedtome,hewouldnotbeinsuchabigtroublenow.（now）從句過去主句現(xiàn)在（含蓄）沒有if在條件句中出現(xiàn)常常是：given,suppose,supposing,butfor=ifsbhadnotbeenfor,butthat,otherwise,or,without2表示建議、命令或要求，在從句中用shoulddo美語里sho