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2008年職稱英語教材衛(wèi)生類新增部分完整版第二部分 閱讀判斷Some sleep drugs do more than make you sleepThe United States Food and Drug Administration1 has ordered companies to place strong new warnings on thirteen drugs that treat sleep disorders. It also ordered the makers of the sleeping pills to provide information for patients explaining how to safely use the drugs.Last Wednesday, the FDA announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous effects. These include the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. They also include rare incidents of strange behavior. These include people cooking food, eating and even driving while asleep. The patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep. Last year, a member of the United States Congress2 said he had a sleep-driving incident. Patrick Kennedy, a representative from Rhode Island,3 crashed his car into a security barrier near the building where lawmakers meet. The accident happened in the middle of the night and no one was hurt. Mr. Kennedy said he had earlier taken a sleep medicine. He said he was also being treated with a stomach sickness drug that can cause sleepiness. The Food and Drug Administration did not say in its announcement how many cases of sleep-driving it has documented. However, the New York Times4 reported last year about people who said they had strange sleep events after taking the drug Ambien. Some reported sleep-driving and sleep-walking. Others said they found evidence after waking in the morning that they had cooked food or eaten in their sleep. But they had no memory of carrying out the activities. A Food and Drug Administration official says that these serious side effects of sleep disorder drugs appear to be rare. But, he also said there are probably more cases than are reported.5 He said the agency believes the risk of such behaviors could be reduced if people take the drugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while taking the drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has advised drug companies to carry out studies to investigate the problem.詞匯:disorder /disd/ n. 障礙;紊亂;疾病allergic /ldZik/ adj. 變應(yīng)性的,過敏性的incident /insidnt/ n. 偶發(fā)事件,小事件representative /reprizenttiv/ n. 代表crash /krQS/ v. (使)碰撞lawmaker /lmeik/ n. 立法者,制定法律者(尤指立法委員或議員)sickness /siknis/ n. 疾??;惡心,嘔吐stomach /stmk/ n. 胃sleepiness /slipinis/ n. 昏昏欲睡document /dkjument/ vt. 根據(jù)事實(shí)材料制作注釋:1. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA):美國食品及藥品管理局2. United States Congress:美國國會3. Rhode Island:羅得島(美國州名)4. New York Times:紐約時報5. But, he also said there are probably more cases than are reported. 不過,他也說道,可能實(shí)際病例要比報導(dǎo)的多。 請注意本句中than的用法。than后面連接了一個句子,可是卻沒有主語,學(xué)術(shù)界對此有兩種說法:一種認(rèn)為than是關(guān)系代詞,它本身在從句中作一個句子成分;另一種則認(rèn)為than仍為連接詞,后面省略了句子的適當(dāng)成分。請看類似的句子:You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花去的錢比預(yù)計的多。(請比較:You spent the money that was intended.) As the child grows, the jawbones grow also; therefore, there is space for more teeth than are in the first set. 隨著孩子的長大,頜骨也隨著長大,因此就有空間供比第一套還要多的牙齒占用。練習(xí):1. There are altogether 13 drugs treating sleep disorders in the United States.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. FDA considers it the producers duty to warn the users of sleeping pills about the serious side effects and to tell them how to use safely.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. An allergic reaction to sleeping pills may sometimes cause a user to die.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. A stomach sickness drug alone caused Patrick Kennedy to crash his car into a security barrier. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. FDA based its order upon a wide investigation of sleep-driving. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Sleep-walking is also one of the serious side effects induced by taking sleeping pills. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. The appearance of one or another side effect after taking some sleeping pill is unavoidable.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案與題解:1. C 第一段第一句只說FDA命令制藥公司在13種安眠藥上貼上語氣堅定的新警告語,但是沒有提到這13種是不是包括了美國的所有的安眠藥。2. A 第一段中FDA命令制藥商貼新警告語并指導(dǎo)病人如何安全用藥,自然就認(rèn)為這是制藥商不可推卸的責(zé)任。3. A 第二段第一、二句說到,其中有些藥物具有意外的危險作用,包括威脅生命的過敏反應(yīng)。既然威脅到生命,那有時就可能引起死亡。4. B 請注意第三段最后一句的was also being treated,尤其是 also,說明他服用安眠藥的同時也服用治嘔吐的藥,故不是單純后一種藥引起他的車禍。5. C 第四段第一句說,F(xiàn)DA沒有說它調(diào)查了多少昏昏迷迷開車的事例,因此它是否作過大量調(diào)查我們并不知道。6. A 第四段尤其是其中的第三句說到,服用安眠藥以后有人昏昏迷迷開車,有人夢游,因此夢游屬于的副作用之一。,7. B 最后一段說到,只要服安眠藥時按說明書服用而且不喝酒,危險行為就會減少,因此副作用并不是不可避免。Red meat links to higher risk of breast cancer1Exercise and keeping a healthy weight are two things that doctors say might help women lower their risk of breast cancer. Mothers may reduce their risk if they breastfeed for at least four months. For older women, hormone replacement therapy2 can lower the risk of some other diseases. But it has been found to increase the risk of breast cancer. So women should consider their choices carefully. The same may be said for diet. New findings show that younger women who eat a lot of red meat have higher rates of breast cancers called hormone-receptor positive.3 The growth is fed by the levels of estrogen or another hormone, progesterone, in the body. Researchers at Brigham Womens Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, reported the findings as part of a health study of nurses. The researchers followed the health of more than 90,000 women from1991 to 2003. Those who ate the most red meat ate more than one and one-half servings a day. A serving was defined as roughly84 grams. Those who ate the least red meat ate less than three servings a week. This is what the study found about breast cancers that were hormone receptor-positive: The women who ate the most red meat were almost two times as likely to get them as the women who ate the least of it. Eunyoung Cho, the lead author of the report, says more research is needed to know the reason for the link. But in the past, researchers have suggested that three things may play a part. One is the way meat is cooked or processed. Another is the use of growth hormones in cows. And the third is the kind of iron in red meat. The study appears in the Archives of Internal Medicine. And now we have more to tell you about our subject - resveratrol. We discussed a study in the United States that found that large amounts of this plant compound helped fat mice live longer. The mice were fed much more resveratrol than people could get from red wine, one of the foods that contains it. Now, scientists in France say resveratrol also improves muscle performance - again, at least in mice. They were able to run two times as far in laboratory treadmill tests4 as mice normally could. The study at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology5 appeared in the journal Cell. 詞匯:breast /brest/ n 胸;乳房breastfeed /brestfid/ v. 哺乳,喂奶hormone /hmun/ n. 激素,荷爾蒙therapy /Perpi/ n. 療法,治療receptor /risept/ n. 接受器,感受器;受體estrogen /estrdZn/ n. 雌激素progesterone /prudZestrun/ n. 黃體酮, 孕酮 (孕激素類藥)serving /sviN/ n. 一份飯菜process /pruses/ vt. 處理;加工resveratrol /resvertrul/ n. 白藜蘆醇(抗腫瘤藥)compound /kmpaund/ n. 混合物;化合物;復(fù)合物treadmill /tredmil/ n. (古時罰囚犯踩踏的)踏車;(喻)單調(diào)的工作genetics /dZinetiks/ n. 遺傳學(xué)molecular /mulekjul/ adj. 分子的cellular /seljul/ adj. 細(xì)胞的cell /sel/ n. 細(xì)胞注釋:1. breast cancer:乳腺癌 2. replacement therapy:補(bǔ)充療法,補(bǔ)償療法(應(yīng)用機(jī)體天然產(chǎn)物或合成代用品補(bǔ)充機(jī)體的形成或缺陷) 3. hormone-receptor positive:激素受體陽性4. treadmill test:單調(diào)乏味的實(shí)驗(yàn) 5. Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology:遺傳學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)及細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究所練習(xí):1. Breastfeeding helps women prevent the development of breast cancer to a certain degree.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. Estrogen may contribute to the development of breast cancer as much as hormone replacement therapy. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. The amount of red meat a woman eats is directly proportional to the probability of breast cancer.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. The way red meat is prepared has much to do with the probability of breast cancer.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. Any kind of iron in the food is a contributor to the development of breast cancer.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Resveratrol is the fourth factor recently found that causes a breast cancer to develop.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. Any kind of wine contains resveratrol.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案與題解:1. A 第二段第一句明確說到喂奶可以減少婦女患乳腺癌的危險性。2. B 第二段說激素補(bǔ)充療法會增加患乳腺癌的危險性,而第三段說到雌激素時只說到它是供給身體發(fā)育的,并未提到它會觸發(fā)乳腺癌,兩者是不能相提并論的。3. A 第四段尤其是最后一句已是結(jié)論性的話,瘦肉吃的多,患乳腺癌的可能性就大,反之就小,故成正比。4. A 倒數(shù)第三段列出了研究人員過去認(rèn)為可能吃瘦肉致乳腺癌的三個原因,其中第一個就是瘦肉的烹調(diào)方法。5. B 同樣倒數(shù)第三段中列出的第三個因素就是瘦肉中所含的鐵的種類,言下之意是有些類型的鐵致癌,有的就不致癌,因此說所有食物中的鐵都致癌顯然是錯的。6. B 倒數(shù)第二段說到,食用大量白藜蘆醇這種植物的混合物老鼠就會長壽,最后一段又說到白藜蘆醇能提高肌肉的功能,這些都是正面的、積極的作用,并沒有說它能致癌。7. C 倒數(shù)第二段只說紅酒中含有白藜蘆醇,并沒有說其它酒類有還是沒有。第三部分 概括大意與完成句子Napping to a Healthier Heart? 1Researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack.2 The test measures levels of a protein in the blood. The researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure3 or stroke.Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo of the University of California in San Francisco led the team. For about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease. The researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called NT-proBNP.4 Patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke. The researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. The study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure5 that the results are also true for women. They say the patients with the highest levels of NT-proBNP were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure. Other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that persons treatment. They also would like to know if more aggressive treatment6 could reduce the patients chance of a heart attack or stroke. The study appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association.7 Could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? An unrelated study earlier this month in the Archives of Internal Medicine8 suggests that the answer may be yes. In countries like the United States, afternoon naps are mostly for children. But they are common for adults in Mediterranean countries. And these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. So scientists in the United States and Greece wondered if naps could play a part. Twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by Harvard University and the University of Athens.9 Those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps. The researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. They say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. But they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.詞匯:nap /nQp/ n. vi. (白天)小睡,打盹;睡午覺attack /tQk/ n. (疾病)發(fā)作failure /feilj/ n. 衰竭stroke /struk/ n. 中風(fēng)muscle /msl/ n. 肌肉diabetes /daibitiz/ (= diabetes mellitus /melaits/ ) n. 糖尿病confirm /knfm/ vt. 確證,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)archive /Akaiv/ n. (常用復(fù)數(shù)) 檔案;檔案室Mediterranean /meditreinjn/ adj. 地中海的Greece /gris/ n. 希臘stress /stres/ n. 壓力 subject /sbdZikt/ n. 受實(shí)驗(yàn)者注釋:1. Napping to a Healthier Heart? 午睡可以使心臟更健康嗎?to在這里表示達(dá)到某種結(jié)果或效果。2. heart attack:心臟病發(fā)作 3. heart failure:心力衰竭 4. NT-proBNP:N端-腦型利鈉肽原(或:N末端前腦利鈉肽)。它是心肌中的一種壓力指示因子,有望成為預(yù)測冠心病轉(zhuǎn)歸的生化標(biāo)志物。5. for sure:確實(shí),毫無疑問地6. aggressive treatment:損傷性治療(aggressive原意是“有攻擊性的,侵略的”) 7. American Medical Association (AMA) :美國醫(yī)學(xué)會8. Archives of Internal Medicine:內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)檔案9. Harvard /hAvd/ University:(美國)哈佛大學(xué) University of Athens /QTinz/ :(希臘)雅典大學(xué)練習(xí):1. Paragraph 2 2. Paragraph 3 3. Paragraph 5 4. Paragraph 6 A Effects of napping in females still uncertain B Older males have higher levels of NT-proBNPC Development of a simple but important test D Evidence of positive relationship between napping and heart diseaseE How to control the levels of NT-proBNPF Effects of NT-proBNP on heart disease 5. According to some researchers, by measuring the levels of NT-proBNP in the blood people may know 6. If a person has a high level of NT-proBNP 7. People who take regular afternoon naps 8. So far there have not been definite data to confirm A where fewer people die from heart problem.B whether they have the risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke.C would probably have lower rates of heart disease.D how to test a persons NT-proBNP level in the blood by himself.E his heart muscle would be under pressure in some way. D that napping is of great benefit to women too.答案與題解:1. F 本段后面兩句說到,通過檢查心臟病人的NT-proBNP水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)水平最高的病人與水平最低的病人之間患心臟病的可能性相差近八倍。2. B 本段說到,他們所查的是男性,并發(fā)現(xiàn)老年男性且患有糖尿病和高血壓者NT-proBNP的水平最高。3. D 本段說到,地中海國家的成年人普遍都有午睡,而且患心臟病的比率較低。哈佛大學(xué)和雅典大學(xué)的研究證明,每周午睡三次、每次30分鐘的人比完全不午睡的人死于心臟病的比率少37%。4. A 最后一段說,午睡對工作的男性尤其有益,雖然調(diào)查時死亡的女性并不多,但午睡對女性的益處文章并沒有給出一個明確結(jié)論。5. B 答案來源于第一段的第二、三句。6. E 答案來源于第三段第一句。7. C 答案來源于第五段第三、四句和該段最后一句。8. F 答案來源于第三段第二句和文章的最后一句v。Pregnant women warned about ACE1 inhibitorSome of the most commonly used medicines for high blood pressure are drugs called ACE inhibitors. Doctors have given these drugs to patients for twenty-five years. A government study in the United States found that the use almost doubled between1995 and 2000. Doctors have known for years that women should not take ACE inhibitors during the last six months of pregnancy. The medicine can injure the baby. ACE inhibitors, though, have been considered safe when taken during the first three months. But a new study has found that women who take these drugs early in their pregnancy still increase the risk of birth disorders.2 The study shows that, compared to others, their babies were almost three times as likely to be born with major problems.3 These included problems with the formation of the brain and nervous system and holes in the heart. The researchers say they found no increased risk in women who took other blood pressure medicines during the first three months. Researchers at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and Boston University did the study. The New England Journal of Medicine4 published the results. The researchers studied the records of almost thirty thousand births between 1985 and 2000. Two hundred nine babies were born to women who took ACE inhibitors during the first three months of their pregnancies. Eighteen of the babies, or almost nine percent, had major disorders. ACE inhibitors are often given to patients with diabetes. But diabetes during pregnancy can result in birth defects.5 So the study did not include any women known to be diabetic. ACE inhibitors suppress a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE. This enzyme produces a chemical in the body that makes blood passages narrow. The drugs increase the flow of blood so pressure is reduced. New drugs are tested on pregnant animals to see if they might cause birth defects in humans. But experts say these tests are not always dependable. The United States Food and Drug Administration6 helped pay for the study. The F.D.A. says women who might become pregnant should talk with their doctor about other ways to treat high blood pressure. 詞匯:pregnant /pregnnt/ adj. 懷孕的warn /wn/ vt. 警告inhibitor /inhibit/ n. 抑制劑pregnancy /pregnnsi/ n. 懷孕 diabetes /daibitiz/ (= diabetes mellitus /melaits/ ) n. 糖尿病diabetic /daibetik/ adj. 糖尿病的 n. 糖尿病患者suppress /spres/ vt. 抑制protein /prutin/ n. 蛋白(質(zhì))dependable /dipendbl/ adj. 可靠的注釋:1. ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme /QndZiutensin/ /knvtiN/ /enzaim/ ):血管緊張肽轉(zhuǎn)化酶 2. birth disorders:先天性疾病3. The study shows that, compared to others, their babies were almost three times as likely to be born with major problems. 這項(xiàng)研究表明,如果與其他嬰兒相比,這些嬰兒在出生時患大病的可能性幾乎是他們的三倍。compare to在美國英語中也有 compared with(與.相比)的意思。另外,problem在醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中常常用來指疾病。4. New England Journal of Medicine:新英格蘭醫(yī)藥雜志。New England 是美國東北六州 ( Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island 和 Connecticut )的總稱。5 birth defect( = congenital defect /kndZenitl/ /difekt/ ):先天性缺陷,先天性缺損6. United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA):美國食品與藥品管理局練習(xí):1. Paragraph 2 2. Paragraph 3 3. Paragraph 4 4. Paragraph 5 A Effects of ACE and ACE inhibitorsB Wide use of ACE inhibitorsC How to deal with high blood pressure in pregnant womenD Damage to pregnant womens future babiesE Suggestions on stopping the use of ACE inhibitorsF Relative safety for women during the first three months of pregnancies 5. FDA suggests that pregnant women with high blood pressure should consult . 6. ACE inhibitors are not recommended .7. Evidence showed only a small percentage of babies suffered major d

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