定語(yǔ)從句教案.doc

定語(yǔ)從句教案一、定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有:that, which, who, whom, whose,as等關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；B.代替先行詞；C.在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。The manwho is shaking handswith my father is a policeman.二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.who指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。The boyswho are playing footballare from Class One.Thosewhowant to go to the museummust be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.2. whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom )you talked about on thebus.Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.注意：關(guān)系代詞 whom在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中?？捎?who來(lái)代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just nowis my oldfriend.3. which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷訤ootball is a game whichis liked by most boys.The factory whichmakes computersis far away from here.This is the pen ( which )he bought yesterday.The film ( which )they went to see last nightwas not interesting at all.4that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who或 whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?。The person that /whomyou introduced to meis very kind.The season that / whichcomes after springis summer.5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。I visited a scientist whosename is known to all over the country.注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：The classroom whosedoor is brokenwill soon be repairedThe classroom the door of whichis brokenwill soon be repaired.三、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。The school (which / that)he once studied inis very famous.The school in whichhe once studiedis very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that)you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for whichyou asked.This is the boy (whom / who / that)I played tennis withyesterday.This is the boy with whomI played tennisyesterday.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that)we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whomwe have often talked.The manager whosecompany I work inpays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whosecompany I workpays much attention to improving our working conditions.注意：1.含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of等。This is the watch (which / that)I am looking for.This is the watch for which I am looking (X).The babies (whom / who / that)the nurse is looking afterare very healthy.The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy(x).若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。He loves his parents deeply, both of whomare very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of whichhave gone bad.四、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1.when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。I still remember the day whenI first came to this school.The time whenwe got together finally arrived.October 1, 1949 was the day whenthe Peoples Republic of China was founded.Do you remember the years whenhe lived in the countryside with his grandparents.2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。Shanghai is the city whereI was born.The house whereI lived ten years agohas been pulled down.3.why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)The reason whyhe was punishedis unknown to us.I dont know the reason whyhe looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。From the years when / in whichhe was going to primary school in the countryhe had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.五、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句A.限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開(kāi)。用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開(kāi)。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。B.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)“的” 通常譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系詞的使用上A作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略B不可省略A可用thatB不用thatA可用who代替whomB不可用who代替whomGreat changes are taking place in the city where / in whichthey live.The reason why / for whichhe refused the invitationisquite clear.限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person thatI coulddepend on.China is a country whichhas a long history.In the street I saw a man whowas from Africa.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：His mother, wholoves him very much, is strict with him.China, whichwas founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in whichmany important meetings are held every year.注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：1.Her brother whois now a soldieralways encourages her togo to college.她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）Her brother, whois now a soldier, always encourages herto go to college.她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。（意含： 她只有一個(gè)哥哥。）2.All the books thathave pictures in themare well written所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含： 不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）All the books, whichhave pictures in them, are well written.所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含： 沒(méi)有不帶插圖的書。）（一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。Have you taken down everything thatMr. Li said?Have you taken down everything thatMr. Li said?There seems to be nothing thatis impossible to him in theworld.All thatcan be donehas been done.There is little thatI can do for you.He stayed in the library and looked up any information thatthey needed.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，All the guests that / whowere invited to her weddingwereimportant people.Any man that / whohas a sense of dutywont do such a thing.2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。The first place thatthey visited in Londonwas the Big Ben.3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。This is the best film thatI have ever seen.4當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)。This is the very dictionary thatI want to buy.After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thingthathe owns.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系代詞whoWang Hua is the only person in our school whowill attend themeeting.5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。Who is the man thatis standing by the gate?Which is the T-shirt thatfits me most?6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。They talked about the persons and things thattheyremembered at schoolLook at the man and his donkey thatare walking up thestreet.（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是1. as和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。He married her, as / whichwas natural.He is honest, as / whichwe can see.2. as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。Asis known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, aswe can know from his accent.John, asyou know, is a famous writer.Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, whichI dont believe.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, whichmade histeacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, whichmade them very heavy.3.當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。Ive never heard such stories ashe tells.This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.He is not such a fool ashe looks.注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。She wore the same dress thatshe wore at Marys wedding.She wore the same dress asher younger sister wore.（三)以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。The way (that / in which )he answered the questionswassurprising.I dont like the way (that / in which)you laugh at her.（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?Compare :A.I know a place wherewe can have a picnic.I know a place which / thatis famous for its beautiful natural scenery.Compare :B.I will never forget the days whenwe spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days that / whichwe spenttogether.Compare :C.This is the reason whyhe was dismissed.This is the reason that / whichhe explained to me forhis not attending the meeting.（五）but有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。There are very few butadmire his talents.but = who dont）（六）定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。The plane thathas just taken off is for Paris.The fact thathe has already diedis quite clear.2定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷浴Ｍ徽Z(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由where, when, how, who, whether, what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。The news thathe told meis true.The news thathe has just diedis true.The problem thatwe are facing nowis how we can collect so much money.The problem howwe can collect so much moneyis difficult to solve.The question thathe raisedpuzzled all of us.The question whetherhe is sure to win the gameis hardto answer.3同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞 be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,而定語(yǔ)從句則不能。A. The idea thathe we could ask the teacher for adviceis wonderful.The idea was thatwe could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact thatthe earth moves around the sunis known to all.The fact is thatthe earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem howwe can protect the wild animals.The problem is howwe can protect the wild animals.六、定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)及解答從A、B、C、D中選出可以填入空白處的正確答案。1 This is the only one of the students _ the truthA that knows B that know C who know D which knows2 Do you know the girl _?A whom he often talk toB to who he often talksC to that he often talks D he often talks to3 The world _ we live is made up of matterA on which B of which C at which D in which4 There are no children _ love their parentsA that do not B who does not C that D who5 Im one of the boys _ never late for schoolA that is B who are C who am D who is6 Abraham Lincoln， _ led the United States _ these years， was _ of the greatest presidentsA he；for；a B whom；in；oneC who；at；one D who；through；one7 Who is the girl _ wearing a red dress?A whose B that C whom D thats8 The old man _ yesterday is a scientistA I spoke B I spoke toC whom I spoke D that I spoke to him9 The young man _ is an engineer of our factoryA that you just talked B whom you just talked toC which you just talked to D who you just talked10 The dictionary _ is sold out in the bookshopA you needB what you needC which you need it D that you need it11 Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?A which B where C in which D what12 Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _ were going to visitA which B where C that D in which13 The magazine _ Betty paid one dollar was very goodA that B which C for which D to which14 The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hairA about which B of which C in which D for which15 He was the man _ Master of Game was translatedA by whom B by who C by whose D by him16 This is the factory _ we visited last weekA which B where C who D in which17 Is this school _ we are going to visit tomorrow?A which B that C where D the one18 Ahead of me I saw a woman _ I thought was my auntA who B whom C of whom D whose19 This is the key _A which you are looking for B for which you are lookingC for that you are lookingD you are looking for which20 The woman _ is his motherA of whom he takes care B of that he takes careC he takes care ofD whom he takes care21 He reached London in 1994， _， some time later， he became a famous actorA when B where C which D who22 Such things _ you described are rare nowA as B who C which D that23 In those days， he would go to Mr Black and his family， _A where he was treated as part of themB for whom it was kindC with whom he had a wonderful timeD that was the most pleasant part of his life24 Which sentence is wrong?A The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouthB Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform?C Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of landD People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth25 The Second World War _ millions of people were killed ended in 1945A when B during that C in which D which26 He was born in the year _ the AntiJapanese War broke outA which B when C on which D during which27 We are going to spend the Spring festival in Guangzhou， _ live my grandparents and some relativesA which B that C who D where28 Is that the reason _ you are in favor of the proposal?A which B what C why D for that29 Some of the roads were flooded， _ made our journey more difficultA which B it C what D that30 He must be from Africa， _ can be seen from his skinA that B as C who D what31 Mr Wu， _ everybody likes， is going to give us a talk on chemistryA whom B that C which D /32 The general at last got a chance to visit the village _ he used to fight， _ he had been dreaming of for yearsA that； whichB where； thatC in which； what D where； which33 He has to work on Sundays， _ he does not likeA and which B which C and when D when34 Is there a restaurant around