單片機(jī)89C52中英文對(duì)照翻譯(經(jīng)典版)

AT89C52 internal structure analysisDescriptionThe AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the programmemory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash ona monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operationdown to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, andinterrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contentsbut freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interruptor hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As anoutput port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1sare written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedanceinputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification.External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, asshown in the following table.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes duringFlash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high bythe internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetchesfrom external program memory and during accesses toexternal data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out.The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has noeffect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to externalprogram memory.When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Special Function RegistersA map of the on-chip memory area called the Special FunctionRegister (SFR) space is shown in Table 1.Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip.Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations,since they may be used in future products to invokenew features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON (shown in Table 2) and T2MOD (shown in Table 3) for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each ofthe six interrupt sources in the IP register.Memory OrganizationMCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory.On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location aboveaddress 7FH, the address mode used in the instructionspecifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space.For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #dataInstructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV R0, #dataNote that stack operations are examples of indirectaddressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are availableas stack space.Watchdog Timer(One-time Enabled with Reset-out)The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situationswhere the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 13-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.Using the WDTTo enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H).When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow.The 13-bit counter overflows when it reaches 8191(1FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the WDT at least every 8191 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 96xTOSC, where TOSC=1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.WDT During Power-down and IdleIn Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior toentering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode.To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues tocount if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE.UARTThe UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information on the UART operation, refer to the ATMEL Web site (). From the home page, select Products,then 8051-Architecture Flash Microcontroller, thenProduct Overview.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same wayas Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. Forfurther information on the timers operation, refer to the ATMEL Web site (). From the home page, select Products, then 8051-Architecture Flash Microcontroller, then Product Overview.Timer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 3. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, thecount is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at leastone full machine cycle.Capture ModeIn the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in T2CON.This bit can then be used to generate an interrupt. If EXEN2 = 1, Timer 2 performs the same operation, but a 1- to-0 transition at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EX causes bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, like TF2, can generate an interrupt. The capture mode is illustrated in Figure 5.Auto-reload (Up or Down Counter)Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the SFR T2MOD (see Table 4). Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin.Figure 6 shows Timer 2 automatically counting up when DCEN=0. In this mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 counts up to 0FFFFH and then sets the TF2 bit upon overflow. The overflow also causes the timer registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The values in Timer in Capture ModeRCAP2H and RCAP2L are preset by software. If EXEN2 = 1, a 16-bit reload can be triggered either by an overflow or by a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX. This transition also sets the EXF2 bit. Both the TF2 and EXF2 bits can generate an interrupt if enabled. Setting the DCEN bit enables Timer 2 to count up or down,as shown in Figure 6. In this mode, the T2EX pin controls the direction of the count. A logic 1 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count up. The timer will overflow at 0FFFFH and set the TF2 bit. This overflow also causes the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L to be reloaded into the timer registers,TH2 and TL2, respectively. A logic 0 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count down. The timer underflows when TH2 and TL2 equal the values stored in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The underflow sets the TF2 bit and causes 0FFFFH to be reloaded into the timer registers. The EXF2 bit toggles whenever Timer 2 overflows or underflows and can be used as a 17th bit of resolution. In this operating mode, EXF2 does not flag an interrupt.譯文：89C52的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)分析功能特性描述AT89S52是一種低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系統(tǒng)可編程Flash 存儲(chǔ)器。使用Atmel 公司高密度非易失性存儲(chǔ)器技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè)80C51 產(chǎn)品指令和引腳完全兼容。片上Flash允許程序存儲(chǔ)器在系統(tǒng)可編程，亦適于常規(guī)編程器。在單芯片上，擁有靈巧的8 位CPU 和在系統(tǒng)可編程Flash，使得AT89S52為眾多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)提供高靈活、超有效的解決方案。AT89S52具有以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功能： 8k字節(jié)Flash，256字節(jié)RAM，32 位I/O 口線，看門狗定時(shí)器，2 個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)指針，三個(gè)16 位定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器，一個(gè)6向量2級(jí)中斷結(jié)構(gòu)，全雙工串行口，片內(nèi)晶振及時(shí)鐘電路。另外，AT89S52 可降至0Hz 靜態(tài)邏輯操作，支持2種軟件可選擇節(jié)電模式?？臻e模式下，CPU停止工作，允許RAM、定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器、串口、中斷繼續(xù)工作。掉電保護(hù)方式下，RAM內(nèi)容被保存，振蕩器被凍結(jié)，單片機(jī)一切工作停止，直到下一個(gè)中斷或硬件復(fù)位為止。VCC : 電源GND: 地P0 口：P0口是一個(gè)8位漏極開路的雙向I/O口。作為輸出口，每位能驅(qū)動(dòng)8個(gè)TTL邏輯電平。對(duì)P0端口寫“1”時(shí)，引腳用作高阻抗輸入。當(dāng)訪問(wèn)外部程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，P0口也被作為低8位地址/數(shù)據(jù)復(fù)用。在這種模式下，P0具有內(nèi)部上拉電阻。在flash編程時(shí)，P0口也用來(lái)接收指令字節(jié)；在程序校驗(yàn)時(shí)，輸出指令字節(jié)。程序校驗(yàn)時(shí)，需要外部上拉電阻。P1 口：P1 口是一個(gè)具有內(nèi)部上拉電阻的8 位雙向I/O 口，p1 輸出緩沖器能驅(qū)動(dòng)4 個(gè)TTL 邏輯電平。對(duì)P1 端口寫“1”時(shí)，內(nèi)部上拉電阻把端口拉高，此時(shí)可以作為輸入口使用。作為輸入使用時(shí)，被外部拉低的引腳由于內(nèi)部電阻的原因，將輸出電流（IIL）。此外，P1.0和P1.2分別作定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器2的外部計(jì)數(shù)輸入（P1.0/T2）和時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器2的觸發(fā)輸入（P1.1/T2EX），具體如下表所示。在flash編程和校驗(yàn)時(shí)，P1口接收低8位地址字節(jié)。P2 口：P2 口是一個(gè)具有內(nèi)部上拉電阻的8 位雙向I/O 口，P2 輸出緩沖器能驅(qū)動(dòng)4 個(gè)TTL 邏輯電平。對(duì)P2 端口寫“1”時(shí)，內(nèi)部上拉電阻把端口拉高，此時(shí)可以作為輸入口使用。作為輸入使用時(shí)，被外部拉低的引腳由于內(nèi)部電阻的原因，將輸出電流（IIL）。在訪問(wèn)外部程序存儲(chǔ)器或用16位地址讀取外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器（例如執(zhí)行MOVX DPTR）時(shí)，P2 口送出高八位地址。在這種應(yīng)用中，P2 口使用很強(qiáng)的內(nèi)部上拉發(fā)送1。在使用8位地址（如MOVX RI）訪問(wèn)外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，P2口輸出P2鎖存器的內(nèi)容。在flash編程和校驗(yàn)時(shí)，P2口也接收高8位地址字節(jié)和一些控制信號(hào)。P3 口：P3 口是一個(gè)具有內(nèi)部上拉電阻的8 位雙向I/O 口，p2 輸出緩沖器能驅(qū)動(dòng)4 個(gè)TTL 邏輯電平。對(duì)P3 端口寫“1”時(shí)，內(nèi)部上拉電阻把端口拉高，此時(shí)可以作為輸入口使用。作為輸入使用時(shí)，被外部拉低的引腳由于內(nèi)部電阻的原因，將輸出電流（IIL）。P3口亦作為AT89S52特殊功能（第二功能）使用，如下表所示。在flash編程和校驗(yàn)時(shí)，P3口也接收一些控制信號(hào)。RST: 復(fù)位輸入。晶振工作時(shí)，RST腳持續(xù)2 個(gè)機(jī)器周期高電平將使單片機(jī)復(fù)位?？撮T狗計(jì)時(shí)完成后，RST 腳輸出96 個(gè)晶振周期的高電平。特殊寄存器AUXR(地址8EH)上的DISRTO位可以使此功能無(wú)效。DISRTO默認(rèn)狀態(tài)下，復(fù)位高電平有效。ALE/PROG：地址鎖存控制信號(hào)（ALE）是訪問(wèn)外部程序存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，鎖存低8 位地址的輸出脈沖。在flash編程時(shí)，此引腳（PROG）也用作編程輸入脈沖。在一般情況下，ALE 以晶振六分之一的固定頻率輸出脈沖，可用來(lái)作為外部定時(shí)器或時(shí)鐘使用。然而，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，在每次訪問(wèn)外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，ALE脈沖將會(huì)跳過(guò)。如果需要，通過(guò)將地址為8EH的SFR的第0位置 “1”，ALE操作將無(wú)效。這一位置 “1”，ALE 僅在執(zhí)行MOVX 或MOVC指令時(shí)有效。否則，ALE 將被微弱拉高。這個(gè)ALE 使能標(biāo)志位（地址為8EH的SFR的第0位）的設(shè)置對(duì)微控制器處于外部執(zhí)行模式下無(wú)效。PSEN:外部程序存儲(chǔ)器選通信號(hào)（PSEN）是外部程序存儲(chǔ)器選通信號(hào)。當(dāng)AT89S52從外部程序存儲(chǔ)器執(zhí)行外部代碼時(shí)，PSEN在每個(gè)機(jī)器周期被激活兩次，而在訪問(wèn)外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，PSEN將不被激活。EA/VPP:訪問(wèn)外部程序存儲(chǔ)器控制信號(hào)。為使能從0000H 到FFFFH的外部程序存儲(chǔ)器讀取指令，EA必須接GND。為了執(zhí)行內(nèi)部程序指令，EA應(yīng)該接VCC。在flash