歐洲文化入門(一)ppt課件

Welcome,EuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction歐洲文化入門,1,ThePurposeofLearningEuropeanCulture,Languagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld.,2,Toshowonesopinion:,3,Oneself,4,Theleader,5,Oldagelife,6,PurposeforMyCultureClass,Learningcultureisnottorecitenumerousinformationsfromtextbook.Buttoimproveself-cultivation,topromoteonesthinkingability,thentoprobeourculturesmeritsanddefectsfromdifferentculture,tothinkaboutwhatweshouldlearnfromothersandwhatothersshouldlearnfromours.Sothatwecouldcultivateahabitofthinkingandknowinghowtomakelifemeaningful.,7,ForMyPersonalView,文化，不是讓你死記硬背時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、影響、意義。而是透過(guò)不同的文化，探究自身文化的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，從中吸取精華、去除糟粕，來(lái)達(dá)到提升自我修養(yǎng)，培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立思考能力的目的。從而讓文化成為我們參悟生活，領(lǐng)會(huì)人生意義的重要渠道。,8,TheOriginofCulture,Mesopotamia兩河流域文明Egyptian古埃及文明Hebrew希伯來(lái)文明GreekandRoman希臘與羅馬文化（文化=文明）,9,10,11,DivisionOne,GreekCultureandRomanCulture,12,TheOrigin,Crete(3000B.C.)克里特島TrojanWar(1200B.C.)特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)GreekDarkAges(1200B.C.800B.C.)ArchaicGreece(800B.C.500B.C.)古風(fēng)時(shí)期ClassicalPeriod(500B.C.336B.C.)古典時(shí)期HellenisticAge(336B.C.31B.C.)希臘化時(shí)代,13,GreeceandTroy,14,1.Historicalcontext(background),WarbetweenGreeceandTroyinabout1,200B.C.Greekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.CivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.RuleofAlexanderinthe4thcenturyB.C.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.,15,2.SocialandPoliticalStructure,DemocracytheadultmalecitizensEconomyslavelabor(exploitation)SportsOlympicGames,16,3.Homer,Homer荷馬(around700B.C.),epic史詩(shī)Iliad伊利亞特Odyssey奧德賽TodayweseeIliadandtheOdysseyincorporatedintothecourseofalmosteveryhighschoolinAmerica.,17,Epic,Definition：Anepicisalongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods.簡(jiǎn)言之，史詩(shī)是敘述英雄傳說(shuō)或重大歷史事件的敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī)。,18,TrojanWar特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),InGreekmythologyandinIliadandOdysseybyHomerAbout1,200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroyFoughtoverthebeautifulHelenLastedfor10yearsTrojanhorseTroydefeated,19,GreeceandTroy,20,21,Achilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯,22,Matching,GoldappleTrojanhorseAchillesheel,DeathfulweaknessBaneIntrudingdestructiveelement,23,Matching(key),GoldappleBaneTrojanhorseIntrudingdestructiveelementAchillesheelDeathfulweakness“不和的金蘋(píng)果”禍根“特洛伊木馬”侵入內(nèi)部的破壞性因素“阿喀琉斯的腳踵”致命的弱點(diǎn),24,Poetry=Poem=Verse（詩(shī)歌）,Ballad（民謠）Lyric（抒情詩(shī)）Epic（史詩(shī)）Ode（頌詩(shī)）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田園詩(shī)）Sonnet（十四行詩(shī)）NarrativePoem（敘事詩(shī)）BlankVerse（無(wú)韻體詩(shī)）FreeVerse（自由體詩(shī)）,25,4.Lyric（抒情詩(shī)）,Definition:Alyricisapoemthatexpressesstrongfeeling.,26,4.LyricWriters,Sappho(about612-580B.C.)薩福-lovepoemPindar(about518-438B.C.)品達(dá)-odes：apoemtopraiseandglorifyanindividualorathing.,27,5.Drama,Open-airtheatres,stonebenches,lookingdownatthestagefromthreesides,actorswithmasks.mask=masque假面劇,28,ThreeGreatestTragedyWriter:,a.Aeschylus（埃斯庫(kù)羅斯）b.Sophocles（索福克勒斯）c.Euripides（歐里庇得斯）,29,a.Aeschylus(525-456B.C.)埃斯庫(kù)羅斯,The“FatherofTragedy”,oneofthethreegreatancientGreektragedians古希臘悲劇之父PrometheusBound被縛的普羅米修斯,30,PrometheusBound,BasedonthemythofPrometheus,atitan泰坦神族人whogavethegiftoffiretomortalsandwaspunishedbythegodZeus.,31,Matching,PrometheusMartyrtothecauseofhumanPandorasboxRootofalldisaster,32,b.Sophocles(496-406B.C.)索?？死账?SecondofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthensOedipustheKing俄狄浦斯王StrongimpactonEuropeanliterature“theOedipuscomplex”俄狄浦斯情結(jié),33,Matching,Oedipuscomplex俄狄浦斯情結(jié)complexfeelingtowardparentsorbetweenaccidentandnecessitySphinxsriddle斯芬克斯之謎somethingofpersonthathardtounderstand,34,c.Euripides(484-406B.C.)歐里庇得斯,ThirdofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthens,thefirstwriterof“problemplays”社會(huì)問(wèn)題劇concernedwithconflicts-originofrealismAndromache,Medea,TrojanWomen,35,d.Comedy,Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬450-380B.C.)ancientGreekComicdramatist,theFatherofComedy11plays:Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,Birds,36,6.HistoryHerodotus希羅多德,TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.Herodotus(484-430B.C.),AncientGreekhistorian,“FatherofHistory”古希臘歷史學(xué)家，“歷史之父”,37,7.Philosophyandscience,IntroductionTheancientGreekscuriosityaboutthings,freeenquiry,imagination,38,Introduction,ThePre-SocratesGreekPhilosophersPythagoras畢達(dá)哥拉斯Heracleitue赫拉克利特Democritus德莫克里特,39,Pythagoras畢達(dá)哥拉斯,FounderofscientificmathematicsthefatherofnumbersToPythagoras,Allthingswerenumbers.,40,Heracleitue赫拉克利特,AncientGreekphilosopherFireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.火是萬(wàn)物之源“YoucannotsteptwiceintothesameriverThesunisneweveryday.”“人不能第二次踏進(jìn)同一條河流。”,41,Democritus德莫克里特,Theearliestmateriamlist.GettheEnglishwordatom,42,TheGreatestPhilosophers,Socrates蘇格拉底Plato柏拉圖Aristotle亞里士多德,43,a.Socrates蘇格拉底,Socrates(470-399B.C.)DialecticalMethod辯證法,44,StoryTime,Whatislove?Whatismarriage?Whatisaffair?（艷遇）Whatishappiness?Whatislife?,45,b.Plato(428-348B.C.)柏拉圖,Dialogues對(duì)話錄Idealism（唯心主義）InfluenceabsorbedintoChristianthought,46,PlatonicLove,柏拉圖式愛(ài)情，追求心靈溝通，排斥肉體欲望，是一種理性的精神上的純潔戀愛(ài)。,47,c.Aristotle(384-322B.C.)亞里士多德,AncientGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreatThegreathumanistandthegreatmanofscienceWorksEthics,Politics,Poetics,andRhetoric詩(shī)學(xué)AristotleandPlatop28,48,DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle,1.AristotletheoryshouldfollowfactPlatosubjectivethinkingisimportant2.Aristotleidea+matter=realityPlatoideaishigherthanphysicalworld,49,d.ContendingSchoolsofThought,Sophists智者派-Protagoras普羅泰戈拉FourschoolstheCynics犬儒派theSceptics懷疑派theEpicureans伊壁鳩魯派（享樂(lè)派）andtheStoics斯多葛派,50,e.Science,Euclid歐幾里德Elements,geometryArchimedes阿基米德,51,Euclid歐幾里德,TheFatherofGeometryElements,atextbookofgeometry,52,Archimedes阿基米德,AncientGreekmathematician,physicistandengineer“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”,53,8.Art；architecture；sculptureandpottery,54,多立克柱式（Doricorder）Parthenon帕德農(nóng)神廟,55,AcropolisofAthens雅典衛(wèi)城,56,57,愛(ài)奧尼克柱式（Ionicorder）-伊瑞克提翁神廟（Erechtheion）,58,59,科林斯柱式(Corinthainorder)-列雪格拉德音樂(lè)紀(jì)念亭,60,61,擲鐵餅者,62,米洛的維納斯,63,拉奧孔人物組圖,64,陶器,65,9.Impact,SpiritofInnovationSupremeachievementLasingeffect,66,II.RomanCulture,RomansandGreeksRomanhistoryLatinliteratureArchitecture,paintingandsculpture,67,1.RomansandGreeks,146BC,RomanconquestofGreeceLanguagesoftheRomanEmpire:Latin(western)andGreek(eastern)SimilaritiesbetweenRomansandGreeksdemocracy,religion,languagesDifferencesp37“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”-Horace被俘虜?shù)南ＥD使野蠻的征服者成了她的俘虜！,68,2.Romanhistory,Theyear27BC,Rome-republic,theRomanEmpirePaxRomana:Latinfor“theRomanpeace”between27BCand180AD.Romanlaw:3rdcenturyBC羅馬法學(xué)Declineinthe3rdcenturyTheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium拜占庭(Constantinople君士坦丁堡-Istanbul伊斯坦布爾)DividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andtheWestin395In476,endoftheWestRomanEmpirebytheGothsIn1453,endoftheEastRomanEmpirebytheTurks,69,3.Latinliterature,ProseMarcusTulliusCicero西塞羅JuliusCaesar凱撒PoetryLucretius盧克萊修Virgil維吉爾,70,ProseandPoetry,Proseiswritingdistinguishedfrompoetrybyitsgreatervarietyofrhythmanditscloserresemblancetothepatternsofeverydayspeech.,Poetryisaformofartinwhichlanguageisusedforitsaesthetic（審美的）andevocative（共鳴的）qualitiesinadditiontoitsostensible（表面的）meaning.,71,ProseandPoetry,Proseiswritingastory,eitherfictionornonfiction.Prosewritingmostoftenfollowsstandardrulesingrammar,punctuation,capitalization,andsentencestructure.,Poetryreferstopoems,withorwithoutrhymeschemes.Poetryhasrhythm,likeasong.Itusuallyfollowsasetpattern,rhymeschemeandmeter.,72,ProseM.T.Cicero,西塞羅(106-43BC),Romanorator,lawyer,politician,andphilosopher羅馬最偉大的演說(shuō)家、教育家和天才作家Ciceronian,eloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting西塞羅式Nomancanbebravewhoconsiderspainthegreatesteviloflife;or