2013年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類a真題來自教材的原文

第四十五篇DNAFINGERPRINTING【DNA指紋】DNAISTHEGENETICMATERIALFOUNDWITHINTHECELLNUCLEIOFALLLIVINGTHINGSINMAMMALSTHESTRANDSOFDNAAREGROUPEDINTOSTRUCTURESCALLEDCHROMOSOMESWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFIDENTICALSIBLINGSASINIDENTICALTWINS,THECOMPLETEDNAOFEACHINDIVIDUALISUNIQUEDNAFINGERPRINTINGISSOMETIMESCALLEDDNATYPINGITISAMETHODOFIDENTIFICATIONTHATCOMPARESBITSOFDNAADANFINGERPRINTISCONSTRUCTEDBYFIRSTDRAWINGOUTADNASAMPLEFROMBODYTISSUEORFLUIDSUCHASHAIR,BLOOD,ORSALIVATHESAMPLEISTHENSEGMENTEDUSINGENZYMES,ANDTHESEGMENTSAREARRANGEDBYSIZETHESEGMENTSAREMARKEDWITHPROBESANDEXPOSEDONXRAYFILM,WHERETHEYFORMAPATTERNOFBLACKBARSTHEDNAFINGERPRINTIFTHEDNAFINGERPRINTSPRODUCEDFROMTWODIFFERENTSAMPLESMATCH,THETWOSAMPLESPROBABLYCAMEFROMTHESAMEPERSONDNAFINGERPRINTINGWASFIRSTDEVELOPEDASANIDENTIFICATIONTECHNIQUEIN1985ORIGINALLYUSEDTODETECTTHEPRESENCEOFGENETICDISEASES,ITSOONCAMETOBEUSEDINCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSANDLEGALAFFAIRSTHEFIRSTCRIMINALCONVICTIONBASEDONDNAEVIDENCEINTHEUNITEDSTATESOCCURREDIN1988INCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS,DNAFINGERPRINTSDERIVEDFROMEVIDENCECOLLECTEDATTHECRIMESCENEARECOMPAREDTOTHEDNAFINGERPRINTSOFSUSPECTSGENERALLY,COURTSHAVEACCEPTEDTHERELIABILITYOFDNATESTINGANDADMITTEDDNATESTRESULTSINTOEVIDENCEHOWEVER,DNAFINGERPRINTINGISCONTROVERSIALINANUMBEROFAREASTHEACCURACYOFTHERESULTS,THECOSTOFTESTING,ANDTHEPOSSIBLEMISUSEOFTHETECHNIQUETHEACCURACYOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENCHALLENGEDFORSEVERALREASONSFIRST,BECAUSEDNASEGMENTSRATHERTHANCOMPLETEDNASTRANDSARE“FINGERPRINTED”ADNAFINGERPRINTMAYNOTBEUNIQUELARGESCALERESEARCHTOCONFIRMTHEUNIQUENESSOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGTESTRESULTSHASNOTBEENCONDUCTEDINADDITION,DNAFINGERPRINTINGISOFTENDONEINPRIVATELABORATORIESTHATMAYNOTFOLLOWUNIFORMTESTINGSTANDARDSANDQUALITYCONTROLSALSO,SINCEHUMANBEINGSMUSTINTERPRETTHETEST,HUMANERRORCOULDLEADTOFALSERESULTSDNAFINGERPRINTINGISEXPENSIVESUSPECTSWHOAREUNABLETOPROVIDETHEIROWNDNATOEXPERTSMAYNOTBEABLETOSUCCESSFULLYDEFENDTHEMSELVESAGAINSTCHARGESBASEDONDNAEVIDENCEWIDESPREADUSEOFDNATESTINGFORIDENTIFICATIONPURPOSESMAYLEADTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFADNAFINGERPRINTDATABASE1ACCORDINGTOTHEESSAY,WECANFINDCHROMOSOMESAINAFISHBINATREECINASHEEPDINAROCK關注在線試聽師資介紹在線考試2013職稱英語招生簡章編輯推薦2013年職稱英語成績查詢時間2013年職稱英語考試準考證打印時間及入口2013年職稱英語新增文章匯總2013年職稱英語考試須知及復習指南2013年職稱英語考試各題型必備技巧2013職稱英語報名時間各省職稱英語考試成績有效期職稱英語免考規(guī)定20072012職稱英語真題匯總PAGER2DNAFINGERPRINTINGISMOREOFTENUSEDFORAOBTAININGSAMPLESOFCHROMOSOMESBPROVIDINGEVIDENCEINCOURTINVESTIGATIONSCPROVINGTHEHORSETOBEAMAMMALDPRINTINGBOOKSABOUTBIOLOGY3WHENYOURBROTHERLOOKSEXACTLYLIKEYOU,YOURCOMPLETEDNAMAYBEAEXACTLYLIKEHISBTOTALLYDIFFERENTFROMHISCUNIQUEDLOST4SOMEPEOPLEBELIEVETHATUSINGADNAFINGERPRINTMAYNOTBESORELIABLEBECAUSEATHEACCURACYOFDNAFINGERPRINTINGHASBEENCHALLENGEDBNOPRIVATELABORATORYFOLLOWSUNIFORMTESTINGSTANDARDSORQUALITYCONTROLSCMISTAKESAREPOSSIBLEWHENRESEARCHERSEXPLAINWHATHAVECOMEOFTHEIRTESTSDSUSPECTSMAYNOTHAVEENOUGHMONEYTOPROVIDETHEIROWNDNATOLAWCOURTS5THISESSAYTALKSABOUTDNAFINGERPRINTINGCONCERNINGTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTSEXCEPTALEGALAPPLICATIONOFTHEMETHODBTHEWAYTOOBTAINADNASAMPLECWORKYETTOBEDONEABOUTDNAFINGERPRINTINGDPOSSIBLEDANGERINDRAWINGADNASAMPLEFROMTHEHUMANBODYDNA指紋DNA是所有生物細胞核子發(fā)現(xiàn)的基因材料。哺乳動物的DNA線被組合為稱作染色體的各種結構。除生物姊妹體外如完全相同的雙胞胎，每一個體的整條DNA是獨一無二的。DNA指紋有時也稱作DNA印記法。這是一種通過比較少量DNA的鑒別方法。DNA指紋的構成先要從身體組織或液體中抽取DNA標本，如頭發(fā)、血液或唾液。采取的標本用酶分割成若干部分，各切片根據大小排列。切片先用探針做標記，然后曝光于X光片上。膠片上形成由黑色條紋組成的圖案，這就是DNA指紋。若兩個不同標本的DNA指紋完全相像，則這兩個標本可能來自同一人。DNA指紋首次作為鑒別技術進行開發(fā)是在1985年。開始是用來探測遺傳疾病的，很快便被應用于刑事調查與法律事務?；贒NA所提供證據的首例定罪是1988年，在美國。在刑事調查中，把從犯罪現(xiàn)場采集的證據中提取的DNA村本與犯罪嫌疑人的相比。一般說來，法庭已承認DNA測試的可靠性并允許DNA測試結果納為證據然而，在一些方面DNA指紋頗具爭議性結果的精確性，測試成本及技術的錯誤使用的可能性。由于一些原因，DNA指紋的精確性受到了挑戰(zhàn)。首先，由于是DNA切片而并非完整的DNA被作為指紋進行研究DNA指紋可能并非獨一無二的尚未進行過大規(guī)模研究以證實DNA指紋測試結果是獨一無二的。此外，DNA指紋常是在私人實驗室作的，可能并不遵循統(tǒng)一的測試標準與質量控制。再有，既然必須由人來解釋測試，人為的錯誤可能導致錯誤結果。DNA指紋頗為昂貴。如果犯罪嫌疑人不能將自己的DNA提供給專家，他/她就很可能沒有確鑿的證據證明自己無罪。為鑒定目的而作的DNA測試的廣泛使用可能會導致DNA指紋數據庫的建立。第十三篇SCIENTISTSDEVELOPWAYSOFDETECTINGHEARTATTACK【科學家探索發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟病的方法】GERMANRESEARCHERSHAVE_1_ANEWGENERATIONOFDEFIBRILLATORSANDEARLYWARNINGSOFTWAREAIMEDATOFFERINGHEARTPATIENTSGREATERPROTECTION_2_SUDDENDEATHFROMCARDIACARRESTINGERMANYALONEAROUND100,000PEOPLEDIEANNUALLYASARESULTOFCARDIACARRESTANDMANYOFTHESECASES_3_BYDISRUPTIONTOTHEHEARTSRHYTHMTHOSEMOSTATRISKAREPATIENTSWHOHAVE_4_SUFFEREDAHEARTATTACK,ANDFORYEARSTHEUSEOFDEFIBRILLATORSHASPROVEDUSEFULINDIAGNOSING_5_DISRUPTIONTOHEARTRHYTHMSANDCORRECTINGTHEMAUTOMATICALLYBYINTERVENINGWITHINSECONDSTHESEDEVICES_6_ARANGEOFFUNCTIONS,SUCHASTHATOFPACEMAKERHEARTSPECIALISTSATFREIBURGSUNIVERSITYCLINICHAVENOWACHIEVEDABREAKTHROUGHWITHANIMPLANTEDDEFIBRILLATOR_7_OFGENERATINGASIXCHANNELELECTROCARDIOGRAMECGWITHINTHEBODYTHISINTEGRATEDSYSTEMALLOWSEARLYDIAGNOSISOF_8_BLOODFLOWPROBLEMSANDAPENDINGHEARTATTACKITWILLBEIMPLANTEDINPATIENTSFORTHEFIRSTTIMETHISYEARMEANWHILE,RESEARCHERSATTHEFRAUNHOFERINSTITUTEFORAPPLIEDMATHEMATICSINKAISERSLAUTERNHAVEDEVELOPEDNEWCOMPUTERSOFTWARETHATRENDERSOFECGDATA_9_THEOVERWHELMING_10_OFPATIENTSATRISKWILLNOTHAVEANIMPLANTEDDEFIBRILLATORANDMUSTFORTHISREASONUNDERGOREGULARECGS“MANYOFTHECURRENTPROGRAMSONLY_11_INTOACCOUNTALINEARCORRELATIONOFTHEDATAWEARE,HOWEVER,MAKINGUSE_12_ANONLINEARPROCESSTHATREVEALSTHECHAOTICPATTERNSOFHEARTBEATSASANOPENANDCOMPLEXSYSTEM,”HAGENKNAFSAYS,“_13_CHANGESINTHEHEARTBEATSOVERTIMECANBEMONITOREDANDINDIVIDUALVARIATIONSINPATIENTSTAKENINTOACCOUNT”ANOLDSTUDYOFECGDATA,BASED_14_600PATIENTSWHOHADSUFFEREDASUBSEQUENTHEARTATTACK,ENABLEDTHERESEARCHERSTOCOMPARERISKSANDTOSHOW_15_THENEWSOFTWAREEVALUATESTHEDATACONSIDERABLYBETTER練習1ACOMEUPBCOMEUPWITHCCOMEUPTODCOMEUPAGAINST2ATOBFORCWITHDFROM3AARECAUSEDBCAUSEDCARETOCAUSEDHAVEBEENCAUSING4AEASILYBREADILYCFREQUENTLYDALREADY5ADISEASEPRODUCINGBHEALTHIMPROVINGCLIFETHREATENINGDERRORCORRECTING6ATAKEINBTAKEAFTERCTAKEONDTAKEFROM7ACAPABLEBABLECSKILLFULDSKILLED8ACHRONICBACUTECRECURRENTDPERSISTENT9APRECISELYBMOREPRECISELYCPRECISIONDMOREPRECISE10AMAXIMUMBMINIMUMCMAJORITYDMINORITY11AGETBTAKECBRINGDFETCH12AO