教你如何寫出完美的論文08_h

1、This study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aidedtruction, Inc.For more information, call 1- 800 -238 -1512 or visit us online at videoaided .#VAI-S1981v1.0Writinga GreatResearch Paper:Quoting, Citing, &ParaphrasingStudy GuidebyKarl Weber, M.A.1Video Aidedtruc

2、tion, Inc.Roslyn Heights, New YorkThis study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aidedtruction, Inc.For more information, call 1- 800 -238 -1512 or visit us online at videoaided .This study guide should be used along with the follow- ing program published by Vide

3、o Aidedtruction. The tructor works through the exercises found in thisguide and much, much more during the course of the actual program.Writing a Great Research Paper: Quoting, Citing, & Paraphrasing1 DVD 1 hr. 8 m .item #VAI-1981 price $49.95isbn 1-57385 -198 -1 upc 600459198190Copyright 2007 Video

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9、- 0707fax: 516 -935-5552mail: Video Aidedtruction, Inc.P.O. Box 332Roslyn Heights, NY 11577- 0332Writing a Great Research Paper: Quoting, Citing, & Paraphrasing Study GuideIntroductionIn this invaluable program, a research expert teaches you how to synthesize your research sources with your own idea

10、s to form a cohesive paper that has one consistent voice: yours. Youll learn the right ways to “plug in” the words of other writers within your own writing, so that your paper reads smooth- ly and you sound mature, thoughtful, professional, and scholarly.For easier studying and maximum success, we r

11、ecom- mend that you view the program over a number ofshort sessions: dont try to absorb too much at one2time. Review the entire program, or specific sections,as many times as you find necessary in order to mas- ter the material.Perhaps most importantly: Dont forget to take advantage of your “pause”

12、button while viewing the program. Keep plenty of scrap paper handy so you can jot down ideas, work through concepts, and more. And finally, be sure to use the myriad on- screen graphics to take notes for yourself when youre done, youll have a notebook you can refer back to again and again.About Your

13、tructorKarl Weber, M.A., is an educator, editor, and bestsell- ing author in fields ranging from business to politics to test preparation. He has worked on books with such noted figures as management guru Adrian Slywotzky, Loews Hotels CEO Jonathan M. Tisch, and President Jimmy Carter.Writing a Grea

14、t Research Paper: Quoting, Citing, & ParaphrasingCopyright 2007 Video Aidedtruction, Inc. All Rights ReservedThis study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aidedtruction, Inc.For more information, call 1- 800 -238 -1512 or visit us online at videoaided .Part 1: W

15、hat Needs to Be Cited?So how do you distinguish what needs to be cited from what doesnt? Here are some guidelines: Common knowledge doesnt need to be cited. Facts that may be open to dispute need to be cited. Facts that may not be subject to dispute but that are little known and come from a specific

16、 source need to be cited. Opinions and interpretations of facts that you borrow from other writers need to be cited, preferably to their root source. When you refer to any well-known idea that can be traced to a specific originator, try to cite the original source, not some later interpreter. (If an

17、 opinion or interpretation is extremely obvious or very well known, it may qualify as common knowledge.)Take into consideration the level of experience of your reader. This will help you determine whether a certain piece of information can be considered common knowledge. Ask yourself: Would someone

18、read- ing my paper who is generally knowledgeable about the topic but not an expert find it helpful or useful to have a source cited for that piece of information? If the answer is yes, then go ahead and cite a source. If the answer is no, then dont bother: they would probably consider this piece of

19、 information common knowledge. When in doubt, cite a source.Part 2: How to Incorporate Your Research into Your WritingHere are the three ways you can blend your research source materials into your own prose: Paraphrasing (stating the information in your own words, using your own style, and fitting i

20、t naturally into the flow of your paper). Choose this form of citation whenever the idea you are citing is more important than the precise way it is stated in your source. Always provide a citation when you paraphrase. Direct quoting of one or more sentences (quoting one or more of another writers s

21、entences3verbatim). Choose this method when a particular author has stated something in a way that isunusually apt, interesting, forceful, or thought-provoking the kind of sentence or paragraph that makes you say, “Wow! I cant imagine how that idea could be stated any better.” Introduce the quotatio

22、n with a phrase or sentence that provides the background for the quote (who said it, when, where, how, and/or why); use block quotations for longer quotes. Always provide a cita- tion when you quote directly. Interweaving of quoted words or phrases into your own writing (quoting another writers word

23、s or phrases verbatim, embedded in your own sentences). Choose this technique when there are specific bits of language that are worth borrowing from another writer but when its not neces- sary to quote an entire sentence or more. Naturally, as with any citation of a source, you needto include an int

24、roductory phrase or sentence that provides the background for the quote (who said it, when, where, how, and/or why). Always provide a citation when you interweave quoted words or phrases.Remember: When quoting, be careful to record every detail precisely (including any errors in grammar, spelling, e

25、tc.) and use square brackets, ellipses, and sic as needed. For specific guidelines about formatting parenthetical references, footnotes, and bibliographies, be sure to watch the next program in the series: Writing a Great Research Paper: Formatting Your Paper.Writing a Great Research Paper: Quoting,

26、 Citing, & ParaphrasingCopyright 2007 Video Aidedtruction, Inc. All Rights ReservedThis study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aidedtruction, Inc.For more information, call 1- 800 -238 -1512 or visit us online at videoaided .Introducing QuotationsIn a research

27、 paper, you should be careful to always introduce your quotations. What does that mean? Well, you should prepare your readers for every quoted or paraphrased section by first telling them who said it, and, as appropriate, from what source, when, where, how, and why. Therefore, as a general rule, few

28、 sentences within your research paper (if any) should begin with quotation marks. Here are four basic ways to introduce quotations within your research paper: Use a short introductory phrase to lead right into the quotation. (For example: “In The Origin of Species, Darwin writes: quote”; “In the wor

29、ds of Thomas Jefferson, quote”; “According to Joseph Haydn, quote”; “As Nietzsche suggests in On the Genealogy of Morals, quote”) Describe the significant characteristic of the quote (or summarize the relevant background be- hind the quote), followed by a colon and the quotation. (For example: “Darw

30、in emphasizes the impact of geographic isolation: quote”; “Jeffersons conviction is strong: quote”; “Haydn displays his respect for Mozart: quote”; “Nietzsche argues aga t selflessness: quote”) Integrate a quoted fragment at the end of your sentence, using the subordinating conjunction “that.” (For

31、example: “In The Origin of Species, Darwin demonstrates that quote”; “In his First Inaugural Address, Jefferson declares that quote”; “Haydns letter to von Genzinger reveals that quote”; “In On the Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche concludes that quote”)a dream in which quote”; “Nietzsches considers co

32、nscience to be quote”)Also, to add more variety to your prose, use strong verbs when introducing quotations and referring to your research sources. Try to choose verbs that a) match the content and tone of the information that they introduce and b) give your readers a sense of where your logic is go

33、ing. That said, heres a general word of caution (especially if you use a thesaurus): every word has its own nuanced meaning, so always be sure to use the right word in the right context! Double- check each verbs meaning before you use it! tead of “the author says,” consider “the authoracknowledges,

34、addresses, adds, admits, advances, advocates, affirms, agrees, allows, analyzes,4answers, appeals, approves, argues, articulates, ascribes, asks, assails, asserts, attacks, attests, avers, backs up, believes, challenges, champions, charges, claims, clarifies, comments, communi- cates, complicates, c

35、oncedes, concludes, concurs, confirms, confuses, conjectures, considers, con- tends, contradicts, conveys, corroborates, counters, credits, criticizes, debunks, declares, defends, defines, delineates, demonstrates, describes, develops, disagrees, discloses, discounts, discredits, disproves, disputes

36、, disregards, dissents, doubts, elaborates, elucidates, embraces, emphasizes, endorses, espouses, evinces, examines, expla, explicates, exposes, expresses, extends, grants, guides, highlights, hints, holds, hypothesizes, ignores, illuminates, illustrates, implies, indicates, infers, inquires,ists, i

37、nterprets, invalidates, invokes, judges, justifies, mainta, mentions, misjudges, modifies, muses, negates, notes, observes, offers, opines, opposes, permits, pleads, poses, posits, points out, presents, presumes, proclaims, proposes, provokes, queries, questions, reasons, recognizes, recommends, reconciles, records, re