初二上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

1、初二上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)動(dòng)詞不定式一. 定義：動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，它沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，但它仍保持動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，既可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。同時(shí)動(dòng)詞不定式又具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。二. 動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成：to+動(dòng)詞原形 三. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ) 后面能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。 We hope to get there before dark. 我們希望天黑以前到那兒。

2、 The girl decided to do it herself. 那個(gè)姑娘決定自己做那件事。動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的注意事項(xiàng)（2點(diǎn)）1. 有些動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，也可跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但含義不同： remember to do 記住要做某事 remember doing 記得曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 forget to do忘記要做某事 forget doing 忘記曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 stop to do 停下來(lái)去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)在做的事 I remember seeing you somewhere bef

3、ore. 我記得以前在哪兒見(jiàn)過(guò)你。 Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.離開(kāi)時(shí)請(qǐng)記得關(guān)好燈。 2. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成“主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+it+賓補(bǔ)（形容詞、名詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡。四. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 1. 后面能接to不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。 The teacher

4、told us to do Exercise 1. 老師要我們做練習(xí)一。 I want both of you to go. 我要你們倆去。We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我們幫助她修理自行車(chē)。2. 使役動(dòng)詞let, have, make及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。 Lets have a rest. 我們休息一會(huì)吧。 I saw him come in. 我看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)來(lái)了。 感官動(dòng)詞后既可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，也可跟v-ing作賓補(bǔ)，前者表示動(dòng)作的全部過(guò)程已結(jié)束；后者表示動(dòng)作正在

5、進(jìn)行。 I saw him come downstairs.我看見(jiàn)他下了樓。（說(shuō)明他下樓了這件事） I saw him coming downstairs.我看見(jiàn)他在下樓。（說(shuō)明他下樓時(shí)的情景）五. 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他離開(kāi)家到不同的城市工作。He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比賽了。In order to catch the other students, I must work hard. 為了趕上其他同學(xué)，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。六. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)不定式

6、作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾的詞的后面。I need something to eat. Do you have something to read?Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.He is really a fool only to eat.The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.The doctor had no way to save the patient.注意：（1）作定語(yǔ)的不定式是由及物動(dòng)詞組成，被修飾的名詞或代詞與不定式之間存在方位或方式關(guān)系需要有介詞。I a

7、m looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一間住房。（方位關(guān)系）We have many things to do experiments with. 我們有許多做實(shí)驗(yàn)的東西（方式關(guān)系）（2）作定語(yǔ)的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。Here there isnt any book for me to be interested in.We have done many things to proud of. 我們做了許多引以自豪的事。七. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)To give is better than to receive. To re

8、ach there on foot is impossible.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用it 代替，把實(shí)際主語(yǔ)不定式放在后面。Its better to give than to receive.Its impossible to reach there on foot.Its + adj + for sb. to do sth.Its not difficult for me to study English well.Its easy for him to work out this math problem.在這個(gè)句型中，如果形容詞與不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)關(guān)系密切，并且形容詞用來(lái)說(shuō)明邏輯主語(yǔ)

9、的性質(zhì)、品質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等，由of引出邏輯主語(yǔ)。這類形容詞主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。 八. 動(dòng)詞不定式和疑問(wèn)詞連用動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞what, which, how, where, when連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。How to do is still a question. Have you decided when to leave? 九. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不帶to的不定式則在動(dòng)詞前加not. 如： Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at h

10、ome all day. 張明要我不要整天呆在家里。 My mother let me not do it by myself. 媽媽讓我不要獨(dú)自做這件事。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Active Voice）表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Passive Voice）表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。構(gòu)成：承受者+助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞am / is/are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者一般過(guò)去時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+助動(dòng)詞shall / will

11、be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+助動(dòng)詞 have/ has been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法：1）當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)，或者沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。2）當(dāng)我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。3）如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 用by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有以下幾種情況：1）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。

12、（主動(dòng)）We bought a book yesterday.（被動(dòng)）The book was bought yesterday.2）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)。如果直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞to / for。（主動(dòng)）He showed me a book yesterday.（被動(dòng)）I was showed a book yesterday.（被動(dòng)）The book was showed to me yesterday.3）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)含有一個(gè)由賓語(yǔ)加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

13、的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留不變，成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。（主動(dòng)）I found him a good pupil. （賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）（被動(dòng)）He was found a good pupil. （主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）4）短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，其后可以接賓語(yǔ)，因此它們也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉其后面的介詞或副詞。（主動(dòng)）We should look after the patients very well.（被動(dòng)）The patients should be looked after very well by us.5）賓語(yǔ)從句變?yōu)?/p>

14、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)若主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中是賓語(yǔ)從句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在后面。Its said that he passed the exam.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)特殊問(wèn)題：（1）不及物動(dòng)詞帶介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ)，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，仍然要帶上介詞。（主動(dòng)）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully. （被動(dòng)）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.（2）當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，并且賓補(bǔ)是省去“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中應(yīng)加上“to”。（

15、主動(dòng)）They make do all the work. （被動(dòng)）We were made to do all the work.（主動(dòng)）We often hear her sing English songs.（被動(dòng)）She is often heard to sing English songs.（主動(dòng)）I see him walk to school.（被動(dòng)）He is seen to walk to school.新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)上冊(cè) 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講+練習(xí)（一）一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)。通常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如tomorrow, the

16、 day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （動(dòng)詞原形）結(jié)構(gòu)：表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事情或者肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來(lái)的用法： 1. 表示預(yù)見(jiàn) Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意圖 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What

17、 will she do tomorrow? 基本構(gòu)成如下：一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成： （1）will+主語(yǔ)+do? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問(wèn)句：Will there + be ? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there wont 否定句構(gòu)成：will + not （wont）+do Sarah wont come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成： 特殊疑問(wèn)詞will主語(yǔ)？What will Sarah

18、do next Sunday? 練一練根據(jù)例句，用will改寫(xiě)下列各句 例：I dont feel well today. （be better tomorrow） Ill be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _ 2. Im tired now. （sleep later） _ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _ 4. We cant leave right now. （leave a little lat

19、er） _ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _答案：1. Shell have a lot of homework tonight. 2. Ill sleep later. 3. Theyll buy one soon. 4. Well leave a little later. 5. Maybe itll be better tomorrow. （二）should的用法： should用來(lái)提出建議和忠告，后邊加動(dòng)詞原形，否定句直接在should后邊加not. 例如：I think you should eat less

20、junk food. 我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她經(jīng)常開(kāi)車(chē)，很少走路。所以我認(rèn)為她應(yīng)該多走路。 Students shouldnt spend too much time playing computer games. 學(xué)生們不應(yīng)當(dāng)花太多的時(shí)間玩計(jì)算機(jī)游戲。 學(xué)習(xí)向別人提建議的幾種句式： （1）I think you should （2）Well, you could （3）Maybe you should （4）Why dont you? （5）

21、What about doing sth.? （6）Youd better do sth. 練一練 用should或shouldnt填空 1. I cant sleep the night before exams. You _ take a warm shower before you go to bed. 2. Good friends _ argue each other. 3. There is little milk in the glass. We _ buy some. 4. They didnt invite you? Maybe you _ be friendlier. 5.

22、 I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _ do exercises every day. 答案：1. should2. shouldnt3. should4. should5. should（三）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 1. 構(gòu)成 was /were + doing，例如： I was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. at 9 oclock last night是時(shí)間點(diǎn) They were playing football all aft

23、ernoon. all afternoon是時(shí)間段 2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞 at 8 oclock last night, this time yesterday等。例如： I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. 昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在吃午飯。 At that time she was writing a book. 那陣子她在寫(xiě)一本書(shū)。（表示她在那段時(shí)間里一直在做那件事情。）練一練用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. This time yesterday I _ _（read）books. 2. At 9 oclock last S

24、unday they _ _（have）a party. 3. When I _（come）into the classroom, she _ _（read）a storybook. 4. She _ _（play）computer games while her mother _ _（cook）yesterday afternoon. 5. I _ _（have）a shower when you _（call）me yesterday. 答案：1. was reading2. were having3. came; was reading 4. was playing; was cooki

25、ng5. was having; called（四）間接引語(yǔ)形成步驟： （1）不要逗號(hào)，冒號(hào)，引號(hào) （2）要考慮到人稱的變化（人稱的變化與漢語(yǔ)是一致的） （3）要考慮時(shí)態(tài)的變化 （4）要考慮時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)示代詞的變化。 1. 直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，幾個(gè)主要時(shí)態(tài)的變化規(guī)律直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 2. 直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，一些詞匯的變化規(guī)律直接引語(yǔ) 1. am / is 2. are 3. have / has4. will5. can6. may間接引語(yǔ)1. was2. were 3. had4. would5. could6. might練一練用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. She said I _（be）hard-working.