數(shù)據(jù)采集外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文

1、數(shù)據(jù)采集外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 (含：英文原文及中文譯文) 文獻(xiàn)出處：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS J. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237. 英文原文 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon.

2、 In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple

3、 recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology ha

4、s made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, and a pencil.Todays university students are l

5、ikely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, th

6、e data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.

7、Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the wr

8、iter, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of th

9、e strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of data because the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate

10、 without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very go

11、od role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and

12、operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited

13、in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the P

14、C. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed. Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, pa

15、rtly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you cant detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment wi

16、thin the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal

17、 monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card,

18、 the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple sign

19、al inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recorders have the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the users definition, and

20、the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.T

21、hermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data ele

22、ctronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to

23、 configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per seco

24、nd is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generally fewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average readi

25、ng is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal tes

26、t equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control mo

27、del, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measure

28、ment capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include: product features Hot die cutting of electronic products Test of the environmen

29、tEnvironmental monitoring Composition characteristics Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more ea

30、sily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To t

31、est this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consi

32、sting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the

33、equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The re

34、quirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Abi

35、lity to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the monitoring standards for equipment projects, public standards, special standards, equipment monitoring standards, equipment condition monitoring standards, equipment project status monitoring standards and equipm

36、ent project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition

37、specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The sy

38、stems requirement is to record measurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our ge

39、neric DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a larg

40、e number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文譯文數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)Txomin Nieva數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng), 正如名

41、字所暗示的, 是一種用來采集信息成文件 或分析一些現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)品或過程。在最簡單的形式中, 技術(shù)人員將烤箱 的溫度記錄在一張紙上就是數(shù)據(jù)采集。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展, 通過電子設(shè) 備,這個過程已經(jīng)得到簡化和變得比較精確、多用途和可靠。設(shè)備從 簡單的存儲器發(fā)展到復(fù)雜的電腦系統(tǒng)。 數(shù)據(jù)采集產(chǎn)品像聚焦點一樣為系統(tǒng)服務(wù),和一系列產(chǎn)品一起,諸如傳感器顯示溫度、水流、程度或 者過程。數(shù)據(jù)采集技術(shù)在過去 30到 40年以來已經(jīng)取得了很大的飛躍。 舉 例來說 , 在 40 年以前 , 在一個著名的學(xué)院實驗室中 , 為追蹤用青銅做的坩堝中的溫度上升情況的裝置是由熱電偶、繼電器、查詢臺、一捆紙和一支鉛筆。今天的大學(xué)學(xué)生很可能

42、在 PC 機(jī)上自動處理和分析數(shù)據(jù),有很多 種可供你選擇的方法去采集數(shù)據(jù)。至于選擇哪一種方法取決于多種因素,包括任務(wù)的復(fù)雜度、你所需要的速度和精度、你想要的證據(jù)資料等等。 無論是簡單的還是復(fù)雜的, 數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)都能夠運行并發(fā)揮它 的作用。用鉛筆和紙的舊方式對于一些情形仍然是可行的,而且它便宜、 易獲得、快速和容易開始。而你所需要的就是捕捉到多路數(shù)字信息 (DMM ),然后開始用手記錄數(shù)據(jù)。不幸的是這種方法容易發(fā)生錯誤、 采集數(shù)據(jù)變慢和需要太多的人工分析。此外, 它只能單通道采集數(shù)據(jù); 但是當(dāng)你使用多通道 DMM 時, 系統(tǒng)將很快變得非常龐大和笨拙。精度取決于謄寫器的水平, 并且你可能需要自己動手

43、依比例輸入。舉例來說 , 如果 DMM 沒有配備處理溫度的傳感器 , 舊需要動手找比例?？紤]到這些限制,只有當(dāng)你需要實行一個快速實驗時,它才是一個可接受的方法。現(xiàn)代多種版本的長條圖表記錄儀允許你從多個輸入取得數(shù)據(jù)。 他 們提供數(shù)據(jù)的長備紙記錄 , 因為數(shù)據(jù)是圖解的格式 , 他們易于現(xiàn)場采集數(shù)據(jù)。 一旦建立了長條圖表記錄儀, 在沒有操作員或計算機(jī)的情況下, 大多數(shù)記錄儀具有足夠的內(nèi)部智能運行。 缺點是缺乏靈活性和相對的精度低, 時常限制在百分點。 你能很清楚地感覺到與筆只有小的改變。在多通道內(nèi)較長時間的監(jiān)控,記錄儀能發(fā)揮很好的作用,除此之外,它們的價值得到限制。舉例來說,他們不能夠與另外的裝置輪

44、流作用。 其他的顧慮就是筆和紙的維護(hù) , 紙的供給和數(shù)據(jù)的存儲 , 最重要的是紙的濫用和浪費。然而,記錄儀相當(dāng)容易建立和操作,為數(shù)據(jù) 快速而簡單的分析提供永久的記錄。一些 benchtop DMMs 提供可選擇的掃描能力。儀器的背面有一 個槽孔接收一張在較多輸入時能多重發(fā)訊的掃描儀卡片, 通常是 8到10通道的mux 。 固有的在儀器的前面嵌板中的受到限制。 它的柔韌性也受到限制,因為它不能超過可用通道數(shù)。外部的 PC 機(jī)通常處理數(shù)據(jù)采集和分析。PC機(jī)插件卡片是單板測量系統(tǒng),它利用 ISA 或 PCI 總線在 PC 機(jī)內(nèi)擴(kuò)大插槽。它們時常具有高達(dá)每秒 1000的閱讀速率。8到 16通道 是普遍

45、的,采集的數(shù)據(jù)直接存儲在電腦里,然后進(jìn)行分析。因為卡片 本質(zhì)上是計算機(jī)的一部分, 建立測試是容易的。 PC 機(jī)卡也相對的便宜, 一部分地, 因為他們以來主機(jī) PC 去提供能源、機(jī)械附件和使用界面。 數(shù)據(jù)采集的選擇在缺點上, PC 機(jī)插件卡片時常只有 12字的容量 , 因此你不能察 覺輸入信號的小變化。此外,PC 機(jī)內(nèi)的電子環(huán)境經(jīng)常很容易發(fā)出噪聲、 產(chǎn)生高速率的時鐘和總線噪聲,電子接觸面限制 PC 機(jī)插件卡片的精度。這些插件卡片也測量一定范圍的電壓。為了測量其他輸入信號, 如電壓、溫度和阻力,你也許需要一些外部信號監(jiān)測的器件。其它關(guān)心包括復(fù)雜的校正和全部的系統(tǒng)成本 , 尤其如果你需要購買額外信號

46、監(jiān)測器件或用 PC 機(jī)適應(yīng)插件卡片。把這些考慮進(jìn)去,如果你的需要在卡片的能力和限制范圍內(nèi)變動, PC 機(jī)插件卡片給數(shù)據(jù)采集提供吸引人的方法。數(shù)據(jù)電子自動記錄儀是典型的單機(jī)儀器,一旦配備它們 , 就能測 量、記錄和顯示數(shù)據(jù)而不需要操作員或計算機(jī)參與。它們能夠處理多 信號輸入,有時可達(dá) 120通道。精度可與無與倫比的臺式 DMMs 匹 敵, 由于它在 22字、 0.004個百分率的精度范圍內(nèi)運轉(zhuǎn)。一些數(shù)據(jù) 電子自動記錄儀有能力按比例測量 , 檢查結(jié)果不受使用者定義的限制, 而且輸出為控制作信號。使用數(shù)據(jù)電子自動記錄儀的一個好處就是他們的內(nèi)部監(jiān)測信號。 大部分能夠直接地測量若干不同的輸入信號, 而不需要額外的信號監(jiān)測器件。一個通道能夠監(jiān)測熱電偶、溫阻器(RTD )和電壓。熱電偶為準(zhǔn)確的溫度測量提供具有參考價值的補(bǔ)償, 是很典型的 配備了多路插件卡片。 內(nèi)設(shè)智能數(shù)據(jù)電子自動記錄儀幫助你設(shè)定測量周期和具體指定每個通道的參數(shù)。 一旦你全部設(shè)定好, 數(shù)據(jù)電子自動記錄儀就如同無與倫比的裝置運行。它們存儲的數(shù)據(jù)分布在內(nèi)存中, 能夠容納 500000或更多的閱讀量。與 PC 機(jī)連接容易將數(shù)據(jù)傳送到電腦進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的