歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總含答案

1、精選文庫 0308 托福試題 閱讀( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-ninete

2、enth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pa

3、steur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, t

4、he particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of

5、 common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found

6、in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are con sta ntly (20)be ing dep osited on all objects. P asteur showed that if a nu trie nt solutio n was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms

7、 contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was n ecessary for spontan eous gen erati on and that the air in side the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heat ing so that it would no Ion ger support spontan eous generation. Pasteur

8、 constructed a swan-necked flask in which pu trefy ing materials could he heated to boili ng, but air could reen ter. The bends in the n eck p reve nted microorga ni sms from gett ing in the flask. Material sterilized in such a flask did not pu trefy. 1,What does the p assage mainly discuss? (a) Pas

9、teur s in flue nee on the devel opment of the microsc ope. (b) The orig in of the theory of spontan eous gen eratio n . (c) The effects of p asteurizati on on food. (d) P asteur s argume ntnagthe theory of spontan eous gen eratio n . 2,The phrase“ teeming with ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a

10、) full of (b) devel oping into (c) resista nt to (d) hurt by 3, Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous gen erati on atte mpt to an swer? (a) What is the origi n of the liv ing orga ni sms are see n on some food? (b) How many types of orga ni sms can be found on food? (c) What

11、 is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microsc opic exam in atio n? (d) How long can food sta nd before it pu trefies? 4, The word “ resemble ” in line 9 is closest in meaning to (a) be nefit from (b) a pp ear similar to (c) jo in together with (d) grow from 5, The purpose of the

12、“ guncotton ” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to (a) tra p p articles for an alysis (b) slow the p rocess of pu trefacti on (c) i ncrease the airflow to the microsc opic slide (d) aid the mix ing of alcohol and ether 6,The author mention“1.0mm” in line 14 in describing the (a) thick ness of a layer of

13、orga ni sms that was dep osited on an object (b) diameter of the fibers that were in the gun cott on filters (c) thick ness of the microsc ope slides that were used (d) size of the p articles that that were collected 7.The word“ postulated” in line 19 is closest in meaning to (a) a nalyzed (b) doubt

14、ed (c) p ersuaded (d) suggested 8. The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his exp erime nt were remarkable because they were (a) p rimarily sin gle-celled orga ni sms (b) no differe nt from objects found in pu trefy ing materials (c) fairly rare (d) able to live in a mixture of alcohol and

15、 ether 9. The word “ it ” in line 22 refers to (a) a nu trie nt solutio n (b) a glass flask (c) boili ng (d) s pontan eous gen erati on lO.Accord ing to p aragra ph 3,proponents of spontan eous gen erati on believed that which of the followi ng was imp orta nt for the p rocess to succeed ? (a) A sea

16、led container (b) Fresh air (c) Heat (d) The p rese nee of nu trie nts 11.lt can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur empioyed a swam-necked flask to (a) store sterilized liquids for use in future exp erime nts (b) p reve nt heat from build ing up in a soluti on (c) dis prove a criticism of his

17、 con clusi ons (d) estimate the nu mber of orga ni sms in a liter of air Questi ons 12-20 In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian moveme nt pro moted the farmer as society hero. In the mi nds of agraria n thi nkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-be ing the health

18、of the new country depen ded .The p eriod betwee n the Revolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which en ded in 1865 ,was the age of (5 )the farmer in the Un ited States .Agraria n p hilos op hers ,rep rese nted most eloque ntly by Thomas Jeffers on, celebrated farmers extravaga ntly for t

19、heir supp osed cen trality in a good society, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all p olicy makers, whether they subscribed to the ten ets of the p hilos ophy held by Jeffers on or no t, recog ni zed agriculture as the key component of theAmerica n economy .Con seque

20、 ntly ,gover nment at (10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as econo mic enterp rise. Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions f

21、rom n avigable streams .The n atio nal gover nment imp orted plant and ani mal varieties and (15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In additi on , gover nment trade p olicies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalp roducts. For their part ,farmers seemed to me

22、et the social exp ectati ons agraria n p hilos op hers had for them ,as their broader horiz ons and greater self-res pect, both p roducts of the Revoluti on ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become (20) more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the

23、 farm n ews papers that sprang up throughout the country .They bega n using imp roved imp leme nts, tried new crops and pure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil imp roveme nt . They also responded to inducements by national and state gover nments .Farmers streamed to

24、 the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rap idity .But farmers respon ded (25) less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than to growing market opportunities .European dema nd for food from the Un ited States seemed in satiable . War, in dustrializatio n , and urba ni

25、zati on all kept dema nd high in Euro pe . Un ited States cities and in dustries grew as well; eve n in dustries not directly related to farming thrived because of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture p rovided . 12. What does the p assage mainly discuss? (a) The agraria n p hilos ophy of T

26、homas Jeffers on of an (b) The role of the national government in the development agriculture (c) lm proveme nts in farmi ng tech niq ues (d) The impact of the in creased imp orta nee of the farmer 13. The word“ depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning to (a) i mp roved (b) relied (c) dema nded (d

27、) ex plained 14. The author men ti ons Thomas Jeffers on in p aragra ph 1 as exa mple of (a) a leader duri ng the Revoluti on (b) a n inven tor of new farmi ng tech niq ues (c) a p hilos op her who believed farmers were esse ntial to the creati on of a good society (d) a farmer who guided the agrari

28、a n moveme nt toward an emp hasis on econo mic devel opment 15. The p hrase“ subscribed to ” ial(bisies8 iis meaning to (a) c on tributed to (b) agreed with (c) thought about (d) ex pan ded on 16.Which of the followingstatements is supported by the in formati on in p aragra ph 1? (a) All gover nment

29、 p olicy makers acce pted Jeffers oniews of agriculture and farmers. (b) Agricultural productio n decli ned betwee n 1783 and 1861. (c) The majority of farmers worked for the gover nment. s economy. (d) Agriculture was a vital part of the n ati on 17. Accord ing to the p assage , the n ati onal and

30、state gover nments did all of the followi ng EXCE PT (a) build roads (b) i mport new plant varieties (c) give farmers money for their crops (d) devel op p olicies that helped farmers export their p roducts 18. AII of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers meet ing the exp ectati ons of a

31、graria n p hilos op hers EXCE PT (a) obta ining in formatio n from farm n ews papers (b) accumulati ng personal wealth (c) plan ti ng new crops (d) beco ming more scie ntific 19. The word “ stunning ” in line 24 is closest in meaning to (a) predictable (b) i mp ressive (c) famous (d) gradual 2O.Whic

32、h of the follow ing stateme nts is best supp orted by p aragra ph 4? (a) Agricultural development contributed to development in other p arts of the economy. (b) European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those p roduced in the Un ited States. (c) The growing settlement of the West

33、led to a decrease in agricultural p roducti on. (d) Farmers were in flue need more by gover nment p olicies tha n by market opportun ities. 16 Question 21-29 The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a comp lex p atter n of s soils also reflect the broad soil regi ons. In gen er

34、al, the realm en vir onmen tal p artiti oning into “ humid America ” and “ aridAmerica. ”Where annual precip itati on exceeds 20 in ches (50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops (5 ) do best in soils that are n either acidic(higher in acid content) nor

35、 alkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of n eutrality betwee n the two. Arid America soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back toward neutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryla nd soils, p articularly in the G

36、reat P lai ns, are quite fertile, Euro pean settlers lear ned over a cen tury ago that (10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural poten tial. I n the 1970 scerta in irrigati on methods were p erfected and fin ally p rovided a real opportun ity to expand more intensive

37、farming west from the Central Lowla nd into the drier p orti ons of the Great Plai ns. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the cen tral Un ited States,both from the dep ositi on of mi neral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater (15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown g

38、lacial material, called loess, in and around the middle Mississ ippi Valley. Natural vegetati on p atter ns could be dis played on a map of North America, but the of the North America n enormous human modification en vir onment in moder n times has scheme to the level of the all but reduced this reg

39、i on alizati on hypo thetical. Non etheless, dichotomy is still a valid (20) the humid America-arid America gen eralizatio n: the n atural vegetatio n of areas receiv ing more tha n 20 in ches of water yearly is forest, whereas the drier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North

40、America tent to make a broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needleleaf forests domin ate, but these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the (25) border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetatio

41、n becomes dominant. Arid America mostly con sists of short-grass p rairies or ste pper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest. 21 What aspect of North America does the p assage mainly discuss? (A) The wide variety of climates (B) Soil types and vegetati on p atter ns (C) I mp roved irri

42、gati on methods and the expansion of agriculture (D) The cha nge in precip itati on p atter ns 22 The word “ spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) disti nguish (B) elimi nate (C) protect (D) create 23 The word“ p artiti oning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) divisio n (B) modificati

43、on (C) opening (D) circulat ing 24 Accord ing to the p assage, acidic soils tent to be associated with (A) a high salt content (B) an in crease in farmi ng (C) large amounts of rain (D) glacial meltwater 25 The word“ enhanced ” in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) imp lied (B) in creased (C) in d

44、icated (D) in formed 26 How did glacial meltdow n affect the soil in North America? (A) It redistributed the soil types (B) It added salt to the soil (C) It made the soil more n eutral in content (D) It added min erals to the soil 27 The p hraseregi nalizatio n scheme ” in line 19 refers to the (A)

45、moveme nts of glacial dep osits (B) patterns of n atural vegetati on (C) huma n modificati on of the North America n en viro nment (D) dist in cti on betwee n humid America and arid America 28 The word“ tran siti on” in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) elevati on (B) change (C) adva ntage (D) co

46、n diti on 29 The p assage supp orts which of the follow ing stateme nts? (A) Arid America is not n ecessarily characterized by the p rese nee of deserts (B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by huma ns

47、 (C) The accumulatio n of loess is p rimarily the result of irrigati on (D) Glaciati on removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississ ippi Valley Questi ons 30-40 Most sources of illumi natio n gen erate light over an app reciable p eriod, and in deed if an object is lit for a very brie

48、f time(less that 1/25 sec on d), the huma n eye will not react in time to see the object. A p hotogra phic emulsio n-that is, a light-se nsitive coati ng on p hotogra phic film, paper, or glasswill, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A (5 ) p hotogra phic flash can therefore be used to ca

49、p ture high-s peed moveme nt on film as well as to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now gen erated electro nically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containing magnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substanee, such as po tassium chlorate.

50、Whe n the bag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer rep orted (10) that “ this quite un safe device seems to have done nothing worse that en gulf the room in dense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd p oses. The evolution of the photoflash was

51、 slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a metal, such as magn esium or alu minum, cap able of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920 arllesthype, the metal (15) was sep arated from the oxyge n by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired

52、by p ierc ing the bulb and allowi ng the oxyge n to come into con tact with the metal, which ign ited spontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire by p ass ing a small curre nt through it. Other comb in atio ns, such as the p airi ng of oxyge n difluoride with

53、zirconium, have also been used. In each case eno ugh en ergy is give n out to (20) heat the oxidizable metal mome ntarily to a white-hot emissi on of visible light. The smokep articles are so small that they cool rap idly; but since they are white, they con tribute to the brillia nee by reflect ing

54、the light from their stillglow ing n eighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a Ion ger time. 30 What does the p assage mainly discuss? (A) The history of the p hotoflash (B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light (C) The tech no logy of moder n p hotogra phy (D) The dan gers

55、of using the early p hotoflash 31 Accord ing to the p assage,1/25 sec ond is the minimum amount of time required for the (A) record ing of an image on film (B) gen eratio n of artificial light (C) creati on of a p hotogra phic emulsi on (D) huma n eye to react to light 32 Accord ing to the p assage,

56、 an adva ntage of using a p hotoflash is that it (A) can p roduce rep eated bursts of light (B) inten sities colors in p hotogra phs (C) is short eno ugh not to bother huma n eyes (D) supp leme nts exist ing light ing 33 The word “ ign ited ” in line 9 is closeshingrtea (A) set on fire (B) cut into

57、(C) opened (D) shaken 34 Which of the follow ing p hrases is defi ned in p aragra ph 1? (A) ” (B) ” (C) ” high peed moveme nt (D) ” app reciable p eriod p hotogra phic emulsi on ”(line 1) ” (line 3) (li ne 5) odd poses ” (line 11) 35 The word “ evolutio n ” (A) p ublicity (B) adop ti on (C) devel op

58、ment (D) manu facture in line 12 is closest in mea ning to 36 The fun cti on of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to (A) p roduce the spark that in itiated the flash (B) magnify the light p roduced by the flash (C) p rotect the p hotogra pher from the heat of the flash (D) kee p the metal and ox

59、yge n apart before the flash 37 The word “ it ” in line 18 refers to (A) oxygen (B) battery (C) wire (D) curre nt 38 The word “ mome ntarily ” in line 20 is closest immean (A) effortlessly (B) briefly (C) electro nically (D) gradually 39 Accord ing to the p assage, the white color of the smoke p art

60、icles gen erated by a flashbulb con tributes to (A) rapid cooli ng (B) bright illu min atio n (C) electrical con ductivity (D) intense heat 40 Accord ing to the p assage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using (A) thicker wire (B) more oxyge n (C) thinner glass (D) continu ous electricity Q