土木畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目： DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 學(xué)生姓名： 楊濤 學(xué) 號(hào)： 專 業(yè)： 土木工程 所在學(xué)院： 建筑工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師： 蔣躍南 職 稱： 講師 2014年 12月 31日原文：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES1. BASIC CONCERPTS AND CHARACERACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETEPlain concrete is formed from hardened mixture

2、of cement, water , fine aggregate , coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel ) , air and often other admixtures . The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to accelerate of the chemical hydration of hen cement mix and results in a hardened concrete. It is generally know

3、n that concrete has high compressive strength and low resistance to tension. Its tensile strength is approximately one-tenth of its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile reinforcement in the tension zone has to be provided to supplement the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete section.F

4、or example, a plain concrete beam under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig . 1.1(a), when the distributed load increases and reaches a value q=1.37KN/m , the tensile region at the mid-span will be cracked and the beam will fail suddenly . A reinforced concrete beam if the same size but h

5、as to steel reinforcing bars (216) embedded at the bottom under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig.1.1(b). The reinforcing bars take up the tension there after the concrete is cracked. When the load q is increased, the width of the cracks, the deflection and the stress of steel bars will

6、 increase . When the steel approaches the yielding stress y , the deflection and the cracked width are so large offering some warning that the compression zone . The failure load q=9.31KN/m, is approximately 6.8 times that for the plain concrete beam. Concrete and reinforcement can work together bec

7、ause there is a sufficiently strong bond between the two materials, there are no relative movements of the bars and the surrounding concrete cracking. The thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials are 1.210-5K-1 for steel and 1.010-51.510-5K-1 for concrete . Generally speaking, reinforced

8、structure possess following features :Durability .With the reinforcing steel protected by the concrete , reinforced concrete1.37kn/m6m200400(a)plain concrete beam9.31kn/m6m200400(b)Reinfoced concrete beam216Fig.1.1Plain concrete beam and reinforced concrete beamIs perhaps one of the most durable mat

9、erials for construction .It does not rot rust , and is not vulnerable to efflorescence . (2)Fire resistance .Both concrete an steel are not inflammable materials .They would not be affected by fire below the temperature of 200 when there is a moderate amount of concrete cover giving sufficient therm

10、al insulation to the embedded reinforcement bars.(3)High stiffness .Most reinforced concrete structures have comparatively large cross sections .As concrete has high modulus of elasticity, reinforced concrete structures are usually stiffer than structures of other materials, thus they are less prone

11、 to large deformations, This property also makes the reinforced concrete less adaptable to situations requiring certain flexibility, such as high-rise buildings under seismic load, and particular provisions have to be made if reinforced concrete is used.(4)Locally available resources. It is always p

12、ossible to make use of the local resources of labour and materials such as fine and coarse aggregates. Only cement and reinforcement need to be brought in from outside provinces.(5)Cost effective. Comparing with steel structures, reinforced concrete structures are cheaper.(6)Large dead mass, The den

13、sity of reinforced concrete may reach 24002500kg/m3.Compare with structures of other materials, reinforced concrete structures generally have a heavy dead mass. However, this may be not always disadvantageous, particularly for those structures which rely on heavy dead weight to maintain stability, s

14、uch as gravity dam and other retaining structure. The development and use of light weight aggregate have to a certain extent make concrete structure lighter.(7)Long curing period. It normally takes a curing period of 28 day under specified conditions for concrete to acquire its full nominal strength

15、. This makes the progress of reinforced concrete structure construction subject to seasonal climate. The development of factory prefabricated members and investment in metal formwork also reduce the consumption of timber formwork materials.(8)Easily cracked. Concrete is weak in tension and is easily

16、 cracked in the tension zone. Reinforcing bars are provided not to prevent the concrete from cracking but to take up the tensile force. So most of the reinforced concrete structure in service is behaving in a cracked state. This is an inherent is subjected to a compressive force before working load

17、is applied. Thus the compressed concrete can take up some tension from the load.2. HISTOEICAL DEVELPPMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTUREAlthough concrete and its cementitious(volcanic) constituents, such as pozzolanic ash, have been used since the days of Greek, the Romans, and possibly earlier ancient civil

18、ization, the use of reinforced concrete for construction purpose is a relatively recent event, In 1801, F. Concrete published his statement of principles of construction, recognizing the weakness if concrete in tension, The beginning of reinforced concrete is generally attributed to Frenchman J. L.

19、Lambot, who in 1850 constructed, for the first time, a small boat with concrete for exhibition in the 1855 Worlds Fair in Paris. In England, W. B. Wilkinson registered a patent for reinforced concrete l=floor slab in 1854.J.Monier, a French gardener used metal frames as reinforcement to make garden

20、plant containers in 1867. Before 1870, Monier had taken a series of patents to make reinforced concrete pipes, slabs, and arches. But Monier had no knowledge of the working principle of this new material, he placed the reinforcement at the mid-depth of his wares. Then little construction was done in

21、 reinforced concrete. It is until 1887, when the German engineers Wayss and Bauschinger proposed to place the reinforcement in the tension zone, the use of reinforced concrete as a material of construction began to spread rapidly. In1906, C. A. P. Turner developed the first flat slab without beams.B

22、efore the early twenties of 20th century, reinforced concrete went through the initial stage of its development, Considerable progress occurred in the field such that by 1910 the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete, the Austrian Concrete Committee, the American Concrete Institute, and the Briti

23、sh Concrete Institute were established. Various structural elements, such as beams, slabs, columns, frames, arches, footings, etc. were developed using this material. However, the strength of concrete and that of reinforcing bars were still very low. The common strength of concrete at the beginning

24、of 20th century was about 15MPa in compression, and the tensile strength of steel bars was about 200MPa. The elements were designed along the allowable stresses which was an extension of the principles in strength of materials.By the late twenties, reinforced concrete entered a new stage of developm

25、ent. Many buildings, bridges, liquid containers, thin shells and prefabricated members of reinforced concrete were concrete were constructed by 1920. The era of linear and circular prestressing began. Reinforced concrete, because of its low cost and easy availability, has become the staple material

26、of construction all over the world. Up to now, the quality of concrete has been greatly improved and the range of its utility has been expanded. The design approach has also been innovative to giving the new role for reinforced concrete is to play in the world of construction.The concrete commonly u

27、sed today has a compressive strength of 2040MPa. For concrete used in pre-stressed concrete the compressive strength may be as high as 6080MPa. The reinforcing bars commonly used today has a tensile strength of 400MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength of prestressing wire may reach 15701860Pa. The

28、development of high strength concrete makes it possible for reinforced concrete to be used in high-rise buildings, off-shore structures, pressure vessels, etc. In order to reduce the dead weight of concrete structures, various kinds of light concrete have been developed with a density of 14001800kg/

29、m3. With a compressive strength of 50MPa, light weight concrete may be used in load bearing structures. One of the best examples is the gymnasium of the University of Illinois which has a span of 122m and is constructed of concrete with a density of 1700kg/m3. Another example is the two 20-story apa

30、rtment houses at the Xi-Bian-Men in Beijing. The walls of these two buildings are light weight concrete with a density of 1800kg/m3.The tallest reinforced concrete building in the world today is the 76-story Water Tower Building in Chicago with a height of 262m. The tallest reinforced concrete build

31、ing in China today is the 63-story International Trade Center in GuangZhou with a height a height of 200m. The tallest reinforced concrete construction in the world is the 549m high International Television Tower in Toronto, Canada. He prestressed concrete T-section simply supported beam bridge over

32、 the Yellow River in Luoyang has 67 spans and the standard span length is 50m.In the design of reinforced concrete structures, limit state design concept has replaced the old allowable stresses principle. Reliability analysis based on the probability theory has very recently been introduced putting

33、the limit state design on a sound theoretical foundation. Elastic-plastic analysis of continuous beams is established and is accepted in most of the design codes. Finite element analysis is extensively used in the design of reinforced concrete structures and non-linear behavior of concrete is taken

34、into consideration. Recent earthquake disasters prompted the research in the seismic resistant reinforced of concrete structures. Significant results have been accumulated.3. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE COURSEReinforced concrete is a widely used material for construction. Hence, graduates of every civil

35、 engineering program must have, as a minimum requirement, a basic understanding of the fundamentals of reinforced concrete.The course of Reinforced Concrete Design requires the prerequisite of Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials, and some if not all, of Theory of Structures, In all these co

36、urses, with the exception of Strength of Materials to some extent, a structure is treated of in the abstract. For instance, in the theory of rigid frame analysis, all members have an abstract EI/l value, regardless of what the act value may be. But the theory of reinforced concrete is different, it

37、deals with specific materials, concrete and steel. The values of most parameters must be determined by experiments and can no more be regarded as some abstract. Additionally, due to the low tensile strength of concrete, the reinforced concrete members usually work with cracks, some of the parameters

38、 such as the elastic modulus I of concrete and the inertia I of section are variable with the loads.The theory of reinforced concrete is relatively young. Although great progress has been made, the theory is still empirical in nature in stead of rational. Many formulas can not be derived from a few

39、propositions, and may cause some difficulties for students. Besides, due to the difference in practice in different countries, most countries base their design methods on their own experience and experimental results. Consequently, what one learns in one country may be different in another country.

40、Besides, the theory is still in a stage of rapid development and is subjected to revision according to new findings from research. In China, the design code undergoes major revision in about every fifteen years and with minor revision in between. This book is based on the latest current code in Chin

41、a “Code for Design of Concrete Structures”(GB50010-2002). The students must keep in mind that this course can not give them the knowledge which is universally valid regardless of time and place, but the basic principles on which the current design method in the country is established.The desk calcul

42、ator has made calculations to a high degree of precision possible and easy. Students must not forget that concrete is a man-made material and a 10% consistency in quality is remarkably good. Reinforcing bad=rs are rolled in factory, yet variation is=n strength may be as high as 5%. Besides, the posi

43、tion of bars in the formwork may deviate from their design positions. In fact two figure accuracy is adequate for almost all the cases, rather than carrying the calculations to meaningless precision. The time and effort of the designer are better spent to find out where the tension may occur to resi

44、st it by placing reinforcement there.中文譯文：鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)一、鋼筋混凝土基本概念和特點(diǎn)混凝土是指由水泥膠凝的水、細(xì)致聚合體、粗聚合物（碎石或沙礫）、空氣、以及其他混合物的堅(jiān)硬混合物。這種塑體在制作過程中，加水的水泥并混合然后曬干最終成為堅(jiān)硬的混凝土。通常我們都知道混凝土有高抗壓低抗拉的受力特性。其抗拉強(qiáng)度大概抗壓強(qiáng)度的十分之一。所以，為了增加混凝土截面的抗拉強(qiáng)度必須增加受拉區(qū)間的受拉鋼筋。例如，如圖1.1（a）所示一段均布荷載梁，當(dāng)均布荷載增大至q=1,37kn/m時(shí)，中部抗拉區(qū)域?qū)?huì)破壞并且梁會(huì)突然斷裂。一段增加了2根鋼筋（2 16）的加強(qiáng)梁受到均

45、布荷載q如圖1.1（b）所示。當(dāng)混凝土破壞時(shí)受拉鋼筋承受其受到的原有。當(dāng)承載力q增大，破壞程度、作用于鋼筋上的偏心受壓將會(huì)大。當(dāng)鋼筋接近縱向y方向的屈服強(qiáng)度時(shí)，很多偏移和破壞程度預(yù)兆梁將會(huì)塌落。梁的破壞是由于受壓區(qū)域的混凝土破壞。破壞荷載q=9.31kn/m，是素混凝土梁的6.8倍。混凝土和鋼筋可以同時(shí)起作用是因?yàn)樵趦煞N材料之間有足夠的粘合力，在破壞之前鋼筋和包裹混凝土沒有相對(duì)位移。這兩種材料的溫度擴(kuò)張系數(shù)鋼材為1.210-5K-1 ，混凝土為1.010-5至1.510-5K-1。1.37kn/m6m200400(a)素混凝土梁9.31kn/m6m200400(b)鋼筋混凝土梁216圖1.1.

46、素混凝土梁和鋼筋混凝土梁通常來說，鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)具有以下特點(diǎn)：堅(jiān)固耐用。受拉鋼筋受到混凝土的保護(hù)，這種鋼筋混凝土可能是是最耐用的建筑構(gòu)造之一。它不會(huì)腐蝕和銹蝕，且不會(huì)被風(fēng)化。耐火性強(qiáng)?；炷梁弯摻疃疾皇强扇疾牧?。當(dāng)鋼筋于混凝土的包裹下時(shí)，并不懼怕200以下的火焰。高硬度。大多數(shù)的鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件具有相對(duì)較大的橫截面。由于混凝土具有較大的彈性模量，鋼筋混凝土通常比其他材料更加堅(jiān)硬，因此更不容易發(fā)生形變。這個(gè)性質(zhì)同樣使得鋼筋混凝土不適用于地形要求更加有彈性的地方，例如地震帶中的高層建筑，以及對(duì)鋼筋混凝土有特殊要求的地方。材料可在當(dāng)?shù)孬@得。可采用當(dāng)?shù)貏趧?dòng)力和材料，例如粗細(xì)集料。只有水泥和鋼筋需要從他地

47、運(yùn)輸。造價(jià)低。相比于鋼構(gòu)件，鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件更加便宜。大重量。純鋼構(gòu)件可能達(dá)到24002500kg/m3。相較于其他材料構(gòu)件鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件通常具有很大的重量。無論如何，這可能是有利的，尤其對(duì)于那些需要較大重量來保持穩(wěn)固的構(gòu)造，例如重型水壩以及其他擋土墻構(gòu)造。重型集料的運(yùn)用和發(fā)展使得混凝土構(gòu)件將會(huì)越來越廣泛。長養(yǎng)護(hù)期。通常要用28天使得混凝土達(dá)到最大強(qiáng)度。這使得鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)造建設(shè)周期適應(yīng)于季節(jié)性氣候。工廠可以預(yù)先減少損失。 同時(shí)也可提前減少金屬和木材的投資和損失。易于破壞?；炷潦芾芰θ醪⑶以谑芾瓍^(qū)域容易受到破壞。鋼筋可以與放其受拉破壞并提升其受拉承載力。所以大部分鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)造都是破壞在指定區(qū)

48、域。這是一種鋼筋混凝土的天生缺陷。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土構(gòu)造在受到荷載前可事先施加一定的力。這樣預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土就可以承載更大的荷載。二、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展歷史盡管水泥和水泥構(gòu)成物（例如火山灰）的應(yīng)用可能早于古希臘和古羅馬文明，但鋼筋混凝土用于建筑還是一個(gè)較新的事件。在1801年，F(xiàn).Coignet 發(fā)表了他的建筑原理聲明，指出了混凝土在受拉條件下的拖點(diǎn)。鋼筋混凝土首次被廣泛承認(rèn)是在1850年被一個(gè)名叫J.LLambot的法國人，1855年一小船混凝土在巴黎世界展覽會(huì)上被展出。1854年W.B.Wilkinson在英國得到了鋼筋混凝土樓板的專利。1854年一個(gè)名叫J.Monier的法國園丁運(yùn)用金屬骨架制作了植物支架。1870之前，Monier連續(xù)獲得了鋼筋混凝土管、板和拱的專利證書。但是Monier沒有這種新材料工作原理方面的知識(shí)，他將鋼筋加入了他的制造品中。然后少量的建筑開始使用鋼筋混凝土。1887年以前，德國工程師Wayss和Bauschinger建議在受拉區(qū)域加入鋼筋，在建筑中使用鋼筋混凝土作為材料開始快速蔓延開來。在1906年，C.A.P.Turner首次使用了無梁板。20世紀(jì)20年代以前，鋼筋混